MADWIFI: Multimode Atheros Driver for WiFi on Linux
===================================================

* Copyright (c) 2002-2005 Sam Leffler.  All rights reserved.

Read the file COPYRIGHT for the complete copyright.


WARNING: THIS IS A BETA DISTRIBUTION.  THIS SOFTWARE HAS KNOWN PROBLEMS
WARNING: AND LIMITATIONS THAT WILL BE CORRECTED BEFORE A PRODUCTION
WARNING: RELEASE.  DON'T BLAME US IF THE SOFTWARE EATS YOUR SYSTEM,
WARNING: DESTROYS YOUR DISK OR MAKES YOUR CORN-FLAKES SOGGY.
WARNING: USE AT YOUR OWN RISK!


Introduction
------------

This software contains a Linux kernel driver for Atheros-based Wireless
LAN devices.  The driver supports station, AP, ad-hoc, and monitor modes
of operation.  The Atheros driver depends on a device-independent
implementation of the 802.11 protocols that originated in the BSD
community (NetBSD in particular).  

The driver functions as a normal network device and uses the Wireless
Extensions API.  As such normal Linux tools can and should be used with
it.  Where the wireless extensions are lacking private ioctls have been
added.

There is only one driver included here; it supports PCI, MiniPCI and
Cardbus devices - USB devices are currently not supported by this
driver!  The driver can be built as a module or linked directly into the
kernel.  Note however that the net80211 layer is device-independent;
there is no reason it cannot be used with any 802.11 device (in fact
this is the case on BSD systems).

This software is broken into multiple modules.  The Atheros-specific
device support is found in the ath_pci module; it should be loaded when
an Atheros wireless device is recognized.  The ath_pci module requires
an additional device specific module, ath_hal, which is described more
below.  In addition the driver requires the wlan module which contains
the 802.11 state machine, protocol support, and other device-independent
support needed by any 802.11 device.  This code is derived from work
that first appeared in NetBSD and then FreeBSD.  The wlan module may
also force the loading of additional modules for crypto support
(wlan_wep, wlan_tkip, wlan_ccmp, etc.), for MAC-based ACL support
(wlan_acl), and for 802.1x authenticator support (wlan_xauth).  The 
latter modules are only used when operating as an AP.  The crypto 
modules are loaded when keys of that type are created.

The ath_hal module contains the Atheros Hardware Access Layer (HAL).
This code manages much of the chip-specific operation of the driver. 
The HAL is provided in a binary-only form in order to comply with FCC
regulations.  In particular, a radio transmitter can only be operated at
power levels and on frequency channels for which it is approved.  The
FCC requires that a software-defined radio cannot be configured by the
user to operate outside the approved power levels and frequency
channels.  This makes it difficult to open-source code that enforces
limits on the power levels, frequency channels and other parameters of
the radio transmitter.  See
https://ftp.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Orders/2001/fcc01264.pdf
for the specific FCC regulation.  Because the module is provided in a
binary-only form it is marked "Proprietary"; this means when you load it
you will see messages that your system is now "tainted".

A detailed discussion of the pros and cons of this design can be found
at https://madwifi.org/wiki/HAL

If you wish to use this driver on a platform for which an ath_hal module
is not already provided please contact the author.  Note that this is
only necessary for new _architectures_; the HAL is not tied to any
specific version of Linux - in fact the identical HAL binary code is
used unchanged with other operating systems.


Atheros Hardware
----------------

There are currently three "programming generations" of Atheros 802.11
wireless devices (some of these have multiple hardware implementations
but otherwise appear identical to users):

  5210	supports 11a only
  5211	supports both 11a and 11b
  5212	supports 11a, 11b, and 11g

These parts have been incorporated in a variety of retail products
including Cardbus cards from D-Link, Linksys, Netgear, Orinoco, Proxim,
and 3Com; and mini-pci cards from some of these same vendors.  In
addition, many laptop vendors use Atheros mini-pci cards for their
built-in wireless support.

For an up-to-date list of cards based on Atheros parts visit:
https://customerproducts.atheros.com/customerproducts

A list of products that have been reported to be supported by MadWifi
can be found here:
https://madwifi.org/wiki/Compatibility

In general, if a device is identified as ``11a only'', it is almost
certain to contain an Atheros 5210 part in it.  Most retail a+b products
use the 5211.  Many a+b+g combo products use the 5212 though other
vendors have started to offer dual-band support.  When in doubt, check
the PCI vendor ID with a tool like lspci, the Atheros vendor ID is
0x168c; e.g.

  00:13.0 Ethernet controller: Unknown device 168c:0012 (rev 01)

but beware that some vendors use alternate vendor IDs (e.g 3Com, IBM).
The file hal/ah_devid.h has a list of known PCI IDs.


Building the driver
-------------------

The procedure to build the driver is described in the file INSTALL.


Using the driver
----------------

The driver should support any Atheros-based Cardbus or PCI device.  This
version of the driver is managed and controlled by the usual Linux tools
(ifconfig, iwconfig, iwpriv) plus the wlanconfig tool, which is included
with the driver in the tools directory and gets installed on your system
with make install.

First, run "modprobe ath_pci" or the equivalent using "insmod".  When
the driver is successfully loaded it creates two devices, named "wifi0"
and "ath0".  The output from iwconfig should look like this:

    lo      no wireless extensions.
    
    wifi0   no wireless extensions.
    
    ath0    IEEE 802.11b  ESSID:""
            Mode:Managed  Channel:0  Access Point: Not-Associated
	    Bit Rate:0 kb/s   Tx-Power:50 dBm   Sensitivity=0/3
	    Retry:off   RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off
	    Power Management:off
	    Link Quality=0/94  Signal level=-95 dBm  Noise level=-95 dBm
	    Rx invalid nwid:0  Rx invalid crypt:0  Rx invalid frag:0
	    Tx excessive retries:0  Invalid misc:0   Missed beacon:0


This driver uses wifi%d only as a placeholder for the physical device, 
and will create one wifi device for each wireless NIC in the system.  
These wifi devices will reject ifconfig and iwconfig commands.  The wifi
interface indicates the existence of a physical MadWifi device, but it
is not of any functional interest other than as the starting point for
VAP creation via wlanconfig (see Virtual AP section below).

By default, an ath%d Managed mode interface is also created.  This
device is a "virtual ap" (VAP) of the wifi%d physical device, and is
configurable by the standard networking tools  - ifconfig, iwconfig,
iwpriv. 

The autocreation function can be manipulated to create any one of the
other supported device types automatically by using the autocreate=mode
option when the ath_pci module is first loaded.  The following example
will cause ath%d to be in Master mode:

  modprobe ath_pci autocreate=ap

Autocreation can be disabled:

  modprobe ath_pci autocreate=none

Please see the following link for more information:
https://madwifi.org/wiki/UserDocs/autocreate


Virtual APs (VAPs) and wlanconfig
---------------------------------

An interesting feature of MadWifi is Virtual AP (VAP) mode, which allows
the operation of multiple concurrent (virtual) access points, and
concurrent interfaces running in both AP and station mode.  To 
manipulate VAPs, MadWifi comes with a tool called wlanconfig which is
used to create and destroy VAPS with various different modes.

The following examples assume that the "autocreate=none" option has been
parsed to the module at load time.  This allows fine control over
management of VAPs, as the creation of a Managed mode station should be
delayed until all other required VAPs are first created, as only one
sta mode VAP can exist per physical device.

To create an access point, use:

  wlanconfig ath0 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode ap

To create an access point and a station, use:

  wlanconfig ath0 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode ap
  wlanconfig ath1 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode sta

To create APs that share a single MAC address, just create the VAPs:

  wlanconfig ath0 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode ap
  wlanconfig ath1 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode ap

To create an VAP with a unique MAC addresss, use the bssid parameter:

  wlanconfig ath0 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode ap
  wlanconfig ath1 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode ap bssid

Finally, to destroy a VAP, issue the command:

  wlanconfig ath0 destroy

For more information about Virtual APs, please refer to the users-guide
document distributed with the MadWifi source code.

For more information about wlanconfig, see its manpage, it is installed
when you run "make install".


Operating Mode
--------------

If you have a multi-mode card, use one of the following commands to lock
the operating mode to one of 11a, 11b, or 11g:

  iwpriv ath0 mode 1		lock operation to 11a only
  iwpriv ath0 mode 2		lock operation to 11b only
  iwpriv ath0 mode 3		lock operation to 11g only
  iwpriv ath0 mode 0		autoselect from 11a/b/g (default)


Debugging
---------

There are some debugging mechanisms for the curious/masochistic:

 sysctl -w dev.ath.debug=0xXXX    enable console msgs from the driver
 sysctl -w net.wlan0.debug=0xYYY  enable console msgs from the wlan module

The values specified for 0XXX and 0xYYY are bit masks that enable
debugging in various parts of each module.  For the wlan module these
values are found in the file net80211/ieee80211_var.h (search for MSG_). 
For the ath driver look in ath/if_ath.c (search for ATH_DEBUG).  Beware
that enabling some debugging msgs can affect the operation of the
software by slowing it down too much.

A more comfortable way to manipulate the debug settings is to make use
of athdebug and 80211debug tools.  Call them with the parameter "-h" to
learn how they are used, or refer to the appropriate man pages.

In addition the programs tools/athstats and tools/80211stats can be very
useful in understanding what is going on.  In particular, something like

  athstats 1

will give a running display of the most interesting statistics sampled
every 1 second.  Running athstats without any options will display a
summary of all non-zero statistics from the time the driver was loaded.
By default the ath0 device is used; to override this use the -i option.

A wiki page describes common MadWifi debugging methods here:
https://madwifi.org/wiki/DevDocs/AthDebug


Security/Crypto Support
-----------------------

All Atheros devices implement fixed/shared key WEP in hardware.  Newer
Atheros hardware is capable of much more (e.g. AES, TKIP and Michael).
When hardware support is not available for a cipher the net80211 layer
will automatically do the work in software.

WPA/802.11i station operation (aka supplicant) is supported using Jouni
Malinen's wpa_supplicant program.  This can be obtained from:

https://hostap.epitest.fi/wpa_supplicant/

wpa_supplicant also supports a wide range of 802.1x EAP methods, either
together with WPA/WPA2 or without; consult the wpa_supplicant
documentation for an up to date list.

MadWifi supports the use of the Wireless Extensions ioctls equal to or
greater than WE18 (linux 2.6.15).  When using wpa_supplicant with a
recent linux kernel, it is preferred to use the 'wext' driver backend,
rather than the private MadWifi ioctls.  This means that '-D wext'
option should be used with wpa_supplicant when the linux kernel version
is 2.6.15 or above.

NOTE: the in-kernel authenticator is being replaced; to use it you need
      to follow the directions in net80211/Makefile.

When operating as an AP, you can use fixed/shared key ciphers and/or
802.1x authentication.  The authentication mode is specified using
iwpriv:

  iwpriv ath0 authmode 1		# open authentication
  iwpriv ath0 authmode 2		# shared key authentication
  iwpriv ath0 authmode 3		# 802.1x authentication

To use the 802.1x authenticator you must install and configure the
hostapd program from the same place you got wpa_supplicant from. 
Consult the hostapd documentation for further information.


Live Monitoring and Writing Raw 802.11 Packets
----------------------------------------------

The driver can be used in a live "monitor" mode, by creating a monitor
VAP and sending packets to it.  All packets sent to a monitor mode VAP
will bypass any state machine.

To create a monitor VAP, use:

  wlanconfig ath1 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode monitor
  ifconfig ath1 up

Finally, you can choose to receive packets on ath1 in several different
packet formats:

  echo '801' > /proc/sys/net/ath1/dev_type	# only 802.11 headers
  echo '802' > /proc/sys/net/ath1/dev_type	# prism2 headers
  echo '803' > /proc/sys/net/ath1/dev_type	# radiotap headers
  echo '804' > /proc/sys/net/ath1/dev_type 	# atheros descriptors


Known Problems
--------------

[All these problems are to be fixed in future revisions.]

1. Ad-hoc mode is broken; symptoms are intermittent operation.

Other issues might be mentioned in our ticket tracker:
https://madwifi.org/report/1


Getting Support
---------------

User support is provided via the madwifi-users mailing list, which can
be reached at:

  [email protected]

Contact this mailing list if you need help in getting your installation
up and running.  We suggest that you subscribe to the list before
sending your request (see below).

We also offer an IRC channel that might be a better help in urgent
cases.  Learn more about the different ways to get support by visiting:

  https://madwifi.org/wiki/Support

When sending a support request or problem report be sure to include the
version of the driver and the part identification the driver prints to
the console when the module is loaded.  For example:

  ath_hal: 0.8.2.0
  wlan: 0.7.0.0
  ath_pci: 0.8.2.0
  PCI: Found IRQ 11 for device 00:13.0
  ath0: 11a rates: 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 24Mbps 36Mbps 48Mbps 54Mbps
  ath0: 11b rates: 1Mbps 2Mbps 5.5Mbps 11Mbps
  ath0: 802.11 address: 00:05:5d:6f:99:5f
  ath0: Atheros 5211: mem=0xfebf0000, irq=11

This says the HAL module is version 0.8.2, the wlan module is version
0.7, the driver is version 0.8.2 and the hardware uses an Atheros 5211
chip (which supports 11a and 11b modes).

We will try to respond in a timely manner but understand this software
is provided as-is, without any promise of support.


Feedback and Contributions
--------------------------

Reports about reproducible bugs, feature requests and patches should be
submitted in the form of a trouble ticket:

  https://madwifi.org/newticket
        
Fixes and enhancements are encouraged.