The course's topic is unemployment. The course presents facts about the labor market and unemployment, models to describe unemployment, and policies to tackle unemployment. The course addresses several questions:
- Why do we care about unemployment?
- Why does unemployment exist?
- Why does unemployment vary over the business cycle?
- What is the socially optimal rate of unemployment?
- How should policies respond to fluctuations in unemployment?
- Tuesday–Thursday, 3:20pm–4:55pm
- Cowell Academic Building, room 131
- Section A: Monday, 2:40pm–3:45pm, in Steven Academic Building, room 151
- Section B: Wednesday, 10:40am–11:45am, in Merrill Academic Building, room 132
- Pascal Michaillat
- Associate Professor of Economics, UCSC
- Mariana Bessa
- PhD student in Economics, UCSC
Office hours are conducted in-person. Office hours are first-come-first-served: there is no need to sign up. Feel free to come to office hours to discuss concepts covered in the lectures and readings, discuss your research project, or talk about any other course-related matters:
- Professor office hours: Wednesday, 3:00pm-4:00pm, in Engineering 2 Building, room 437
- TA office hours: Friday, 1:00pm–3:00pm, in Engineering 2 Building, room 403B
In addition to office hours, we will communicate using GitHub Discussions. This collaborative discussion forum is designed to get you help quickly and efficiently. To take full advantage of this communication channel, make sure to:
- Create a free GitHub account. Several GitHub services are available to students for free, so sign up with your UCSC email address to benefit from those.
- Watch the course repository to be notified when any new material is uploaded, new discussions are started, and new contributions are made to ongoing discussions.
- Ask and answer questions, share updates, have open-ended conversations, and follow along on decisions affecting the course.
So, rather than sending emails, please post your questions and queries on GitHub, and participate whenever you can.
This is a flipped course, so at home you will watch lecture videos and read articles. Class time will be used to discuss the course material and to work on the research projects.
At home, you will have to watch the following lecture videos:
- Before Thursday 4 April: videos in Introduction
- Before Tuesday 9 April: videos in Labor market facts and matching function
- Before Tuesday 16 April: videos in Matching model of the labor market
- Before Tuesday 23 April: videos in Wage functions
- Before Tuesday 30 April: videos in Unemployment fluctuations
- Before Tuesday 7 May: videos in Frictional and rationing unemployment
- Before Tuesday 14 May: videos in Efficient unemployment and unemployment gap
- Before Tuesday 21 May: videos in Labor-demand policies
- Before Tuesday 28 May: videos in Unemployment insurance
The course's lecture videos are also available as a playlist on YouTube. The playlist might make it easier to watch the lectures and follow the course.
At home, you will also have to go over the following readings:
- Before Thursday 4 April: main readings in Introduction
- Before Thursday 11 April: main readings in Labor market facts and matching function
- Before Thursday 18 April: main readings in Matching model of the labor market
- Before Thursday 25 April: main readings in Wage functions
- Before Thursday 2 May: main readings in Unemployment fluctuations
- Before Thursday 9 May: main readings in Frictional and rationing unemployment
- Before Thursday 16 May: main readings in Efficient unemployment and unemployment gap
- Before Thursday 23 May: main readings in Labor-demand policies
- Before Thursday 30 May: main readings in Unemployment insurance
The main readings cover important material on which the lectures are based. You should read them from beginning to end, attempt to reproduce the key steps of the derivations, and remember the key results. Additional readings are also be provided in each section. These readings provide additional theoretical results, empirical evidence, some background, and may provide inspiration for your research. If you plan to do a PhD in economics, you are encouraged to go over the additional readings as well.
Sections will be devoted to solving multiple-choice quizzes based on lecture material. The quizzes will put the material from lecture into practice. Sections will cover the following material:
- Monday 1 April: no section
- Wednesday 3 April/Monday 8 April: introduction to research tools—including GitHub, LaTeX, BibTeX, MATLAB, R, Python
- Wednesday 10 April/Monday 15 April: quizzes on Labor market and Matching function
- Wednesday 17 April/Monday 22 April: quizzes on Matching model of the labor market
- Wednesday 24 April/Monday 29 April: quizzes on Wage functions
- Wednesday 1 May/Monday 6 May: quizzes on Unemployment fluctuations
- Wednesday 8 May/Monday 13 May: quizzes on Frictional and rationing unemployment
- Wednesday 15 May/Monday 20 May: quizzes on Efficient unemployment and unemployment gap
- Wednesday 22 May/Monday 27 May: quizzes on Labor-demand policies
- Wednesday 29 May/Monday 3 June: quizzes on Unemployment insurance
- Wednesday 5 June: no section
The quiz covered in section are designed to review and help assimilate the lecture material. This material provides the building blocks that you will use in your research project. As such, mastering the lecture material is key, and the section quizzes are here to help you do that.
Most Thursday class meetings will be devoted to discussing readings. To lead the discussion, students will give 10-minute presentations that summarize the readings for the week. Each student will give two reading presentations during the quarter. The presentations will be scheduled one week in advance.
Each presentation should have 6 slides addressing the following questions:
- CONTEXT: How does the paper relate to the lecture material? How does it contribute to the course material?
- QUESTION: What is the research question addressed by the paper?
- ANSWER: What are the main elements of the answer to the research question?
- POSITIONING: How does the material in the paper contribute to the previous literature?
- ILLUSTRATION: Illustrate graphically the answer to the research question or an interesting mechanism discussed in the paper.
- CONCLUSION: What are the limitations of the answer provided in the paper? How could the answer be improved?
Presentation slides must be written in LaTeX and compiled to a PDF. Slides should be submitted to Mariana by email before the date of the presentation.
This is a research-intensive course which will serve as good preparation for students interested in pursuing further studies in macroeconomics, especially a PhD.
In this course you will shift away from learning the results of other peoples' research into learning how to conduct your own research. You will therefore devote a good part of the course to active research. You will learn:
- How to select a research question
- How to develop and refine the answer to your research question
- How to position your paper in the literature
By the end of the course, you will have experienced all the stages of a research project and completed a short research paper on a topic related to unemployment.
A good research paper should do the following:
- Develop a well-posed research question
- Answer the research question using a combination of theory, simulations, and empirical analysis
- Position the paper in the prior literature
The project will be evaluated based on quality of analysis, clarity, and originality.
More specifically, the final paper should follow standard guidelines for research papers:
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It should describe in details the research question you are answering, and explain why it is a relevant and important question.
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It should provide a thorough review of the prior literature, and it should explain how the paper contributes to and advances that literature.
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It should describe the model, tools, and data used to answer the questions.
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It should describe in details the main result obtained in the analysis.
- For a theoretical analysis: use lemmas, propositions, proofs, and diagrams
- For a numerical or empirical analysis: use tables and figures
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It should discuss the limitations of the current analysis, and how these will be addressed in the future.
It might be difficult to complete a research paper in one quarter by oneself, which is why you will have the option to work on the research paper in a team of up to 4 students. Each team will choose a research topic, collaborate on the research project, give joint presentations, and jointly write the research paper. All members of the team will receive the same marks for the presentations and paper. The standards for the presentations and paper will be the same irrespective of the number of students in a team.
Most Tuesday class meetings will be devoted to team research.
- Tuesday 23 April/Thursday 25 April: class presentation of project outline
- Tuesday 14 May/Thursday 16 May: class presentation of early results
- Tuesday 4 June/Thursday 6 June: class presentation of final results
- Thursday 13 June at noon: final paper due by email
The project outline should be presented in 10 minutes with 5 slides.
- Slide 1: research question—what are you asking in the project & why that matters
- Slide 2: positioning—what we already know & what we do not yet know
- Slide 3: research methodology—how you will address the research question
- Slides 4: overview of what you have so far—data & model & code
- Slide 5: hurdles & next steps
- It is fine to propose several possible projects.
Early and final results should be presented in 15 minutes with 7–8 slides.
- Slide 1: review the research question & positioning of the project
- Slides 2–4: overview of the data, model, & method
- Slides 5–7: overview of the results
- Slide 8: summary & next steps
Presentation slides must be written in LaTeX and compiled to a PDF. Slides should be submitted to Mariana by email before the date of the presentation.
Your research paper should be short and follow the AER: Insights guidelines:
- Manuscripts must be less than 6,000 words. The wordcount applies to the main body of the text, but excludes title page, reference list, and exhibits.
- Manuscripts should contain no more than 5 exhibits (tables and figures). Individual exhibits are limited to one page each.
- Manuscripts must include an abstract of 100 or fewer words.
- Papers must be self-contained. Specifically, a reader should be able follow the analysis in the paper and be convinced it is correct and coherent from the main text alone, without consulting the appendix. For empirical work, the main text should include relevant information about data sources, variable definitions and construction, the estimating equations, and any other information needed to understand and assess each exhibit in the main text. For theoretical work, proofs should typically be contained in the paper. This is the case when the proof itself provides insight into the paper's argument or when the method of proof is innovative.
The research paper must be written in LaTeX, compiled to a PDF, and submitted to Mariana by email before the due date.
Your grade will be based on the quality of the research project and your participation in various course activities. The contribution to the total grade of 100 points is as follows:
- Participation and general community building: 10 points
- Answers to section quizzes: 15 points
- Presentation of course reading: 15 points
- Presentation of project outline: 10 points
- Presentation of early results: 10 points
- Presentation of final results: 10 points
- Final paper: 30 points
Letter grades will be computed based on your total grade using a standard curve.
You will be able to find your grades in the Canvas gradebook.
The course relies on basic mathematical methods such as unconstrained and constrained optimization, and linear and nonlinear differential equations—including phase diagrams.
So you are expected to have good command of this material. Appropriate courses in the department of Applied Mathematics will provide a great preparation for the course. In additional, a good reference for the material used in the course is Essential Mathematics for Economic Analysis, by K. Sydsaeter, P. Hammond, A. Strom, and A. Carvajal.
See also these lecture notes for a review of the material—although not everything covered in these notes is required for the course.
There is no textbook for this course, but several books might be helpful to write your research paper.
First and foremost, a good research paper needs to have a good structure. A good reference on how to structure your paper is The Little Book of Research Writing by V. Chaubey.
Scientific papers involve an elements that does not appear in other writings but is fundamental to communicate scientific ideas: graphs. It is important to make clear, clean, and meaningful graphs. A great reference on how to create compelling graphs is The Visual Display of Quantitative Information by E.R. Tufte.
Once your paper has a good structure and good graphs, it does not hurt to have a decent style—to help readers go through the paper. The canonical reference on style is The Elements of Style by W. Strunk and E. B. White.
Whatever you write, it is important to follow the rules and conventions of the English language. The canonical manual—followed by most US journals—is the Chicago Manual of Style. You should consult it if you have any question about English writing, rules, conventions, and style.
LaTeX is the best system to typeset scientific research. In particular, it allows to typeset mathematical expressions, insert tables and figures with results, and manage scientific references. This is why you are asked to write your presentation slides and research paper in LaTeX. If you continue on a research path, you will need to use LaTeX, so it is good to learn how to use it now.
LaTeX templates are available on GitHub to help you write your presentations and research paper:
These templates follow typographical best practices and have a minimalist design. You can also use these LaTeX commands in conjunction with the templates to obtain mathematical expressions that are more legible.
If you are new to LaTeX, feel free to use Overleaf, for which UCSC supplies professional accounts. Overleaf makes it easy to produce research paper and research presentations in LaTeX directly from your web browser. You can use the templates with Overleaf.