julia-parser.scm

(define ops-by-prec
  '#((= := += -= *= /= //= .//= .*= ./= |\\=| |.\\=| ^= .^= %= .%= |\|=| &= $= => <<= >>= >>>= ~ |.+=| |.-=|)
     (?)
     (|\|\||)
     (&&)
     ; note: there are some strange-looking things in here because
     ; the way the lexer works, every prefix of an operator must also
     ; be an operator.
     (-- -->)
     (> < >= <= == === != !== |.>| |.<| |.>=| |.<=| |.==| |.!=| |.=| |.!| |<:| |>:|)
     (|\|>| |<\||)
     (: |..|)
     (+ - |.+| |.-| |\|| $)
     (<< >> >>> |.<<| |.>>| |.>>>|)
     (* / |./| % |.%| & |.*| |\\| |.\\|)
     (// .//)
     (^ |.^|)
     (|::|)
     (|.|)))

(define-macro (prec-ops n) `(quote ,(aref ops-by-prec n)))

; disable range colon for parsing ternary conditional operator
(define range-colon-enabled #t)
; in space-sensitive mode "x -y" is 2 expressions, not a subtraction
(define space-sensitive #f)
(define inside-vec #f)
; treat 'end' like a normal symbol instead of a reserved word
(define end-symbol #f)
; treat newline like ordinary whitespace instead of as a potential separator
(define whitespace-newline #f)

(define current-filename 'none)

(define-macro (with-normal-ops . body)
  `(with-bindings ((range-colon-enabled #t)
		   (space-sensitive #f))
		  ,@body))

(define-macro (without-range-colon . body)
  `(with-bindings ((range-colon-enabled #f))
		  ,@body))

(define-macro (with-space-sensitive . body)
  `(with-bindings ((space-sensitive #t)
		   (whitespace-newline #f))
		  ,@body))

(define-macro (with-inside-vec . body)
  `(with-bindings ((space-sensitive #t)
		   (inside-vec #t)
		   (whitespace-newline #f))
		  ,@body))

(define-macro (with-end-symbol . body)
  `(with-bindings ((end-symbol #t))
		  ,@body))

(define-macro (with-whitespace-newline . body)
  `(with-bindings ((whitespace-newline #t))
		  ,@body))

(define-macro (without-whitespace-newline . body)
  `(with-bindings ((whitespace-newline #f))
		  ,@body))

(define assignment-ops (prec-ops 0))

(define (assignment? e)
  (and (pair? e) (eq? (car e) '=)))

(define (kwarg? e)
  (and (pair? e) (eq? (car e) 'kw)))

(define unary-ops '(+ - ! ~ |<:| |>:|))

; operators that are both unary and binary
(define unary-and-binary-ops '(+ - $ & ~))

; operators that are special forms, not function names
(define syntactic-operators
  '(= := += -= *= /= //= .//= .*= ./= |\\=| |.\\=| ^= .^= %= .%= |\|=| &= $= =>
      <<= >>= >>>= -> --> |\|\|| && |::| |.| ...))
(define syntactic-unary-operators '($ &))

(define reserved-words '(begin while if for try return break continue
			 function macro quote let local global const
			 abstract typealias type bitstype immutable ccall do
			 module baremodule using import export importall))

(define (syntactic-op? op) (memq op syntactic-operators))
(define (syntactic-unary-op? op) (memq op syntactic-unary-operators))

(define trans-op (string->symbol ".'"))
(define ctrans-op (string->symbol "'"))
(define vararg-op (string->symbol "..."))

(define operators (list* '~ '! '-> ctrans-op trans-op vararg-op
			 (delete-duplicates
			  (apply append (vector->list ops-by-prec)))))

(define op-chars
  (list->string
   (delete-duplicates
    (apply append
	   (map string->list (map symbol->string operators))))))

(define (dict-literal? l)
  (and (length= l 3) (eq? (car l) '=>)))

; --- lexer ---

(define special-char?
  (let ((chrs (string->list "()[]{},;\"`@")))
    (lambda (c) (memv c chrs))))
(define (newline? c) (eqv? c #\newline))
(define (identifier-char? c) (or (and (char>=? c #\A)
				      (char<=? c #\Z))
				 (and (char>=? c #\a)
				      (char<=? c #\z))
				 (and (char>=? c #\0)
				      (char<=? c #\9))
				 (char>=? c #\uA1)
				 (eqv? c #\_)))
;; characters that can be in an operator
(define (opchar? c) (string.find op-chars c))
;; characters that can follow . in an operator
(define (dot-opchar? c) (and (char? c) (string.find ".*^/\\+-'" c)))
(define (operator? c) (memq c operators))

(define (skip-to-eol port)
  (let ((c (peek-char port)))
    (cond ((eof-object? c)    c)
	  ((eqv? c #\newline) c)
	  (else               (read-char port)
			      (skip-to-eol port)))))

(define (read-operator port c)
  (if (and (eqv? c #\*) (eqv? (peek-char port) #\*))
      (error "use ^ instead of **"))
  (if (or (eof-object? (peek-char port)) (not (opchar? (peek-char port))))
      (symbol (string c)) ; 1-char operator
      (let loop ((str (string c))
		 (c   (peek-char port)))
	(if (and (not (eof-object? c)) (opchar? c))
	    (let* ((newop (string str c))
		   (opsym (string->symbol newop)))
	      (if (operator? opsym)
		  (begin (read-char port)
			 (loop newop (peek-char port)))
		  (string->symbol str)))
	    (string->symbol str)))))

(define (accum-digits c pred port lz)
  (if (and (not lz) (eqv? c #\_))
      (cons "_" #f)
      (let loop ((str '())
		 (c c))
	(if (eqv? c #\_)
	    (begin (read-char port)
		   (let ((c (peek-char port)))
		     (if (and (not (eof-object? c)) (pred c))
			 (loop str c)
			 (begin
			   (io.ungetc port #\_)
			   (cons (list->string (reverse str)) #t)))))
	    (if (and (not (eof-object? c)) (pred c))
		(begin (read-char port)
		       (loop (cons c str) (peek-char port)))
		(cons (list->string (reverse str)) #t))))))

(define (char-hex? c)
  (or (char-numeric? c)
      (and (>= c #\a) (<= c #\f))
      (and (>= c #\A) (<= c #\F))))

(define (char-oct? c)
  (and (>= c #\0) (<= c #\7)))

(define (char-bin? c)
  (or (eqv? c #\0)
      (eqv? c #\1)))

(define (string-to-number s r)
  (string->number
    (if (< r 16)
        (string.map (lambda (c) (if (eqv? c #\f) #\e c)) s)
        s)
    r))

(define (read-number port leadingdot neg)
  (let ((str  (open-output-string))
	(pred char-numeric?)
        (is-float32-literal #f)
	(is-hex-float-literal #f)
	(leadingzero #f))
    (define (allow ch)
      (let ((c (peek-char port)))
	(and (eqv? c ch)
	     (begin (write-char (read-char port) str) #t))))
    (define (disallow-dot)
      (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\.)
	  (begin (read-char port)
		 (if (dot-opchar? (peek-char port))
		     (io.ungetc port #\.)
		     (error (string "invalid numeric constant "
				    (get-output-string str) #\.))))))
    (define (read-digs lz)
      (let ((D (accum-digits (peek-char port) pred port lz)))
	(let ((d  (car D))
	      (ok (cdr D)))
	  (if (not ok)
	      (begin (display d str)
		     (error (string "invalid numeric constant "
				    (get-output-string str)))))
	  (and (not (equal? d ""))
	       (not (eof-object? d))
	       (display d str)
	       #t))))
    (if neg (write-char #\- str))
    (if leadingdot
	(write-char #\. str)
	(if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\0)
	    (begin (write-char (read-char port) str)
		   (set! leadingzero #t)
		   (cond ((allow #\x)
			  (begin
			     (set! leadingzero #f)
			     (set! pred char-hex?)))
			 ((allow #\o)
			  (begin
			     (set! leadingzero #f)
			     (set! pred char-oct?)))
			 ((allow #\b)
			  (begin
			     (set! leadingzero #f)
			     (set! pred char-bin?)))))
	    (allow #\.)))
    (read-digs leadingzero)
    (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\.)
	(begin (read-char port)
	       (if (dot-opchar? (peek-char port))
		   (io.ungetc port #\.)
		   (begin (write-char #\. str)
			  (read-digs #f)
			  (disallow-dot)))))
    (let ((c (peek-char port)))
      (if (or (eqv? c #\e) (eqv? c #\E) (eqv? c #\f) (eqv? c #\p) (eqv? c #\P))
	  (begin (read-char port)
		 (let ((d (peek-char port)))
		   (if (and (not (eof-object? d))
			    (or (char-numeric? d) (eqv? d #\+) (eqv? d #\-)))
		       (begin (set! is-float32-literal (eqv? c #\f))
                  (set! is-hex-float-literal (or (eqv? c #\p) (eqv? c #\P)))
			      (write-char c str)
			      (write-char (read-char port) str)
			      (read-digs #f)
			      (disallow-dot))
		       (io.ungetc port c))))
	  ; disallow digits after binary or octal literals, e.g., 0b12
	  (if (and (or (eq? pred char-bin?) (eq? pred char-oct?))
		   (not (eof-object? c))
		   (char-numeric? c))
	      (error (string "invalid numeric constant "
			     (get-output-string str) c)))))
    (let* ((s (get-output-string str))
	   (r (cond ((eq? pred char-hex?) 16)
		    ((eq? pred char-oct?) 8)
		    ((eq? pred char-bin?) 2)
		    (else 10)))
	   (n (string-to-number s r)))
      (if n
	  (cond (is-hex-float-literal (double n))
	  	((eq? pred char-hex?) (sized-uint-literal n s 4))
		((eq? pred char-oct?) (sized-uint-oct-literal n s))
		((eq? pred char-bin?) (sized-uint-literal n s 1))
                (is-float32-literal   (float n))
		(else (if (and (integer? n) (> n 9223372036854775807))
			  (error (string "invalid numeric constant " s))
			  n)))
	  (error (string "invalid numeric constant " s))))))

(define (sized-uint-literal n s b)
  (let ((l (* (- (length s) 2) b)))
    (cond ((<= l 8)  (uint8  n))
	  ((<= l 16) (uint16 n))
	  ((<= l 32) (uint32 n))
	  (else      (uint64 n)))))

(define (sized-uint-oct-literal n s)
  (if (eqv? (string.char s 2) #\0)
    (sized-uint-literal n s 3)
    (cond ((< n 256)        (uint8  n))
	  ((< n 65536)      (uint16 n))
	  ((< n 4294967296) (uint32 n))
	  (else             (uint64 n)))))

(define (skip-ws-and-comments port)
  (skip-ws port #t)
  (if (eqv? (peek-char port) #\#)
      (begin (skip-to-eol port)
	     (skip-ws-and-comments port)))
  #t)

(define (next-token port s)
  (aset! s 2 (eq? (skip-ws port whitespace-newline) #t))
  (let ((c (peek-char port)))
    (cond ((or (eof-object? c) (newline? c))  (read-char port))

	  ((special-char? c)    (read-char port))

	  ((char-numeric? c)    (read-number port #f #f))

	  ((eqv? c #\#)         (skip-to-eol port) (next-token port s))

	  ; . is difficult to handle; it could start a number or operator
	  ((and (eqv? c #\.)
		(let ((c (read-char port))
		      (nextc (peek-char port)))
		  (cond ((eof-object? nextc)
			 '|.|)
			((char-numeric? nextc)
			 (read-number port #t #f))
			((opchar? nextc)
			 (let ((op (read-operator port c)))
			   (if (and (eq? op '..) (opchar? (peek-char port)))
			       (error (string "invalid operator " op (peek-char port))))
			   op))
			(else '|.|)))))

	  ((opchar? c)  (read-operator port (read-char port)))

	  ((identifier-char? c) (accum-julia-symbol c port))

	  (else (error (string "invalid character " (read-char port)))))))

; --- parser ---

(define (make-token-stream s) (vector #f s #t #f))
(define-macro (ts:port s)       `(aref ,s 1))
(define-macro (ts:last-tok s)   `(aref ,s 0))
(define-macro (ts:set-tok! s t) `(aset! ,s 0 ,t))
(define-macro (ts:space? s)     `(aref ,s 2))
(define-macro (ts:pbtok s)      `(aref ,s 3))
(define (ts:put-back! s t)
  (if (ts:pbtok s)
      (error "too many pushed-back tokens (internal error)")
      (aset! s 3 t)))

(define (peek-token s)
  (or (ts:pbtok s)
      (ts:last-tok s)
      (begin (ts:set-tok! s (next-token (ts:port s) s))
	     (ts:last-tok s))))

(define (require-token s)
  (let ((t (or (ts:pbtok s) (ts:last-tok s) (next-token (ts:port s) s))))
    (if (eof-object? t)
	(error "incomplete: premature end of input")
	(if (newline? t)
	    (begin (take-token s)
		   (require-token s))
	    (begin (if (not (ts:pbtok s)) (ts:set-tok! s t))
		   t)))))

(define (take-token s)
  (or
   (begin0 (ts:pbtok s)
	   (aset! s 3 #f))
   (begin0 (ts:last-tok s)
	   (ts:set-tok! s #f))))

; parse left-to-right binary operator
; produces structures like (+ (+ (+ 2 3) 4) 5)
(define-macro (parse-LtoR s down ops)
  `(let loop ((ex (,down ,s))
	      (t  (peek-token ,s)))
     (if (not (memq t ,ops))
	 ex
	 (begin (take-token ,s)
		(if (or (syntactic-op? t) (eq? t 'in))
		    (loop (list t ex (,down ,s)) (peek-token ,s))
		    (loop (list 'call t ex (,down ,s)) (peek-token ,s)))))))

; parse right-to-left binary operator
; produces structures like (= a (= b (= c d)))
(define (parse-RtoL s down ops)
  (let ((ex (down s))
	(t   (peek-token s))
	(spc (ts:space? s)))
    (if (not (memq t ops))
	ex
	(begin (take-token s)
	       (cond ((and space-sensitive spc (memq t unary-and-binary-ops)
			   (not (eqv? (peek-char (ts:port s)) #\ )))
		      (ts:put-back! s t)
		      ex)
		     ((syntactic-op? t)
		      (list t ex (parse-RtoL s down ops)))
		     (else
		      (list 'call t ex (parse-RtoL s down ops))))))))

(define (parse-cond s)
  (let ((ex (parse-or s)))
    (cond ((eq? (peek-token s) '?)
	   (begin (take-token s)
		  (let ((then (without-range-colon (parse-eq* s))))
		    (if (not (eq? (take-token s) ':))
			(error "colon expected in ? expression")
			(list 'if ex then (parse-cond s))))))
	  #;((string? ex)
	   (let loop ((args (list ex)))
	     (let ((next (peek-token s)))
	       (if (or (eof-object? next) (closing-token? next)
		       (newline? next))
		   `(call (top string) ,@(reverse args))
		   (loop (cons (parse-or s) args))))))
	  (else ex))))

(define (invalid-initial-token? tok)
  (or (eof-object? tok)
      (memv tok '(#\) #\] #\} else elseif catch finally =))))

(define (line-number-node s)
  `(line ,(input-port-line (ts:port s))))

(define (line-number-filename-node s)
  `(line ,(input-port-line (ts:port s)) ,current-filename))

;; insert line/file for short-form function defs, otherwise leave alone
(define (short-form-function-loc ex lno)
  (if (and (pair? ex)
	   (eq? (car ex) '=)
	   (pair? (cadr ex))
	   (eq? (caadr ex) 'call))
      `(= ,(cadr ex) (block (line ,lno ,current-filename) ,(caddr ex)))
      ex))

; parse a@b@c@... as (@ a b c ...) for some operator @
; op: the operator to look for
; head: the expression head to yield in the result, e.g. "a;b" => (block a b)
; closers: a list of tokens that will stop the process
;          however, this doesn't consume the closing token, just looks at it
; allow-empty: if true will ignore runs of the operator, like a@@@@b
; ow, my eyes!!
(define (parse-Nary s down ops head closers allow-empty)
  (if (invalid-initial-token? (require-token s))
      (error (string "unexpected " (peek-token s))))
  (if (memv (require-token s) closers)
      (list head)  ; empty block
      (let loop ((ex
		  ;; in allow-empty mode skip leading runs of operator
		  (if (and allow-empty (memv (require-token s) ops))
		      '()
		      (if (memv #\newline ops)
			  (let ((loc (line-number-node s)))
			    ;; note: line-number must happen before (down s)
			    (list (down s) loc))
			  (list (down s)))))
		 (first? #t)
		 (t (peek-token s)))
	(if (not (memv t ops))
	    (begin
	      (if (not (or (eof-object? t) (eqv? t #\newline) (memv #\, ops)
			   (memv t closers)))
		  (error (string "extra token \"" t "\" after end of expression")))
	      (if (or (null? ex) (pair? (cdr ex)) (not first?))
		  ;; () => (head)
		  ;; (ex2 ex1) => (head ex1 ex2)
		  ;; (ex1) if operator appeared => (head ex1) (handles "x;")
		  (cons head (reverse ex))
		  ;; (ex1) => ex1
		  (car ex)))
	    (begin (take-token s)
		   ;; allow input to end with the operator, as in a;b;
		   (if (or (eof-object? (peek-token s))
			   (memv (peek-token s) closers)
			   (and allow-empty
				(memv (peek-token s) ops))
			   (and (equal? ops '(#\,))
				(eq? (peek-token s) '=)))
		       (loop ex #f (peek-token s))
		       (if (memv #\newline ops)
			   (let ((loc (line-number-node s)))
			     (loop (list* (down s) loc ex) #f (peek-token s)))
			   (loop (cons (down s) ex) #f (peek-token s)))))))))

; parse ranges and postfix ...
; colon is strange; 3 arguments with 2 colons yields one call:
; 1:2   => (: 1 2)
; 1:2:3 => (: 1 2 3)
; 1:    => (: 1 :)
; 1:2:  => (: 1 2 :)
;; not enabled:
;;; :2    => (: 2)
;;; :1:2  => (: (: 1 2))
;;; :1:   => (: (: 1 :))
; a simple state machine is up to the task.
; we will leave : expressions as a syntax form, not a call to ':',
; so they can be processed by syntax passes.
(define (parse-range s)
  (let loop ((ex (parse-expr s))
	     (first? #t))
    (let* ((t   (peek-token s))
	   (spc (ts:space? s)))
      (cond ((and first? (eq? t '|..|))
	     (take-token s)
	     `(call ,t ,ex ,(parse-expr s)))
	    ((and range-colon-enabled (eq? t ':))
	     (take-token s)
	     (if (and space-sensitive spc
		      (or (peek-token s) #t) (not (ts:space? s)))
		 ;; "a :b" in space sensitive mode
		 (begin (ts:put-back! s ':)
			ex)
		 (let ((argument
			(if (closing-token? (peek-token s))
			    ':  ; missing last argument
			    (parse-expr s))))
		   (if (and (not (ts:space? s))
			    (or (eq? argument '<) (eq? argument '>)))
		       (error (string ': argument " found instead of "
				      argument ':)))
		   (if first?
		       (loop (list t ex argument) #f)
		       (loop (append ex (list argument)) #t)))))
	    ((eq? t '...)
	     (take-token s)
	     (list '... ex))
	    (else ex)))))

; the principal non-terminals follow, in increasing precedence order

(define (parse-block s) (parse-Nary s parse-eq '(#\newline #\;) 'block
				    '(end else elseif catch finally) #t))

;; ";" at the top level produces a sequence of top level expressions
(define (parse-stmts s)
  (let ((ex (parse-Nary s parse-eq '(#\;) 'toplevel '(#\newline) #t)))
    ;; check for unparsed junk after an expression
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (if (not (or (eof-object? t) (eqv? t #\newline) (eq? t #f)))
	  (error (string "extra token \"" t "\" after end of expression"))))
    ex))

(define (parse-eq s)
  (let ((lno (input-port-line (ts:port s))))
    (short-form-function-loc
     (parse-RtoL s parse-comma (prec-ops 0)) lno)))

; parse-eq* is used where commas are special, for example in an argument list
(define (parse-eq* s)   (parse-RtoL s parse-cond  (prec-ops 0)))
; parse-comma is needed for commas outside parens, for example a = b,c
(define (parse-comma s) (parse-Nary s parse-cond  '(#\,) 'tuple '() #f))
(define (parse-or s)    (parse-LtoR s parse-and   (prec-ops 2)))
(define (parse-and s)   (parse-LtoR s parse-arrow (prec-ops 3)))
(define (parse-arrow s) (parse-RtoL s parse-ineq  (prec-ops 4)))
(define (parse-ineq s)  (parse-comparison s (prec-ops 5)))

; parse left to right, combining chains of certain operators into 1 call
; e.g. a+b+c => (call + a b c)
(define expr-ops (prec-ops 8))
(define (parse-expr s)
  (let loop ((ex       (parse-shift s))
	     (chain-op #f))
    (let* ((t   (peek-token s))
	   (spc (ts:space? s)))
      (if (not (memq t expr-ops))
	  ex
	  (begin
	    (take-token s)
	    (cond ((and space-sensitive spc (memq t unary-and-binary-ops)
			(not (eqv? (peek-char (ts:port s)) #\ )))
		   ;; here we have "x -y"
		   (ts:put-back! s t)
		   ex)
		  ((eq? t chain-op)
		   (loop (append ex (list (parse-shift s)))
			 chain-op))
		  (else
		   (loop (list 'call t ex (parse-shift s))
			 (and (eq? t '+) t)))))))))

(define (parse-shift s) (parse-LtoR s parse-term (prec-ops 9)))

(define term-ops (prec-ops 10))
(define (parse-term s)
  (let loop ((ex       (parse-rational s))
	     (chain-op #f))
    (let ((t   (peek-token s))
	  (spc (ts:space? s)))
      (cond ((not (memq t term-ops))
	     ex)
	    ;; TODO: maybe parse 2x*y as (call * 2 x y)
	    ((eq? t chain-op)
	     (begin (take-token s)
		    (loop (append ex (list (parse-rational s)))
			  chain-op)))
	    (else
	     (begin (take-token s)
		    (if (and space-sensitive spc (memq t unary-and-binary-ops)
			     (not (eqv? (peek-char (ts:port s)) #\ )))
			(begin (ts:put-back! s t)
			       ex)
			(loop (list 'call t ex (parse-rational s))
			      (and (eq? t '*) t)))))))))

(define (parse-rational s) (parse-LtoR s parse-unary (prec-ops 11)))

(define (parse-pipes s)    (parse-LtoR s parse-range (prec-ops 6)))

(define (parse-in s)       (parse-LtoR s parse-pipes '(in)))

(define (parse-comparison s ops)
  (let loop ((ex (parse-in s))
	     (first #t))
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (if (not (memq t ops))
	  ex
	  (begin (take-token s)
		 (if first
		     (loop (list 'comparison ex t (parse-range s)) #f)
		     (loop (append ex (list t (parse-range s))) #f)))))))

; flag an error for tokens that cannot begin an expression
(define (closing-token? tok)
  (or (eof-object? tok)
      (and (eq? tok 'end) (not end-symbol))
      (memv tok '(#\, #\) #\] #\} #\; else elseif catch finally))))

(define (maybe-negate op num)
  (if (eq? op '-) (- num) num))

; given an expression and the next token, is there a juxtaposition
; operator between them?
(define (juxtapose? expr t)
  (and (not (operator? t))
       (not (operator? expr))
       (not (memq t reserved-words))
       (not (closing-token? t))
       (not (newline? t))
       (not (and (pair? expr) (eq? (car expr) '...)))
       (or (number? expr)
	   (not (memv t '(#\( #\[ #\{))))))

(define (parse-juxtapose ex s)
  (let ((next (peek-token s)))
    ;; numeric literal juxtaposition is a unary operator
    (cond ((and (juxtapose? ex next)
		(not (ts:space? s)))
	   (begin
	     #;(if (and (number? ex) (= ex 0))
		 (error "juxtaposition with literal 0"))
	     `(call * ,ex ,(parse-unary s))))
	  (else ex))))

(define (parse-unary s)
  (let ((t (require-token s)))
    (if (closing-token? t)
	(error (string "unexpected " t)))
    (cond ((memq t unary-ops)
	   (let* ((op  (take-token s))
		  (nch (peek-char (ts:port s))))
	     (if (and (or (eq? op '-) (eq? op '+))
		      (or (and (char? nch) (char-numeric? nch))
			  (and (eqv? nch #\.) (read-char (ts:port s)))))
		 (let ((num
			(parse-juxtapose
			 (read-number (ts:port s) (eqv? nch #\.) (eq? op '-))
			 s)))
		   (if (memq (peek-token s) '(^ .^))
		       ;; -2^x parsed as (- (^ 2 x))
		       (begin (if (= num -9223372036854775808)
				  (error (string "invalid numeric constant "
						 (- num))))
			      (ts:put-back! s (maybe-negate op num))
			      (list 'call op (parse-factor s)))
		       num))
		 (let ((next (peek-token s)))
		   (cond ((or (closing-token? next) (newline? next))
			  op)  ; return operator by itself, as in (+)
			 ((eqv? next #\{)  ;; this case is +{T}(x::T) = ...
			  (ts:put-back! s op)
			  (parse-factor s))
			 (else
			  (let ((arg (parse-unary s)))
			    (if (and (pair? arg)
				     (eq? (car arg) 'tuple))
				(list* 'call op (cdr arg))
				(list  'call op arg)))))))))
	  (else
	   (parse-juxtapose (parse-factor s) s)))))

; handle ^ and .^
(define (parse-factor-h s down ops)
  (let ((ex (down s))
	(t (peek-token s)))
    (cond ((not (memq t ops))
	   ex)
	  (else
	   (list 'call
		 (take-token s) ex (parse-factor-h s parse-unary ops))))))

; -2^3 is parsed as -(2^3), so call parse-decl for the first argument,
; and parse-unary from then on (to handle 2^-3)
(define (parse-factor s)
  (parse-factor-h s parse-decl (prec-ops 12)))

(define (parse-decl s)
  (let loop ((ex (if (eq? (peek-token s) '|::|)
		     (begin (take-token s)
			    `(|::| ,(parse-call s)))
		     (parse-call s))))
    (let ((t (peek-token s)))
      (case t
	((|::|) (take-token s)
	 (loop (list t ex (parse-call s))))
	((->)   (take-token s)
	 ;; -> is unusual: it binds tightly on the left and
	 ;; loosely on the right.
	 (let ((lno (line-number-filename-node s)))
	   `(-> ,ex (block ,lno ,(parse-eq* s)))))
	(else
	 ex)))))

;; convert (comparison a <: b) to (<: a b)
(define (subtype-syntax e)
  (if (and (pair? e) (eq? (car e) 'comparison)
	   (length= e 4) (eq? (caddr e) '|<:|))
      `(<: ,(cadr e) ,(cadddr e))
      e))

(define (parse-unary-prefix s)
  (let ((op (peek-token s)))
    (if (syntactic-unary-op? op)
	(begin (take-token s)
	       (cond ((closing-token? (peek-token s))  op)
		     ((eq? op '&)  (list op (parse-call s)))
		     (else         (list op (parse-atom s)))))
	(parse-atom s))))

; parse function call, indexing, dot, and transpose expressions
; also handles looking for syntactic reserved words
(define (parse-call s)
  (let ((ex (parse-unary-prefix s)))
    (if (memq ex reserved-words)
	(parse-resword s ex)
	(let loop ((ex ex))
	  (let ((t (peek-token s)))
	    (if (or (and space-sensitive (ts:space? s)
			 (memv t '(#\( #\[ #\{ |'| #\")))
		    (and (number? ex)  ;; 2(...) is multiply, not call
			 (eqv? t #\()))
		ex
		(case t
		  ((#\( )   (take-token s)
		   (let ((al (parse-arglist s #\) )))
		     (if (eq? (peek-token s) 'do)
			 (begin
			   (take-token s)
			   (loop `(call ,ex ,(parse-do s) ,@al)))
			 (loop `(call ,ex ,@al)))))
		  ((#\[ )   (take-token s)
		   ; ref is syntax, so we can distinguish
		   ; a[i] = x  from
		   ; ref(a,i) = x
		   (let ((al (with-end-symbol (parse-cat s #\] ))))
                     (if (null? al)
                         (if (dict-literal? ex)
                             (loop (list 'typed_dict ex))
                             (loop (list 'ref ex)))
                         (case (car al)
                           ((dict)  (loop (list* 'typed_dict ex (cdr al))))
                           ((hcat)  (loop (list* 'typed_hcat ex (cdr al))))
                           ((vcat)
                            (if (any (lambda (x)
                                       (and (pair? x) (eq? (car x) 'row)))
                                     (cdr al))
                                (loop (list* 'typed_vcat ex (cdr al)))
                                (loop (list* 'ref ex (cdr al)))))
                           ((comprehension)
                            (loop (list* 'typed_comprehension ex (cdr al))))
                           ((dict_comprehension)
                            (loop (list* 'typed_dict_comprehension ex (cdr al))))
                           (else (error "unknown parse-cat result (internal error)"))))))
		  ((|.|)
		   (take-token s)
		   (cond ((eqv? (peek-token s) #\()
			  (loop `(|.| ,ex ,(parse-atom s))))
			 ((eq? (peek-token s) '$)
			  (let ((dollarex (parse-unary s)))
			    (loop `(|.| ,ex ($ (call (top Expr) (quote quote)
						     ,(cadr dollarex)))))))
			 (else
			  (let ((name (parse-atom s)))
			    (if (and (pair? name) (eq? (car name) 'macrocall))
				`(macrocall (|.| ,ex (quote ,(cadr name)))
					    ,@(cddr name))
				(loop `(|.| ,ex (quote ,name))))))))
		  ((|.'| |'|) (take-token s)
		   (loop (list t ex)))
		  ((#\{ )   (take-token s)
		   (loop (list* 'curly ex
				(map subtype-syntax (parse-arglist s #\} )))))
		  ((#\")
		   (if (and (symbol? ex) (not (operator? ex))
			    (not (ts:space? s)))
		       ;; custom prefixed string literals, x"s" => @x_str "s"
                       (let* ((str (begin (take-token s)
                                          (parse-string-literal s #t)))
			      (nxt (peek-token s))
			      (suffix (if (triplequote-string-literal? str) '_mstr '_str))
                              (macname (symbol (string #\@ ex suffix)))
                              (macstr (cdr str)))
                         (if (and (symbol? nxt) (not (operator? nxt))
                                  (not (ts:space? s)))
                             ;; string literal suffix, "s"x
                             (loop `(macrocall ,macname ,@macstr
                                               ,(string (take-token s))))
                             (loop `(macrocall ,macname ,@macstr))))
		       ex))
		  (else ex))))))))

(define expect-end-current-line 0)

(define (expect-end- s word)
  (let ((t (peek-token s)))
    (cond ((eq? t 'end) (take-token s))
	  ((eof-object? t)
	   (error (string "incomplete: " word " at "
			  current-filename ":" expect-end-current-line
			  " requires end")))
	  (else
	   (error (string word " at "
			  current-filename ":" expect-end-current-line
			  " expected end, got " t))))))

(define (parse-subtype-spec s)
  (subtype-syntax (parse-ineq s)))

; parse expressions or blocks introduced by syntactic reserved words
(define (parse-resword s word)
  (set! expect-end-current-line (input-port-line (ts:port s)))
  (define (expect-end s) (expect-end- s word))
  (with-normal-ops
  (without-whitespace-newline
  (case word
    ((begin quote)
     (let ((loc  (begin (skip-ws-and-comments (ts:port s))
			(line-number-filename-node s)))
	   (blk  (parse-block s)))
       (expect-end s)
       (let ((blk  (if (and (length> blk 1)
			    (pair? (cadr blk)) (eq? (caadr blk) 'line))
		       (list* 'block loc (cddr blk))
		       blk)))
	 (if (eq? word 'quote)
	     (list 'quote blk)
	     blk))))
    ((while)  (begin0 (list 'while (parse-cond s) (parse-block s))
		      (expect-end s)))
    ((for)
     (let* ((ranges (parse-comma-separated-iters s))
	    (body   (parse-block s)))
       (expect-end s)
       (let nest ((r ranges))
	 (if (null? r)
	     body
	     `(for ,(car r) ,(nest (cdr r)))))))
    ((if)
     (let* ((test (parse-cond s))
	    (then (if (memq (require-token s) '(else elseif))
		      '(block)
		      (parse-block s)))
	    (nxt  (require-token s)))
       (take-token s)
       (case nxt
	 ((end)     (list 'if test then))
	 ((elseif)
	  `(if ,test ,then
	       ;; line number for elseif condition
	       (block ,(line-number-node s)
		      ,(parse-resword s 'if))))
	 ((else)    (list 'if test then (parse-resword s 'begin)))
	 (else      (error (string "unexpected " nxt))))))
    ((let)
     (let ((binds (if (memv (peek-token s) '(#\newline #\;))
		      '()
		      (parse-comma-separated-assignments s))))
       (if (not (or (eof-object? (peek-token s))
		    (memv (peek-token s) '(#\newline #\; end))))
	   (error "let variables should end in ; or newline"))
       (let ((ex (parse-block s)))
	 (expect-end s)
	 `(let ,ex ,@binds))))
    ((global local)
     (let* ((const (and (eq? (peek-token s) 'const)
			(take-token s)))
	    (expr  (cons word (parse-comma-separated-assignments s))))
       (if const
	   `(const ,expr)
	   expr)))
    ((function macro)
     (let* ((paren (eqv? (require-token s) #\())
	    (sig   (parse-call s))
	    (def   (if (or (symbol? sig)
			   (and (pair? sig) (eq? (car sig) '|::|)
				(symbol? (cadr sig))))
		       (if paren
			   ;; in "function (x)" the (x) is a tuple
			   `(tuple ,sig)
			   ;; function foo  =>  syntax error
			   (error (string "expected ( in " word " definition")))
		       (if (not (and (pair? sig)
				     (or (eq? (car sig) 'call)
					 (eq? (car sig) 'tuple))))
			   (error (string "expected ( in " word " definition"))
			   sig)))
	    (loc   (begin (skip-ws-and-comments (ts:port s))
			  (line-number-filename-node s)))
	    (body  (parse-block s)))
       (expect-end s)
       (if (and (length> body 1)
		(pair? (cadr body))
		(eq? (caadr body) 'line))
	   (set-car! (cdr body) loc))
       (list word def body)))
    ((abstract)
     (list 'abstract (parse-subtype-spec s)))
    ((type immutable)
     (let ((immu? (eq? word 'immutable)))
       (if (and immu? (eq? (peek-token s) 'type))
	   ;; allow "immutable type"
	   (take-token s))
       (let ((sig (parse-subtype-spec s)))
	 (begin0 (list 'type (if (eq? word 'type) 'true 'false)
		       sig (parse-block s))
		 (expect-end s)))))
    ((bitstype)
     (list 'bitstype (with-space-sensitive (parse-cond s))
	   (parse-subtype-spec s)))
    ((typealias)
     (let ((lhs (parse-call s)))
       (if (and (pair? lhs) (eq? (car lhs) 'call))
	   ;; typealias X (...) is tuple type alias, not call
	   (list 'typealias (cadr lhs) (cons 'tuple (cddr lhs)))
	   (list 'typealias lhs (parse-arrow s)))))
    ((try)
     (let ((try-block (if (memq (require-token s) '(catch finally))
			  '(block)
			  (parse-block s))))
       (let loop ((nxt    (require-token s))
		  (catchb #f)
		  (catchv #f)
		  (finalb #f))
	 (take-token s)
	 (cond
	  ((eq? nxt 'end)
	   (list* 'try try-block catchv catchb (if finalb
						   (list finalb)
						   '())))
	  ((and (eq? nxt 'catch)
		(not catchb))
	   (let ((nl (eqv? (peek-token s) #\newline)))
	     (if (memq (require-token s) '(end finally))
		 (loop (require-token s)
		       '(block)
		       #f
		       finalb)
		 (let* ((var (parse-eq* s))
			(var? (and (not nl) (symbol? var)))
			(catch-block (if (eq? (require-token s) 'finally)
					 '(block)
					 (parse-block s))))
		   (loop (require-token s)
			 (if var?
			     catch-block
			     `(block ,var ,@(cdr catch-block)))
			 (and var? var)
			 finalb)))))
	  ((and (eq? nxt 'finally)
		(not finalb))
	   (let ((fb (if (eq? (require-token s) 'catch)
			 '(block)
			 (parse-block s))))
	     (loop (require-token s)
		   catchb
		   catchv
		   fb)))
	  (else    (error (string "unexpected " nxt)))))))
    ((return)          (let ((t (peek-token s)))
			 (if (or (eqv? t #\newline) (closing-token? t))
			     (list 'return '(null))
			     (list 'return (parse-eq s)))))
    ((break continue)  (list word))
    ((const)
     (let ((assgn (parse-eq s)))
       (if (not (and (pair? assgn)
		     (or (eq? (car assgn) '=)
			 (eq? (car assgn) 'global)
			 (eq? (car assgn) 'local))))
	   (error "expected assignment after const")
	   `(const ,assgn))))
    ((module baremodule)
     (let* ((name (parse-atom s))
	    (body (parse-block s)))
       (expect-end s)
       (list 'module (eq? word 'module) name
	     (if (eq? word 'module)
		 (list* 'block
			;; add definitions for module-local eval
			(let ((x (if (eq? name 'x) 'y 'x)))
			  `(= (call eval ,x)
			      (call (|.| (top Core) 'eval) ,name ,x)))
			`(= (call eval m x)
			    (call (|.| (top Core) 'eval) m x))
			(cdr body))
		 body))))
    ((export)
     (let ((es (map macrocall-to-atsym
		    (parse-comma-separated s parse-atom))))
       (if (not (every symbol? es))
	   (error "invalid export statement"))
       `(export ,@es)))
    ((import using importall)
     (let ((imports (parse-imports s word)))
       (if (length= imports 1)
	   (car imports)
	   (cons 'toplevel imports))))
    ((ccall)
     (if (not (eqv? (peek-token s) #\())
	 (error "invalid ccall syntax")
	 (begin
	   (take-token s)
	   (let ((al (parse-arglist s #\))))
	     (if (and (length> al 1)
		      (memq (cadr al) '(cdecl stdcall fastcall thiscall)))
		 ;; place (callingconv) at end of arglist
		 `(ccall ,(car al) ,@(cddr al) (,(cadr al)))
		 `(ccall ,.al))))))
    ((do)
     (error "invalid do syntax"))
    (else (error "unhandled reserved word"))))))

(define (parse-do s)
  (set! expect-end-current-line (input-port-line (ts:port s)))
  (without-whitespace-newline
   (let ((doargs (if (eqv? (peek-token s) #\newline)
		     '()
		     (parse-comma-separated-assignments s))))
     `(-> (tuple ,@doargs)
	  ,(begin0 (parse-block s)
		   (expect-end- s 'do))))))

(define (macrocall-to-atsym e)
  (if (and (pair? e) (eq? (car e) 'macrocall))
      (cadr e)
      e))

(define (parse-imports s word)
  (let* ((first (parse-import s word))
	 (from  (if (and (eq? (peek-token s) ':) (not (ts:space? s)))
		    (begin (take-token s) #t)
		    (begin
		      (if (eqv? (peek-token s) #\,)
			  (begin (take-token s)
				 (if (eqv? (peek-token s) #\newline)
				     (take-token s))))
		      #f)))
	 (rest  (if (or (memv (peek-token s) '(#\newline #\;))
			(eof-object? (peek-token s)))
		    '()
		    (parse-comma-separated s (lambda (s)
					       (parse-import s word))))))
    (if from
	(map (lambda (x)
	       (cons (car x) (append (cdr first) (cdr x))))
	     rest)
	(cons first rest))))

(define (parse-import-dots s)
  (let loop ((l '())
	     (t (peek-token s)))
    (cond ((eq? t '|.|)
	   (begin (take-token s)
		  (loop (list* '|.| l) (peek-token s))))
	  ((eq? t '..)
	   (begin (take-token s)
		  (loop (list* '|.| '|.| l) (peek-token s))))
	  ((eq? t '...)
	   (begin (take-token s)
		  (loop (list* '|.| '|.| '|.| l) (peek-token s))))
	  ((eq? t '....)
	   (begin (take-token s)
		  (loop (list* '|.| '|.| '|.| '|.| l) (peek-token s))))
	  (else
	   (cons (macrocall-to-atsym (parse-atom s)) l)))))

(define (parse-import s word)
  (let loop ((path (parse-import-dots s)))
    (if (not (symbol? (car path)))
	(error (string "invalid " word " statement: expected identifier")))
    (let ((nxt (peek-token s)))
      (cond
       ((eq? nxt '|.|)
	(take-token s)
	(loop (cons (macrocall-to-atsym (parse-atom s)) path)))
       ((or (memv nxt '(#\newline #\; #\, :))
	    (eof-object? nxt))
	`(,word ,@(reverse path)))
       ((eqv? (string.sub (string nxt) 0 1) ".")
	(take-token s)
	(loop (cons (symbol (string.sub (string nxt) 1))
		    path)))
       (else
	(error (string "invalid " word " statement")))))))

; parse comma-separated assignments, like "i=1:n,j=1:m,..."
(define (parse-comma-separated s what)
  (let loop ((exprs '()))
    (let ((r (what s)))
      (case (peek-token s)
	((#\,)  (take-token s) (loop (cons r exprs)))
	(else   (reverse! (cons r exprs)))))))

(define (parse-comma-separated-assignments s)
  (parse-comma-separated s parse-eq*))

; as above, but allows both "i=r" and "i in r"
(define (parse-comma-separated-iters s)
  (let loop ((ranges '()))
    (let ((r (parse-eq* s)))
      (let ((r (cond ((and (pair? r) (eq? (car r) '=))
		      r)
		     ((eq? r ':)
		      r)
		     ((and (pair? r) (eq? (car r) 'in))
		      `(= ,(cadr r) ,(caddr r)))
		     (else
		      (error "invalid iteration specification")))))
	(case (peek-token s)
	  ((#\,)  (take-token s) (loop (cons r ranges)))
	  (else   (reverse! (cons r ranges))))))))

(define (parse-space-separated-exprs s)
  (with-space-sensitive
   (let loop ((exprs '()))
     (if (or (closing-token? (peek-token s))
	     (newline? (peek-token s))
	     (and inside-vec (eq? (peek-token s) 'for)))
	 (reverse! exprs)
	 (let ((e (parse-eq s)))
	   (case (peek-token s)
	     ((#\newline)   (reverse! (cons e exprs)))
	     (else          (loop (cons e exprs)))))))))

(define (has-parameters? lst)
  (and (pair? lst) (pair? (car lst)) (eq? (caar lst) 'parameters)))

(define (to-kws lst)
  (map (lambda (x) (if (assignment? x)
		       `(kw ,@(cdr x))
		       x))
       lst))

; handle function call argument list, or any comma-delimited list.
; . an extra comma at the end is allowed
; . expressions after a ; are enclosed in (parameters ...)
; . an expression followed by ... becomes (... x)
(define (parse-arglist s closer)
  (with-normal-ops
   (with-whitespace-newline
    (parse-arglist- s closer))))
(define (parse-arglist- s closer)
  (let loop ((lst '()))
    (let ((t (require-token s)))
      (if (equal? t closer)
	  (begin (take-token s)
		 (if (eqv? closer #\) )
		     ;; (= x y) inside function call is keyword argument
		     (to-kws (reverse lst))
		     (reverse lst)))
	  (if (equal? t #\;)
	      (begin (take-token s)
		     (if (equal? (peek-token s) closer)
			 ;; allow f(a, b; )
			 (loop lst)
			 (let ((params (loop '()))
			       (lst    (if (eqv? closer #\) )
					   (to-kws (reverse lst))
					   (reverse lst))))
			   (cons (cons 'parameters params)
				 lst))))
	      (let* ((nxt (parse-eq* s))
		     (c (require-token s)))
		(cond ((eqv? c #\,)
		       (begin (take-token s) (loop (cons nxt lst))))
		      ((eqv? c #\;)          (loop (cons nxt lst)))
		      ((equal? c closer)     (loop (cons nxt lst)))
		      ;; newline character isn't detectable here
		      #;((eqv? c #\newline)
		       (error "unexpected line break in argument list"))
		      ((memv c '(#\] #\}))
		       (error (string "unexpected " c " in argument list")))
		      (else
		       (error (string "missing comma or " closer
				      " in argument list"))))))))))

; parse [] concatenation expressions and {} cell expressions
(define (parse-vcat s first closer)
  (let loop ((lst '())
	     (nxt first))
    (let ((t (require-token s)))
      (if (eqv? t closer)
	  (begin (take-token s)
		 (cons 'vcat (reverse (cons nxt lst))))
	  (case t
	    ((#\,)
	     (take-token s)
	     (if (eqv? (require-token s) closer)
		 ;; allow ending with ,
		 (begin (take-token s)
			(cons 'vcat (reverse (cons nxt lst))))
		 (loop (cons nxt lst) (parse-eq* s))))
	    ((#\;)
	     (error "unexpected semicolon in array expression"))
	    ((#\] #\})
	     (error (string "unexpected " t)))
	    (else
	     (error "missing separator in array expression")))))))

(define (parse-dict s first closer)
  (let ((v (parse-vcat s first closer)))
    (if (any dict-literal? (cdr v))
        (if (every dict-literal? (cdr v))
            `(dict ,@(cdr v))
            (error "invalid dict literal")))))

(define (parse-comprehension s first closer)
  (let ((r (parse-comma-separated-iters s)))
    (if (not (eqv? (require-token s) closer))
	(error (string "expected " closer))
	(take-token s))
    `(comprehension ,first ,@r)))

(define (parse-dict-comprehension s first closer)
  (let ((c (parse-comprehension s first closer)))
    (if (dict-literal? (cadr c))
        `(dict_comprehension ,@(cdr c))
        (error "invalid dict comprehension"))))

(define (parse-matrix s first closer)
  (define (fix head v) (cons head (reverse v)))
  (define (update-outer v outer)
    (cond ((null? v)       outer)
	  ((null? (cdr v)) (cons (car v) outer))
	  (else            (cons (fix 'row v) outer))))
  (define semicolon (eqv? (peek-token s) #\;))
  (let loop ((vec   (list first))
	     (outer '()))
    (let ((t  (if (eqv? (peek-token s) #\newline)
		  #\newline
		  (require-token s))))
      (if (eqv? t closer)
	  (begin (take-token s)
		 (if (pair? outer)
		     (fix 'vcat (update-outer vec outer))
		     (if (or (null? vec) (null? (cdr vec)))
			 (fix 'vcat vec)     ; [x]   => (vcat x)
			 (fix 'hcat vec))))  ; [x y] => (hcat x y)
	  (case t
	    ((#\; #\newline)
	     (take-token s) (loop '() (update-outer vec outer)))
	    ((#\,)
	     (error "unexpected comma in matrix expression"))
	    ((#\] #\})
	     (error (string "unexpected " t)))
	    ((for)
	     (if (and (not semicolon)
		      (length= outer 1)
		      (null? vec))
		 (begin (take-token s)
			(parse-comprehension s (car outer) closer))
		 (error "invalid comprehension syntax")))
	    (else
	     (loop (cons (parse-eq* s) vec) outer)))))))

(define (peek-non-newline-token s)
  (let loop ((t (peek-token s)))
    (if (newline? t)
        (begin (take-token s)
               (loop (peek-token s)))
        t)))

(define (parse-cat s closer)
  (with-normal-ops
   (with-inside-vec
    (if (eqv? (require-token s) closer)
	(begin (take-token s)
               '())
	(let ((first (parse-eq* s)))
          (if (dict-literal? first)
              (case (peek-non-newline-token s)
                ((for)
                 (take-token s)
                 (parse-dict-comprehension s first closer))
                (else
                 (parse-dict s first closer)))
              (case (peek-token s)
                ((#\,)
                 (parse-vcat s first closer))
                ((for)
                 (take-token s)
                 (parse-comprehension s first closer))
                (else
                 (parse-matrix s first closer)))))))))

; for sequenced evaluation inside expressions: e.g. (a;b, c;d)
(define (parse-stmts-within-expr s)
  (parse-Nary s parse-eq* '(#\;) 'block '(#\, #\) ) #t))

(define (parse-tuple s first)
  (let loop ((lst '())
	     (nxt first))
    (if (assignment? nxt)
	(error "invalid syntax in tuple"))
    (case (require-token s)
      ((#\))
       (take-token s)
       (cons 'tuple (reverse (cons nxt lst))))
      ((#\,)
       (take-token s)
       (if (eqv? (require-token s) #\))
	   ;; allow ending with ,
	   (begin (take-token s)
		  (cons 'tuple (reverse (cons nxt lst))))
	   (loop (cons nxt lst) (parse-eq* s))))
      ((#\;)
       (error "unexpected semicolon in tuple"))
      #;((#\newline)
      (error "unexpected line break in tuple"))
      ((#\] #\})
       (error (string "unexpected " (peek-token s) " in tuple")))
      (else
       (error "missing separator in tuple")))))

(define (not-eof-2 c)
  (if (eof-object? c)
      (error "incomplete: invalid ` syntax")
      c))

(define (parse-backquote s)
  (let ((b (open-output-string))
	(p (ts:port s)))
    (let loop ((c (read-char p)))
      (if (eqv? c #\`)
	  #t
	  (begin (if (eqv? c #\\)
		     (let ((nextch (read-char p)))
		       (if (eqv? nextch #\`)
			   (write-char nextch b)
			   (begin (write-char #\\ b)
				  (write-char (not-eof-2 nextch) b))))
		     (write-char (not-eof-2 c) b))
		 (loop (read-char p)))))
    (let ((str (io.tostring! b)))
      `(macrocall @cmd ,str))))

(define (not-eof-3 c)
  (if (eof-object? c)
      (error "incomplete: invalid string syntax")
      c))

(define (take-char p)
  (begin (read-char p) p))

(define (parse-string-literal s custom)
  (let ((p (ts:port s)))
    (if (eqv? (peek-char p) #\")
        (if (eqv? (peek-char (take-char p)) #\")
            (parse-string-literal- 'triple_quoted_string 2 (take-char p) s custom)
            '(single_quoted_string ""))
        (parse-string-literal- 'single_quoted_string 0 p s custom))))

(define (parse-interpolate s)
  (let* ((p (ts:port s))
         (c (peek-char p)))
    (cond ((identifier-char? c)
           (parse-atom s))
          ((eqv? c #\()
           (read-char p)
           (let ((ex (parse-eq* s))
                 (t (require-token s)))
             (cond ((eqv? t #\) )
                    (take-token s)
                    ex)
                   (else (error "invalid interpolation syntax")))))
          (else (error (string "invalid interpolation syntax: " c))))))

(define (tostr custom io)
  (if custom
      (io.tostring! io)
      (let ((str (unescape-string (io.tostring! io))))
	(if (not (string.isutf8 str))
	    (error "invalid UTF-8 sequence")
	    str))))

;; custom = custom string literal
;; when custom is #t, unescape only \\ and \"
;; otherwise do full unescaping, and parse interpolations too
(define (parse-string-literal- head n p s custom)
  (let loop ((c (read-char p))
             (b (open-output-string))
             (e (list head))
             (quotes 0))
    (cond
      ((eqv? c #\")
       (if (< quotes n)
           (loop (read-char p) b e (+ quotes 1))
           (reverse (cons (tostr custom b) e))))

      ((= quotes 1)
       (if (not custom) (write-char #\\ b))
       (write-char #\" b)
       (loop c b e 0))

      ((= quotes 2)
       (if (not custom) (write-char #\\ b))
       (write-char #\" b)
       (if (not custom) (write-char #\\ b))
       (write-char #\" b)
       (loop c b e 0))

      ((eqv? c #\\)
       (let ((nxch (not-eof-3 (read-char p))))
	 (if (or (not custom)
		 (not (or (eqv? nxch #\") #;(eqv? nxch #\\))))
	     (write-char #\\ b))
	 (write-char nxch b)
	 (loop (read-char p) b e 0)))

      ((and (eqv? c #\$) (not custom))
       (let ((ex (parse-interpolate s)))
         (loop (read-char p)
               (open-output-string)
               (list* ex (tostr custom b) e)
               0)))

      (else
       (write-char (not-eof-3 c) b)
       (loop (read-char p) b e 0)))))

(define (interpolate-string-literal? s) (length> s 2))
(define (triplequote-string-literal? s) (eqv? (car s) 'triple_quoted_string))

(define (not-eof-1 c)
  (if (eof-object? c)
      (error "incomplete: invalid character literal")
      c))

(define (unescape-string s)
  (with-exception-catcher
   (lambda (e) (error "invalid escape sequence"))
   (lambda ()
     ;; process escape sequences using lisp read
     (read (open-input-string (string #\" s #\"))))))

; parse numbers, identifiers, parenthesized expressions, lists, vectors, etc.
(define (parse-atom s)
  (let ((ex (parse-atom- s)))
    (if (or (memq ex syntactic-operators)
	    (eq? ex '....))
	(error (string "invalid identifier name " ex)))
    ex))

(define (parse-atom- s)
  (let ((t (require-token s)))
    (cond ((or (string? t) (number? t)) (take-token s))

	  ;; char literal
	  ((eq? t '|'|)
	   (take-token s)
	   (let ((firstch (read-char (ts:port s))))
	     (if (eqv? firstch #\')
	      (error "invalid character literal")
	      (if (and (not (eqv? firstch #\\))
		       (not (eof-object? firstch))
		       (eqv? (peek-char (ts:port s)) #\'))
	       ;; easy case: 1 character, no \
	       (begin (read-char (ts:port s)) firstch)
	       (let ((b (open-output-string)))
		 (let loop ((c firstch))
		   (if (eqv? c #\')
		       #t
		       (begin (write-char (not-eof-1 c) b)
			      (if (eqv? c #\\)
				  (write-char
				   (not-eof-1 (read-char (ts:port s))) b))
			      (loop (read-char (ts:port s))))))
		 (let ((str (unescape-string (io.tostring! b))))
		   (if (= (length str) 1)
		       ;; one byte, e.g. '\xff'. maybe not valid UTF-8, but we
		       ;; want to use the raw value as a codepoint in this case.
		       (wchar (aref str 0))
		       (if (or (not (= (string-length str) 1))
			       (not (string.isutf8 str)))
			   (error "invalid character literal")
			   (string.char str 0)))))))))

	  ;; symbol/expression quote
	  ((eq? t ':)
	   (take-token s)
	   (if (closing-token? (peek-token s))
	       ':
	       (list 'quote (parse-atom- s))))

	  ;; misplaced =
	  ((eq? t '=) (error "unexpected ="))

	  ;; identifier
	  ((symbol? t) (take-token s))

	  ;; parens or tuple
	  ((eqv? t #\( )
	   (take-token s)
	   (with-normal-ops
	   (with-whitespace-newline
	   (cond
	    ((eqv? (require-token s) #\) )
	     ;; empty tuple ()
	     (begin (take-token s) '(tuple)))
	    ((memq (peek-token s) syntactic-operators)
	     ;; allow (=) etc.
	     (let ((tok (take-token s)))
	       (if (not (eqv? (require-token s) #\) ))
		   (error (string "invalid identifier name " tok))
		   (take-token s))
	       tok))
	    (else
	     ;; here we parse the first subexpression separately, so
	     ;; we can look for a comma to see if it's a tuple.
	     ;; this lets us distinguish (x) from (x,)
	     (let* ((ex (parse-eq* s))
		    (t  (require-token s)))
	       (cond ((eqv? t #\) )
		      (take-token s)
		      (if (and (pair? ex) (eq? (car ex) '...))
			  ;; (ex...)
			  `(tuple ,ex)
			  ;; value in parentheses (x)
			  ex))
		     ((eqv? t #\, )
		      ;; tuple (x,) (x,y) (x...) etc.
		      (parse-tuple s ex))
		     ((eqv? t #\;)
		      ;; parenthesized block (a;b;c)
		      (take-token s)
		      (if (eqv? (require-token s) #\))
			  ;; (ex;)
			  (begin (take-token s) `(block ,ex))
			  (let* ((blk (parse-stmts-within-expr s))
				 (tok (require-token s)))
			    (if (eqv? tok #\,)
				(error "unexpected comma in statement block"))
			    (if (not (eqv? tok #\)))
				(error "missing separator in statement block"))
			    (take-token s)
			    `(block ,ex ,blk))))
		     #;((eqv? t #\newline)
		        (error "unexpected line break in tuple"))
		     ((memv t '(#\] #\}))
		      (error (string "unexpected " t " in tuple")))
		     (else
		      (error "missing separator in tuple")))))))))

	  ;; cell expression
	  ((eqv? t #\{ )
	   (take-token s)
	   (if (eqv? (require-token s) #\})
	       (begin (take-token s) '(cell1d))
	       (let ((vex (parse-cat s #\})))
                 (if (null? vex)
                     '(cell1d)
                     (case (car vex)
                       ((comprehension)
                        `(typed_comprehension (top Any) ,@(cdr vex)))
                       ((dict_comprehension)
                        `(typed_dict_comprehension (=> (top Any) (top Any)) ,@(cdr vex)))
                       ((dict)
                        `(typed_dict (=> (top Any) (top Any)) ,@(cdr vex)))
                       ((hcat)
                        `(cell2d 1 ,(length (cdr vex)) ,@(cdr vex)))
                       (else  ; (vcat ...)
			(if (and (pair? (cadr vex)) (eq? (caadr vex) 'row))
			    (let ((nr (length (cdr vex)))
				  (nc (length (cdadr vex))))
			      ;; make sure all rows are the same length
			      (if (not (every
					(lambda (x)
					  (and (pair? x)
					       (eq? (car x) 'row)
					       (length= (cdr x) nc)))
					(cddr vex)))
				  (error "inconsistent shape in cell expression"))
			      `(cell2d ,nr ,nc
				       ,@(apply append
						;; transpose to storage order
						(apply map list
						       (map cdr (cdr vex))))))
			    (if (any (lambda (x) (and (pair? x)
						      (eq? (car x) 'row)))
				     (cddr vex))
				(error "inconsistent shape in cell expression")
				`(cell1d ,@(cdr vex))))))))))

	  ;; cat expression
	  ((eqv? t #\[ )
	   (take-token s)
	   (let ((vex (parse-cat s #\])))
             (if (null? vex) '(vcat) vex)))

	  ;; string literal
	  ((eqv? t #\")
	   (take-token s)
	   (let ((ps (parse-string-literal s #f)))
             (if (triplequote-string-literal? ps)
                 `(macrocall @mstr ,@(cdr ps))
                 (if (interpolate-string-literal? ps)
                     `(string ,@(filter (lambda (s)
					  (not (and (string? s)
						    (= (length s) 0))))
					(cdr ps)))
		     (cadr ps)))))

	  ;; macro call
	  ((eqv? t #\@)
	   (take-token s)
	   (let ((head (with-space-sensitive
			(parse-call s))))
	     (if (and (pair? head) (eq? (car head) 'call))
		 `(macrocall ,(macroify-name (cadr head))
			     ,@(cddr head))
		 `(macrocall ,(macroify-name head)
			     ,@(parse-space-separated-exprs s)))))

	  ;; command syntax
	  ((eqv? t #\`)
	   (take-token s)
	   (parse-backquote s))

	  (else (error (string "invalid syntax: " (take-token s)))))))

(define (valid-modref? e)
  (and (length= e 3) (eq? (car e) '|.|) (pair? (caddr e))
       (eq? (car (caddr e)) 'quote) (symbol? (cadr (caddr e)))
       (or (symbol? (cadr e))
	   (valid-modref? (cadr e)))))

(define (macroify-name e)
  (cond ((symbol? e)  (symbol (string #\@ e)))
	((valid-modref? e)  `(|.| ,(cadr e)
			      (quote ,(macroify-name (cadr (caddr e))))))
	(else (error (string "invalid macro use @" e)))))

; --- main entry point ---

;; can optionally specify which grammar production to parse.
;; default is parse-stmts.
(define (julia-parse s . production)
  (cond ((string? s)
	 (apply julia-parse (make-token-stream (open-input-string s))
		production))
	((port? s)
	 (apply julia-parse (make-token-stream s) production))
	((eof-object? s)
	 s)
	(else
	 ;; as a special case, allow early end of input if there is
	 ;; nothing left but whitespace
	 (skip-ws-and-comments (ts:port s))
	 (let skip-loop ((tok (peek-token s)))
	   (if (or (eqv? tok #\newline) )
	       (begin (take-token s) (skip-loop (peek-token s)))))
	 (if (eof-object? (peek-token s))
	     (eof-object)
	     ((if (null? production) parse-stmts (car production))
	      s)))))