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biology.html
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<title>biology</title>
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<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B">基因工程</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="pcr%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF">PCR技术</h2>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/quang-Ivan/biology@master/pics/pcr1.png" alt="pcr1.png"></p>
<p>一,变性;二,退火,引物上位;三,延伸,向着自己的53方向(五三!)</p>
<p>实验前加好 <em><strong>模板,Taq酶,引物,四种dNTP</strong></em>,缓冲液</p>
<p>dNTP stands for Deoxyribose Nucleotide TriPhosphate</p>
<p>至于说为什么不用dNMP,是因为dNTP可以当ATP使,这样我就不用额外加ATP了</p>
<p>题外话,无论是RNA还是DNA,无论是体内还是体外,它们的合成都必须要NTP或dNTP而非MP</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E8%A1%A5">补</h3>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/quang-Ivan/biology@master/pics/DNA1.jpg" alt="DNA1.jpg"></p>
<p>磷酸基团和3’羟基形成3‘5’磷酸二酯键</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E5%86%85%E5%88%87%E9%85%B6">限制性核酸内切酶</h2>
<p>限制性体现在,识别的是特定基因</p>
<p>而载体上的抗生素抗性基因一般用来筛选成功转化的受体,一般来说是细菌</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B">细胞工程</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB">动物细胞培养</h2>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/quang-Ivan/biology@master/pics/ANC1.jpg" alt="ANC1.jpg"></p>
<p>需要加入小牛血清做外环境,以及放入CO2培养箱中培养</p>
<p>传代培养时少部分细胞的遗传物质发生变化,导致无法保持二倍体核型(异倍体核型)</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%88%B6%E5%A4%87%E5%8D%95%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93">制备单克隆抗体</h2>
<p>制备单克隆抗体时要取免疫小鼠的抗体,可是我们无法直接取出浆细胞</p>
<p>所以我们取的是 <em><strong>脾脏细胞</strong></em> 或者 <em><strong>B细胞</strong></em> (B细胞的范围比浆细胞大)</p>
<p>培养杂交瘤细胞后会多次稀释每个培养基,并进行抗体阳性检测</p>
<p>目的是筛选, <em><strong>抗体产量大,抗体浓度高</strong></em> 的杂交瘤细胞</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%A2%9E%E6%AE%96%E4%B8%8E%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96">细胞的增殖与分化</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">干细胞</h2>
<p>干细胞通常具有强烈的分裂能力,而高度分化的细胞往往不具备分裂能力</p>
<p>成熟的神经细胞时高度分化的细胞,不再分裂,因此无法在显微镜下看到神经细胞的有丝分裂图像</p>
<p>同时遗传信息的传递过程也不再包括DNA<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>⟶</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\longrightarrow</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.522em;vertical-align:-0.011em;"></span><span class="mrel">⟶</span></span></span></span>DNA,即DNA复制</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B">胚胎工程</h1>
<p>哺乳动物的受精过程中,精子需要先获能,再与卵子结合</p>
<p>大部分哺乳动物等待结合的卵子其实是正在减数第二次分裂中期的次级卵母细胞</p>
<p>鱼类的精子和卵子在排出水中之前就已成熟,故精子无需人工获能</p>
<p>转基因动物的唯一办法是,显微注射到受精卵里。植物可以用其他的方法,什么农杆菌转化法,基因枪法</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%8E%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83">生物与环境</h1>
<p>有机废弃物的处理要充分利用能量,减少环境污染</p>
<p><em><strong>比如,发酵处理要优于燃烧发电</strong></em></p>
<p>有机肥料的作用,是提供营养物质,不是提供能量</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E6%B5%81%E5%8A%A8">能量流动</h2>
<p>一来四去,捕食(同化,粪便不算)(来),呼吸散热,生长,遗骸,被捕食(去)</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD">群落</h2>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">水平结构</h3>
<p>镶嵌性,也就是各个种群镶嵌在一起,比如,这有点这个种群,那有点这个种群,还有其他种群</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">垂直结构</h3>
<p>垂直分层,有的鸟住上边,有的住下边,增加对阳光的利用率</p>
<p>高山的植被从上到下不同是植被的 <em><strong>垂直地带性分布</strong></em> ,不是垂直结构</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%92%8C%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8">细胞的能量供应和利用</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8">细胞呼吸</h2>
<p>种子在萌发时还没有长出 <em><strong>绿叶</strong></em> ,这说明没有光合作用,意味着干重不断下降(一直呼吸)</p>
<p>柠檬酸循环是细胞呼吸的第二阶段</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/quang-Ivan/biology@master/pics/TAC1.jpg" alt="TAC1.jpg"></p>
<p>产生了CO2,NADH([H]),FADH2,[H]的作用其实在电子传递链,主要供能</p>
<p>注:图中的C2是乙酰CoA,是丙酮酸的氧化产物</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8">光合作用</h2>
<p>卡尔文循环是光合作用里发生在暗反应阶段的循环</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/quang-Ivan/biology@master/pics/CC1.jpg" alt="CC1.jpg"></p>
<p>大概过程是一个CO2和5碳化合物变成3碳化合物再变回5碳化合物的过程,中间需要ATP和[H]</p>
<p>发生在叶绿体基质</p>
<p>叶绿体产生的ATP要自产自销的,给暗反应使用,不够生命活动</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%92%8C%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB">基因和染色体的关系</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93">染色体</h2>
<p>只有 <em><strong>在X形态</strong></em> 才说有两个染色单体(着丝粒未分开),||两条杠的形式没有染色单体</p>
<p>着丝粒分开后,分裂就叫后期</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82">减数分裂</h2>
<p>课内,若减数分裂时无法联会,那么染色体会随机分到某一极。这种情况通常是找不到同源染色体</p>
<p>联会紊乱是找到了多条同源染色体,比如说三条同源染色体想联会</p>
<p>通过这样的特性我们可以排除一些不要的染色体</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">细胞的基本结构</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93">高尔基体</h2>
<p>高尔基体的功能有,加工,运输,分拣(指分泌到不同的地方)</p>
<p>分泌是通过脱落的囊泡完成的</p>
<p>比如常见的分泌蛋白(抗体,激素)是高尔基体分泌到细胞外的</p>
<p>或者分泌出蛋白细胞内自用</p>
<p>或者囊泡跑到细胞膜上变成膜蛋白</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6">细胞骨架</h2>
<p>由微丝和微管和中间纤维构成。微管由微管蛋白构成,大于微丝(肌动蛋白,actin)。细胞内物质可以沿着微管走到各处</p>
<p>溶酶体和液泡是单层膜,内部是酸性环境</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0">遗传因子的发现</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B">自由组合定律</h2>
<p>看到<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>代的比例加和等于16了,就要想想看是不是AaBb了</p>
<p>比如15:1,不就是(9+3+3):1吗</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B">分离定律</h2>
<p>如何计算后代的性状分离比呢?</p>
<p>两对基因,就是<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(3+1)^2=9+3+3+1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.064108em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.72777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.72777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.72777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span></p>
<p>n对基因就是<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>n</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(3+1)^n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.664392em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>如果要算基因型呢?</p>
<p>两对基因的配子就是<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(A+a)(B+b)=AB+Ab+aB+ab</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>那么子代的基因型就是<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>A</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>A</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>A</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>A</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(AB+Ab+aB+ab)^2=AABB+2AABb+2AaBB+4AaBb+AAbb+2Aabb+aaBB+2aaBb+aabb</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1141079999999999em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault">b</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>已经很复杂了,可以看出,只要 <em><strong>有交叉项,就乘了2</strong></em></p>
<p>此规律对任意对基因成立</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E6%B5%8B%E4%BA%A4">测交</h2>
<p>对一个杂合<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>测交,如果测出了1:3,很有可能是双显才显,单显不显,也就是后代9:7</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5">特殊情况</h2>
<p>子代雄性总是跟父本一样,可能是伴Y遗传</p>
<p>子代总是跟母本一样,可能是细胞质遗传,通过线粒体遗传</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%A4">回交</h2>
<p>指<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span></span></span></span>与<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>B</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>B</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>B</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>B</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">B_0,B_1,B_2,,,,B_n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05017em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05017em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05017em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05017em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>杂交,目的是把A上的优良性状整合到B上去,过程伴随多次筛选</p>
<p>通常A只有一个我们知道的好的性状,而B有很多。如下图<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/quang-Ivan/biology@master/pics/2.png" alt="2.png"></p>
<p>每一代先自交再筛选,因为A的性状可能不是显性的</p>
<p>只需每代筛选像A的就可以了,因为最后一定最像B</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B">遗传的基本规律是基因的传递规律</h2>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82">基因突变及其他变异</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98">基因突变</h2>
<p>有一种奇葩的突变叫做 <em><strong>对'隐性基因'隐性的'显性基因'的突变</strong></em></p>
<p>这意思就是,原本A正常表达,a是隐性,现在A突变了,变成a正常表达了,A’隐性</p>
<p>基因突变有 <em><strong>多方向性</strong></em> ,可逆性,稀有性,随机性,普遍性,有害性</p>
<p>这个有害性可能导致一次实验中,突变个体比正常个体数量少</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98%E4%BD%93%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%80%9D%E8%B7%AF">发现突变体后的研究思路</h3>
<p>先看看能不能遗传,能自交就自交,自不了就杂交几代看看</p>
<p>再判断常,性,显隐</p>
<p>基因突变,指碱基对的 <em><strong>替换,增添,缺失</strong></em></p>
<p>如果我们想要获得优良的细菌,往往直接 <em><strong>诱变</strong></em> 即可</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84">基因重组</h2>
<p>非等位基因自由组合</p>
<h3 class="mume-header" id="%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E4%BA%92%E6%8D%A2">交叉互换</h3>
<p>指同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体交叉互换</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E7%95%B8%E5%8F%98">染色体畸变</h2>
<p>缺失,重复,倒位,易位</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>一对姐妹染色单体是没有易位这样一个概念的,一般用“断裂和重接”来表述。仔细一想,一对姐妹染色单体不是复制过来的吗</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>同源染色体内有两对姐妹染色单体。同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体的易位就是交叉互换!</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>只有发生在非同源染色体之间才叫易位</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE">基因的表达</h1>
<p>习惯性的我们会将一段基因以<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.751892em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">5</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>到<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">3'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.751892em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">3</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>的顺序来写,比如丝氨酸的密码子<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup><mi>A</mi><mi>G</mi><mi>U</mi><msup><mn>3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5'AGU3'</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.751892em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">5</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">A</span><span class="mord mathdefault">G</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">U</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">3</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>无论什么都是这个顺序</p>
<p>基因通过</p>
<ol>
<li>控制蛋白质合成</li>
<li>控制酶的合成来控制代谢</li>
</ol>
<p>控制性状</p>
<p>对某一物种的基因组分析,我们只关注这个物种有多少类等位基因,而不关注特定某类等位基因的等位基因有多少种。因此我们只用一个生物常染色体的一半即可分析。性染色体差异较大,需要全部分析</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="dna%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6">DNA复制</h2>
<p>需要解旋酶,DNA聚合酶</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95">转录</h2>
<p>转录过程会有启动子和终止子</p>
<p>它们都位于DNA上,调控转录过程的启动与结束</p>
<p>转录时,RNA聚合酶沿新合成的链的53方向走</p>
<p>RNA聚合酶既可解旋,又可聚合,一个人干两个人的事</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91">翻译</h2>
<p>翻译过程会有起始密码子和终止密码子</p>
<p>它们都位于mRNA上,调控翻译过程的开始与结束</p>
<p>tRNA携带反密码子</p>
<p>翻译过程,核糖体也沿着原来的mRNA的53走,因为新合成的是多肽,没有53了</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95">逆转录</h2>
<p>只需要逆转录酶,先照着RNA抄一条新的DNA单链,再水解旧RNA,再照着DNA抄新的DNA</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96">生物的进化</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%93%88%E8%BF%AA%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1">哈迪温伯格平衡</h2>
<p>在没有突变,基因迁移,遗传漂变(drift,可理解为骤变),非随机交配,自然选择的情况下</p>
<p>若达到该平衡</p>
<p>A的基因频率和a的基因频率不变</p>
<p>设A的基因频率为p,a的基因频率为q则<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>q</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p+q=1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7777700000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span></p>
<p>且对F_1来说,AA,<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.008548em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>,Aa,<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>p</mi><mi>q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2pq</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span></span></span></span>,aa,<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>q</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.008548em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>理论上基因频率不变,即AA的频率永远是<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.008548em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>。</p>
<p>小问题,AA<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>28</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">28\%</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.80556em;vertical-align:-0.05556em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span>,aa<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>28</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">28\%</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.80556em;vertical-align:-0.05556em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span>,平衡了吗?</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7">生物多样性</h2>
<p>三个层次,生态系统,群落,种群</p>
<p>分别对应,生态系统多样性,物种多样性,遗传多样性</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82">生命活动的调节</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0">植物激素</h2>
<p>根比芽对生长素敏感,双子叶比单子叶敏感。这一特性可以除杂草</p>
<p>生长素的横向运输可以因为光,也可以因为重力。比如根那里,下面的生长素比上面的多,抑制伸长,造成了向地性</p>
<p>植物细胞分裂末期,高尔基体会形成细胞板,变成细胞壁。而植物细胞的伸长也是由于细胞壁的伸长。故这是高尔基体干的</p>
<p>生长素,促进茎(尖端下部)伸长,促进生根</p>
<p>细胞分裂素,促进细胞分裂,促进种子萌发,延缓衰老</p>
<p>赤霉素,促进节间伸长,种子萌发,促进生根</p>
<p>脱落酸,促进种子休眠(抑制萌发),促进脱落</p>
<p>乙烯,促进果实成熟,拮抗生长素</p>
<p>愈伤组织生根靠生长素,发芽靠细胞分裂素</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82">神经调节</h2>
<p>神经细胞外正内负,由于静息时细胞膜对钾离子和钠离子通透性不同,正常情况外面钠离子多,里面钾离子多,但钾离子外流可以,钠离子内流受阻</p>
<p>神经细胞外的钾离子浓度急性下降可导致外流的钾离子太多,内部更负,想要兴奋更难</p>
<p>四肢和躯干的运动直接受脊髓的控制,大脑发信号,脊髓收到,脊髓再发。故脊髓坏了可以瘫痪</p>
<p>只有感受器可产生兴奋,只有效应器可产生效应</p>
<p>神经调节也需要体液输送,突触就是体液</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E4%BD%93%E6%B6%B2%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82">体液调节</h2>
<p>甲状腺激素的功能</p>
<ol>
<li>促进生长发育</li>
<li>促进新陈代谢</li>
<li>提高神经系统兴奋性</li>
</ol>
<p>肾小管会重吸收大部分大部分水,全部葡萄糖和部分无机盐。尿液中有水,尿素,部分无机盐</p>
<p>植物激素大多是小分子,动物激素大多是蛋白质,性激素是小分子固醇</p>
<p>课内三大稳态调节,反射中枢都是下丘脑。答题就答,</p>
<ul>
<li>下丘脑体温调节中枢</li>
<li>下丘脑血糖调节中枢</li>
<li>下丘脑渗透压调节中枢</li>
</ul>
<p>感受器三个都不同</p>
<ul>
<li>下丘脑血糖感受器+胰岛细胞</li>
<li>皮肤温觉冷觉感受器+大脑皮层温觉冷觉感受器</li>
<li>下丘脑渗透压感受器</li>
</ul>
<p>效应器有相同有不同</p>
<ul>
<li>血糖人无法主动控制,没有大脑皮层,只有胰岛细胞</li>
<li>水平衡,缺水时大脑皮层产生渴觉,下丘脑合成,垂体分泌抗利尿激素</li>
<li>热,人觉得热,大脑皮层产生热觉,没有激素能帮你。只有传出神经到
<ul>
<li>血管,平滑肌舒张</li>
<li>汗腺分泌汗液</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>冷最多,人觉得冷,大脑皮层,传出神经到
<ul>
<li>血管,平滑肌收缩</li>
<li>立毛肌收缩</li>
<li>骨骼肌战栗</li>
<li>肾上腺髓质分泌肾上腺素</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>体液方面,下丘脑分泌促甲释,垂体分泌促甲,甲状腺分泌甲。</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%8E%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83-1">生物与环境</h1>
<p>群落演替趋势题,就俩,一个说趋势,一个说速度。演替速度变慢,向着种类增多的方向</p>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E7%AD%94%E9%A2%98%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7">答题技巧</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%AD%94%E9%A2%98%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99">答题原则</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><em><strong>把生物老师当三岁小孩来答题,思维过程外显</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>问图中染色体是什么变异要答染色体 <em><strong>数目或形态</strong></em> 变异</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>什么东西坏了,最好是通过 <em><strong>逆操作还原回去,不要直接扔掉</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>比如,一个东西 <em><strong>被甲基化</strong></em> 了,不好了。最好的处理方式是 <em><strong>去甲基化</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>一定要注意题干的 <em><strong>实验目的</strong></em> ,答案就在实验目的里写着</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>脂肪酸和磷脂看起来很像,但是磷脂里有P而脂肪酸只含CHO</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>答所有的生态工程的题,要注意 <em><strong>以人为本</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>答哪一步到哪一步是什么操作的题,把 <em><strong>序号写全</strong></em> ,不确定就多写点</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>初级精母细胞(减一)<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>⟶</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\longrightarrow</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.522em;vertical-align:-0.011em;"></span><span class="mrel">⟶</span></span></span></span>次级精母细胞(减二)<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>⟶</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\longrightarrow</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.522em;vertical-align:-0.011em;"></span><span class="mrel">⟶</span></span></span></span>精细胞(变形)<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>⟶</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\longrightarrow</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.522em;vertical-align:-0.011em;"></span><span class="mrel">⟶</span></span></span></span>精子</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em><strong>写方程式配好系数</strong></em> ,哪怕是生物呢</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em><strong>要正向回答问题</strong></em>,不要反着回答</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>实验目的可以写, <em><strong>排除</strong></em> ……的影响</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>拟标题正常写就行,这是生物,不是语文</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>反驳文章的观点只需要找出一个不合理就行了,就算这个不合理很容易被解释出合理,只要文章没说就行</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>如果某个实验的条件突变后发生了不合理的变化,比如减少光强光合反而上升了</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>这时要考虑 <em><strong>生物体内的其他过程</strong></em> ,或者考虑其他环境因素</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>题目给的 <em><strong>表头都要答</strong></em> ,比如一个表给了你5列,3列都有明显变化,那这三列都要答,哪怕概念很相似,比如一个表头叫生物组分,一个叫食物网复杂度,都得答</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>分析含量变化这种东西的时候就要记得要把 <em><strong>摄入和排出</strong></em> 一块答了,再答谁大于谁,导致什么结果</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>图表中的 <em><strong>极值要读出来,写出来</strong></em> ,比如30℃时,光合作用最强</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>认真看题,有的题只问了 <em><strong>实验组</strong></em> 该进行什么操作,咱就不答对照组了</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em><strong>结合</strong></em> 上述成果的意思就是,你要把上述成果简单概括一下,跟语文题似的</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em><strong>依据必须是实验数据</strong></em> ,分析实验数据说话就行。理由不一定是实验数据,但可以借鉴</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>问不同于亲本的性状的后代的占比,指不同于<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>和<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">P</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>减数第一次分裂, <em><strong>不写罗马数字,全写汉字</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em><strong>抄题目就完事了</strong></em> 。比如人家给了个基因型叫Att,你就写Att,别写Aatt</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em><strong>雌雄同株和雌株不是一个概念</strong></em> ,雌株是雄性不育的,或者人工去雄的</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em><strong>遗传图解写清楚亲代表现型,基因型,性别,杂交符号,配子比例,子代表现型,基因型,比例,箭头</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>写结论的时候,不确定的话就把小结论和大结论都写上,比如DNA进入细菌,蛋白没有。DNA是遗传物质</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>当我们说提取一个细胞的mRNA时, <em><strong>我们只能提取全部的mRNA,而不能得到特定功能的mRNA</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>两条同源染色体的A与B交换叫染色体易位,一对同源染色体叫交叉互换</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em><strong>只能说基因不遵循分离定律,或者性状不符合分离定律,不能把水平层次不同的东西拿来比较</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>电泳里的marker叫做 <em><strong>参照</strong></em> ,不叫对照</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>只要一件事情由两个因素影响就要把两个都答上,并且把 <em><strong>两个共同作用的效果答上</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>可以 <em><strong>通过<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>代性状分离比初步判断一个基因受几对等位基因控制</strong></em> ,比如15:1,9:7</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>一个东西高产,既可以是量多,也可以是单个果实大</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>细胞周期一定要写清 <em><strong>连续分裂的细胞</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>关于调控植物生长,常见5个方面, <em><strong>光温气水肥</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>在分析染色体复制的相关问题时可以先把染色体画出来,像是这样<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/quang-Ivan/biology@master/pics/1.png" alt="1.png">同时你要记住,你画的X,的两条线代表的是姐妹染色单体</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>我们无法取根尖分生区,所以只能取根尖2-3mm</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>减数第一次分裂后期的 <em><strong>染色体行为</strong></em> ,就是同源染色体分离,非同源染色体自由组合</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>对照组的操作一定要抄实验组的操作!</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>新思路一定要模糊,前面加个设法,然后说什么,抑制某基因的表达啊之类的话</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>我们只能检测一些我们能检测的东西,比如放射性。而不能检测你身体里的某个部位有什么化学物质</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>有时候一定要加上 <em><strong>仅有</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>答实验组和对照组区别时,先说一句,和实验组相比</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>问实验是否严谨,先找找实验组和对照组的毛病,再看看控制变量的毛病</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>问你机制,就是不用答分子水平的机理,而是答,什么促进了什么作用。。。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>问你在A的作用下,B的促进作用更好了,结合图,一定要说在没A的时候促进作用怎样,有A之后相同时间内促进的更多了</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>答题答模糊一点,比如结论是B细胞有能与A抗体结合的抗原,就不要答B有A抗原一样的抗原</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>问一个东西的变化,最常见的坑就是,有两个变化,先降低再升高之类的,要全答上,比如神经元受刺激后,胞内钠离子浓度迅速增加,到达一定阈值后迅速下降</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E6%98%93%E9%94%99%E7%82%B9">易错点</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p>ATP的合成除了有机物氧化分解,还有光合作用</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>注意看一个DNA是否是染色体DNA。因为对于原核生物来说,没有细胞核,也就没有染色体DNA。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>检测还原糖,要的就是砖红色沉淀,胡萝卜的红会形成干扰,一般的显色实验我们都不想要干扰色。 <em><strong>黒藻是绿色</strong></em> 的请记住</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em><strong>通入</strong></em> 的只能是气体</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>DNA不出细胞核。核孔对DNA没有通透性,只让RNA出,蛋白质进。而且DNA在核里绕着组蛋白,出不来</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>生长素的两重性是跟外加生长素浓度比的,不管内源。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>主动免疫就是接种疫苗,被动是打抗体</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 class="mume-header" id="%E9%99%84">附</h1>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%A2%9C%E8%89%B2%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94">高中生物的颜色反应</h2>
<p>斐林,本尼迪特,水浴加热检测还原糖,砖红色沉淀</p>
<p>双缩脲试剂,检测肽键,紫色</p>
<p>苏丹三/四,检测脂肪,橘黄/红</p>
<p>二苯胺,检测DNA,沸水浴变蓝</p>
<p>甲基绿-吡罗红,看DNA和RNA的分布,DNA与甲基绿变绿,RNA与吡罗红变红</p>
<p>碘液,淀粉变蓝</p>
<p>龙胆紫染液(醋酸洋红),在观察有丝分裂时使用,用于染色体着紫色(红色)</p>
<p>层析液,叶绿素提取,从上到下依次是胡萝卜素橙黄,叶黄素黄,叶绿素a蓝绿,叶绿素b黄绿</p>
<p>重铬酸钾,在发酵工程中使用,检测乙醇,橙色重铬酸钾变灰绿</p>
<p>溴麝香草酚蓝水溶液,在植物的呼吸和光合中用到,检测CO2,蓝变绿变黄</p>
<p>酚红,在微生物的培养中用到,检验以尿素为唯一氮源的培养基中的细菌,与酚酞性质类似</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E5%B8%B8%E8%AF%86">常识</h2>
<p>杂交优势,指杂种果实大等优点,在植物中普遍存在</p>
<p>重组基因型,只看与P代不同的,不看<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>磷脂是丙三醇连俩脂肪酸(腿)还有一个磷酸基团(头,带有含N化合物),所以磷脂含P、N</p>
<p>硝化细菌是以氨气和氧气为原料进行硝化作用,化能合成有机物。是化能自养型生产者</p>
<p>除了叶绿体,蓝细菌也可以光合作用</p>
<p>分子标记,与待测基因紧密连锁。因此,如果我们测出来了某一固定长度的分子标记,我们就能断定那里有某个基因。举个例子,5长度的A分子标记能断定<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\alpha</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span>基因,8长度的A分子标记可以断定没有<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\alpha</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span>基因。至于为什么分子标记都叫A是因为它们的使用的启动子和终止子一样</p>
<p>启动子和终止子是很长的DNA序列,小小的基因突变难以改变它们</p>
<p>姐妹染色单体分开后可不能叫同源染色体</p>
<p>原核生物的基因表达是边转录边翻译。真核生物是mRNA出细胞核才开始翻译。这意味着如果看到一个DNA在边转录便翻译,这就不是染色体DNA</p>
<p>植物的生长发育与植物激素有直接关系!</p>
<p>两重性,只有生长素有,其它几个激素没有。</p>
<p>细胞分化:细胞后代在形态,结构和功能上发生差异的过程</p>
<p>突触前膜的囊泡叫突触小泡</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="%E7%A7%AF%E7%B4%AF%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE">积累的表达</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>可以答排除内源激素的干扰</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>部分解除了……的抑制作用</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>恢复了……的作用</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="md-sidebar-toc"><ol>
<li><a href="#%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B">基因工程</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#pcr%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF">PCR技术</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E8%A1%A5">补</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E5%86%85%E5%88%87%E9%85%B6">限制性核酸内切酶</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B">细胞工程</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB">动物细胞培养</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%88%B6%E5%A4%87%E5%8D%95%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93">制备单克隆抗体</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%A2%9E%E6%AE%96%E4%B8%8E%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96">细胞的增殖与分化</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">干细胞</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B">胚胎工程</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%8E%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83">生物与环境</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E6%B5%81%E5%8A%A8">能量流动</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD">群落</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">水平结构</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">垂直结构</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%92%8C%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8">细胞的能量供应和利用</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8">细胞呼吸</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8">光合作用</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%92%8C%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB">基因和染色体的关系</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93">染色体</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82">减数分裂</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">细胞的基本结构</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93">高尔基体</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6">细胞骨架</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0">遗传因子的发现</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B">自由组合定律</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B">分离定律</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E6%B5%8B%E4%BA%A4">测交</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5">特殊情况</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%A4">回交</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B">遗传的基本规律是基因的传递规律</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82">基因突变及其他变异</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98">基因突变</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98%E4%BD%93%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%80%9D%E8%B7%AF">发现突变体后的研究思路</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84">基因重组</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E4%BA%92%E6%8D%A2">交叉互换</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E7%95%B8%E5%8F%98">染色体畸变</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE">基因的表达</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#dna%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6">DNA复制</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95">转录</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91">翻译</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95">逆转录</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96">生物的进化</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E5%93%88%E8%BF%AA%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1">哈迪温伯格平衡</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7">生物多样性</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82">生命活动的调节</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0">植物激素</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82">神经调节</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E4%BD%93%E6%B6%B2%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82">体液调节</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%8E%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83-1">生物与环境</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%AD%94%E9%A2%98%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7">答题技巧</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E7%AD%94%E9%A2%98%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99">答题原则</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E6%98%93%E9%94%99%E7%82%B9">易错点</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E9%99%84">附</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%A2%9C%E8%89%B2%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94">高中生物的颜色反应</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%B8%B8%E8%AF%86">常识</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%A7%AF%E7%B4%AF%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE">积累的表达</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
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