From 976d16494243043c9b3251120344d30a0ba532cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: pfstrack Date: Sun, 11 Dec 2022 08:45:47 -0800 Subject: [PATCH] v0.8.4.2 --- src/data/eldamo-data.xml | 2769 ++++++++++------- .../config/query-configs/categories-index.xq | 1 - .../config/query-configs/deprecation-index.xq | 1 - .../config/query-configs/neologism-index.xq | 1 - .../webapp/config/query-configs/root-index.xq | 1 - .../config/query-configs/vocabulary-index.xq | 1 - .../webapp/config/query-configs/word-index.xq | 1 - .../webapp/config/query-configs/word-page.xq | 1 - src/main/webapp/css/global.css | 2 + src/main/webapp/general/version-history.html | 8 +- src/main/webapp/js/glaemscribe.min.js | 9 +- src/main/webapp/js/quenya.glaem.js | 2 +- .../webapp/js/sindarin-beleriand.glaem.js | 2 +- .../webapp/js/sindarin-classical.glaem.js | 2 +- src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds.cst.js | 1 - src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds_eldamar.cst.js | 2 +- src/main/webapp/js/transcribe.js | 6 +- 17 files changed, 1604 insertions(+), 1206 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds.cst.js diff --git a/src/data/eldamo-data.xml b/src/data/eldamo-data.xml index f003f9f85e..aae9a1787d 100644 --- a/src/data/eldamo-data.xml +++ b/src/data/eldamo-data.xml @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ © 2008 - 2022, Paul Strack. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ---> +--> @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ]]> WARNING: BETA CONTENT; USE WITH CAUTION <p>The Quenya vocabulary words presented here are drawn from a large number of sources, both before and after <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. Since this does not match Tolkien’s conception of the language at any particular time, this vocabulary list uses the “Neo-Quenya” designation.</p> -<p>Words in this list marked with a “^” are adopted or adapted from Tolkien’s earliest writings (1910-30) or from words that may have been rejected by Tolkien, and thus are less likely to be generally recognized. Words marked with a “*” are fan-invented words, though they are based in some way on Tolkien’s work. Some of the English translations in quotes may be questionable or fan-invented: these are also marked with a “*”. Editorial additions [generally clarifications] appear in brackets: []. Words or translations marked with a “†” are archaic or poetic, and would not used in ordinary speech.</p> +<p>Words in this list marked with a “^” are adopted or adapted from Tolkien’s earliest writings (1910-30) or from words that may have been rejected by Tolkien, and thus are less likely to be generally recognized. Words marked with a “!” are fan-invented words, though they are based in some way on Tolkien’s work. Some of the English translations in quotes may be questionable or fan-invented: these are marked with a “*”. Editorial additions [generally clarifications] appear in brackets: []. Words or translations marked with a “†” are archaic or poetic, and would not used in ordinary speech.</p> <p>For more information about how this vocabulary list was assembled, see the <a href="../word-indexes/words-nq.html">Full Neo-Quenya Word List</a> and the discussion of the <a href="../../general/motivations-and-methodology.html">Motivations and Methodology</a> of the Eldamo lexicon. This list reflects my own opinions of the “best” Neo-Quenya words to use, and not every Neo-Quenya writer would agree with me. For a more academic or scholarly approach to Tolkien’s languages, with a more complete list of the words he created including all their contradiction and inconsistencies, see the <a href="../language-pages/lang-q.html">Quenya Language Page</a>.</p> <p>The current version of this vocabulary list is a working draft, and is subject to change. New words will be added in the future, and some older or incompatible words may be removed. For now, you should consult original sources and use your own judgement as to which words you should use.</p> This word list describes the decisions that went into constructing the Neo-Quenya Vocabulary. It lists all Quenya words from every time period, with markers indicating which words have been excluded and which ones have been added. Unlike the vocabulary list, it explicitly indicates the source period of each word:

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 The language of Elves of Beleriand, which spread through western Middle-earth after the fall of that land (LotR/1128). It might be considered the “Common Elvish” language spoken by most western Elves, as opposed to the “High Elvish” language Quenya used only in lore and ritual, though Tolkien himself never used this term. Many of the Elvish names in The Lord of the Rings are Sindarin, and it is the Elvish language most frequently used in Peter Jackson’s Middle-earth movies. Tolkien admitted that the phonology of Sindarin was inspired by the Welsh language (Let/176, PE17/135), and its sounds and some aspects of its grammar have a distinctly Welsh flavor.

-

This section includes words drawn from multiple periods throughout Tolkien’s life, as well as later inventions by fans (neologisms); Tolkien actually used different names for earlier versions of the Sindarin language: Noldorin (1920-1950) and Gnomish (1910-1920). Since this list of words does not precisely Tolkien’s conception of these languages at any particular time, this section uses the “Neo-Sindarin” designation, since it is in effect “Post Tolkien”. For information about Sindarin and its precursor languages as Tolkien conceived them at various periods of his life, see:

+

This section includes words drawn from multiple periods throughout Tolkien’s life, as well as later inventions by fans (neologisms); Tolkien actually used different names for earlier versions of the Sindarin language: Noldorin (1920-1950) and Gnomish (1910-1920). Since this list of words does not precisely match Tolkien’s conception of these languages at any particular time, this section uses the “Neo-Sindarin” designation, since it is in effect “Post Tolkien”. For information about Sindarin and its precursor languages as Tolkien conceived them at various periods of his life, see:

  • Sindarin (1950-1973)
  • Noldorin (1930-1950)
    • @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
]]> WARNING: BETA CONTENT; USE WITH CAUTION <p>The Sindarin vocabulary words presented here are drawn from a large number of sources, both before and after <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. Since this does not match Tolkien’s conception of the language at any particular time, this vocabulary list uses the “Neo-Sindarin” designation.</p> -<p>Words in this list marked with a “^” are adopted or adapted from Tolkien’s earliest writings (1910-30) or from words that may have been rejected by Tolkien, and thus are less likely to be generally recognized. Words marked with a “*” are fan-invented words, though they are based in some way on Tolkien’s work. Some of the English translations in quotes may be questionable or fan-invented: these are also marked with a “*”. Editorial additions [generally clarifications] appear in brackets: []. Words or translations marked with a “†” are archaic or poetic, and would not used in ordinary speech.</p> +<p>Words in this list marked with a “^” are adopted or adapted from Tolkien’s earliest writings (1910-30) or from words that may have been rejected by Tolkien, and thus are less likely to be generally recognized. Words marked with a “!” are fan-invented words, though they are based in some way on Tolkien’s work. Some of the English translations in quotes may be questionable or fan-invented: these are marked with a “*”. Editorial additions [generally clarifications] appear in brackets: []. Words or translations marked with a “†” are archaic or poetic, and would not used in ordinary speech.</p> <p>For more information about how this vocabulary list was assembled, see the <a href="../word-indexes/words-ns.html">Full Neo-Sindarin Word List</a> and the discussion of the <a href="../../general/motivations-and-methodology.html">Motivations and Methodology</a> of the Eldamo lexicon. This list reflects my own opinions of the “best” Neo-Sindarin words to use, and not every Neo-Sindarin writer would agree with me. For a more academic or scholarly approach to Tolkien’s languages, with a more complete list of the words he created including all their contradiction and inconsistencies, see the <a href="../language-pages/lang-s.html">Sindarin Language Page</a>.</p> <p>The current version of this vocabulary list is a working draft, and is subject to change. New words will be added in the future, and some older or incompatible words may be removed. For now, you should consult original sources and use your own judgement as to which words you should use.</p> This word list describes the decisions that went into constructing the Neo-Sindarin Vocabulary. It lists all Sindarin words and words from its precursor languages (Noldorin and Gnomish) from every time period, with markers indicating which words have been excluded and which ones have been added. Unlike the vocabulary list, it explicitly indicates the language and source period of each word:

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 The Elves spoke a single language when they awoke at . Over time, the dialects of the Elves drifted and became separate languages like Sindarin and Quenya, and their original language was forgotten. Some of that original language can be reconstructed by comparing the Elvish languages that developed from it, in much the same way that ancient human languages can be deduced by comparing modern languages.

In Tolkien’s writing, he distinguished two phases of development for Primitive Elvish: Primitive Quenderin and Common Eldarin. Primitive Quenderin (also called Common Quenderin) was the language as it was spoken at Cuiviénen, while Common Eldarin was the form of the language spoken by the Eldar as they marched to Aman, distinct from the languages of the Avari (PE18/72). Since very little is known of the Avari languages, it can be difficult to determine which linguistic features developed in the Common Eldarin phase and which belong to Primitive Quenderin. For simplicity, this lexicon groups both phases of development under “Primitive Elvish”.

]]> - [ᴹ√] + The form of the Quenya language spoken by the Vanyar and Noldor when they first arrived in Aman. It predates the invention of tengwar and thus survived mostly in ancient songs, though some texts were recorded in the older Rúmilian alphabet (PE19/68). Some phonetic developments in Quenya can be dated specifically to this period, which is roughly contemporary with Ancient Telerin.

]]> @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 In The Etymologies from the 1930s, Tolkien defined a distinct “Old Noldorin” stage of development, as the language evolved from (Middle) Primitive Elvish into Noldorin. It was the precursor to Old Sindarin as Tolkien conceived of it after the publication of The Lord of the Rings.

]]> My analysis of the Old Noldorin phonology is based mainly on David Salo’s work on it and the Old Sindarin language in A Gateway to Sindarin (GS/31-72). I have taken a first pass at working out the basic phonetic rules for the development from Primitive Elvish through Old Noldorin to Noldorin, but I not yet compared it to the phonology of later Old Sindarin or earlier Gnomish, nor to its real-world counterpart Old Welsh.

]]> - The language the Noldor as Tolkien conceived of it in his Middle Period (1930-1950 in the terminology of this lexicon). At this stage, Qenya was the language of the first tribe of Elves only. The Noldorin language was the precursor to the Sindarin language that Tolkien defined shortly before the publication of The Lord of the Rings.

]]> + The language of the Noldor as Tolkien conceived of it in his Middle Period (1930-1950 in the terminology of this lexicon). At this stage, Qenya was the language of the first tribe of Elves only. The Noldorin language was the precursor to the Sindarin language that Tolkien defined shortly before the publication of The Lord of the Rings.

]]> In the published material, Tolkien’s most detailed description of Noldorin historical phonology was in the Comparative Tables from the 1930s (PE19/18-28). Further phonetic rules can be deduced by analyzing the sound changes appearing in The Etymologies (LR/341-400). My analysis of Noldorin phonology also relies heavily on David Salo’s work on it and the Sindarin language in A Gateway to Sindarin (GS/31-72).

I have taken a first pass at working out the basic phonetic rules for the development from Primitive Elvish through Old Noldorin to Noldorin, but I not yet compared it to the phonology of later Sindarin or earlier Gnomish, nor to its real-world counterpart Welsh. It is also known that there is a discussion of Noldorin phonology in an unpublished Noldorin grammar (PE13/120 note #1), so any analysis here must be considered preliminary until that document becomes available.

]]> @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Telerin as Tolkien conceived of it in his Middle Period (1930-1950 in the terminology of this lexicon). See later Telerin for Tolkien’s thoughts on this language in the period during and after the publication of The Lord of the Rings.

]]> - The language the Elves of Beleriand in Tolkien’s Middle Period (1930-1950 in the terminology of this lexicon). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, Tolkien described several dialects of this language, including the main Ilkorin language (Ilk.), Doriathrin (Dor.) and Falathrin (Fal.). This lexicon groups them all together under Ilkorin/Doriathrin. Tolkien also sometimes labeled these languages Beleriandic (Bel.), especially in later writings (e.g. PE18/103-4). When Tolkien rearranged his linguistic history so that Sindarin became language of the Elves of Beleriand, he abandoned Ilkorin, though some aspects of the language may have survived in North Sindarin.

+ The language of the Elves of Beleriand in Tolkien’s Middle Period (1930-1950 in the terminology of this lexicon). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, Tolkien described several dialects of this language, including the main Ilkorin language (Ilk.), Doriathrin (Dor.) and Falathrin (Fal.). This lexicon groups them all together under Ilkorin/Doriathrin. Tolkien also sometimes labeled these languages Beleriandic (Bel.), especially in later writings (e.g. PE18/103-4). When Tolkien rearranged his linguistic history so that Sindarin became language of the Elves of Beleriand, he abandoned Ilkorin, though some aspects of the language may have survived in North Sindarin.

]]> The Ilkorin words presented here are almost entirely drawn from The Etymologies (LR/341-400).

]]> Many of the names in the Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s are actually Ilkorin or Doriathrin, some so designated in the main text and others indicated in The Etymologies.

]]> @@ -265,13 +265,13 @@ To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Quenya as Tolkien conceived of it in his Early Period (1910-1930 in the terminology of this lexicon). At this stage, it was generally spelled Qenya (and was sometimes called Eldarissa or Eldar), and was the language of the first tribe of Elves only; the Noldor spoke Gnomish in this conceptual period. See Quenya and Middle Quenya for Tolkien’s thoughts on this language from later in his life.

]]> - Gnomish is language the Noldor as Tolkien conceived of it his Early Period (1910-1930 in the terminology of this lexicon), also called Goldorin. At this stage, Qenya was the language of the first tribe of Elves only, whereas the Noldor (Noldoli) spoke their own Welsh-like language. See Early Noldorin, Noldorin and Sindarin for the developments of this language later in Tolkien’s life.

]]> + Gnomish is the language of the Noldor as Tolkien conceived of it in his Early Period (1910-1930 in the terminology of this lexicon), also called Goldogrin. At this stage, Qenya was the language of the first tribe of Elves only, whereas the Noldor (Noldoli) spoke their own Welsh-like language. See Early Noldorin, Noldorin and Sindarin for the developments of this language later in Tolkien’s life.

]]> Starting in the early 1920s, Tolkien changed the name of language of the Noldoli from Gnomish to (Early) Noldorin. This lexicon use the label ᴱN. to distinguish it from the Noldorin language of Tolkien’s Middle Period (1930-1950). There are enough differences between this version of the language and Gnomish that their entries are group separately. See Noldorin and Sindarin for the developments of this language later in Tolkien’s life.

]]> - Solosimpi (Sol) is the language the third tribe of Elves as Tolkien conceived of it at the beginning of his Early Period (1910-1930 in the terminology of this lexicon). Starting in the early 1920s, Tolkien began calling this language (Early) Telerin (ᴱT). This lexicon generally uses the abbreviation ᴱT. to identify this early form of the language, since most of the attested examples were marked (Early) Telerin and this connects it more clearly to later forms of the language. See Telerin and Middle Telerin for the developments of this language later in Tolkien’s life.

]]> + Solosimpi (Sol) is the language of the third tribe of Elves as Tolkien conceived of it at the beginning of his Early Period (1910-1930 in the terminology of this lexicon). Starting in the early 1920s, Tolkien began calling this language (Early) Telerin (ᴱT). This lexicon generally uses the abbreviation ᴱT. to identify this early form of the language, since most of the attested examples were marked (Early) Telerin and this connects it more clearly to later forms of the language. See Telerin and Middle Telerin for the developments of this language later in Tolkien’s life.

]]> Earlier examples of the Ilkorin language from the 1920s. At this conceptual stage, it was the language or language family of the Elves who chose not to go to Valinor, much like the later Avari languages. See Ilkorin for the developments of this language later in Tolkien’s life.

]]> @@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Various minor documents such as letters published by auction houses and other sources. The list below links to the original document, if it is available. References are by the date the document was originally written by Tolkien or (where this cannot be determined) the date of discovery or publication. The reference cites only relevant Elvish text.

    -
  • 1955-CT - 1955 inscription in Christopher Tolkien’s copy of The Return of the King.
    • +
  • 1955-CT - 1955 inscription in Christopher Tolkien’s copy of The Return of the King, first published in The Great Tales Never End: Essays in Memory of Christopher Tolkien in 2022.
  • 1963-12-18 - a letter to Jonathan Hepworth.
  • 1964-03-05 - a letter to Eileen Elgar.
  • 1973-05-30 - a letter to Phillip Brown.
    • @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ Arden Smith, Bill Welden; 2001]]> - The book of songs published by Donald Swann based on the poetry in The Lord of the Rings. This book includes an appendix of linguistic notes written by Tolkien that discuss the poems Námarië and A Elbereth Gilthoniel.

    + The book of songs published by Donald Swann based on the poetry in The Lord of the Rings. This book includes an appendix of linguistic notes written by Tolkien that discuss the poems Namárië and A Elbereth Gilthoniel.

    Needs review.

    ]]>     @@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ Arden Smith, Bill Welden; 2001]]>

    Its appendix (SA) of linguistic elements is cited separately.

    ]]>     - The appendix of The Silmarillion. The appendix does not always clearly distinguish between words, word elements and roots. Some guesswork and cross-referencing is need to interpret the information given here.

    + The appendix of The Silmarillion. The appendix does not always clearly distinguish between words, word elements and roots. Some guesswork and cross-referencing is needed to interpret the information given here.

    References are by alphabetical entry.

    ]]>     @@ -3223,7 +3223,7 @@ Arden Smith, Bill Welden; 2001]]> - Adûnaiyê (Andreas Moehn, ), *Adûnâyê (Thorsten Renk, /1), and Adûnâiyê (my own invention), modelled after “Elvish”.]]> + Adûnaiyê (Andreas Moehn, ), *Adûnâyê (Thorsten Renk, /1), and Adûnâiyê (my own invention), modelled after “Elvish”.]]>     @@ -5450,7 +5450,7 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu Adûnaic (so spelled in The Lord of the Rings, but in some earlier writings appearing as Adunaic) was the native language of the Númenórean people (LotR/1129). Many Númenóreans also spoke the Elvish tongues Sindarin and Quenya, the former being common in ordinary speech, the latter only in ritual, scholarship and in the names of great places and nobility (LotR/1128). The Elvish tongues fell out of favor when the Númenóreans were alienated from the Elves of Valinor, and thereafter Adûnaic became the dominant language of Númenor (though Elvish languages were still spoken in secret by the Faithful).

    Númenor was destroyed when Ar- tried to invade Valinor, and the Classical Adûnaic language perished with it. Though Adûnaic was still spoken in the surviving Númenórean colonies, many of them were dominated by the Faithful who had little incentive to preserve the language. This Exilic Adûnaic blended with the native languages of Northeastern Middle-earth, becoming Westron. It may have survived longer in the Black Númenórean colonies allied with Sauron, most notably Umbar, but even there it was probably blended with or replaced by the native languages of the Haradrim. It was a dead language by the time of the War of the Ring.

    -

    Adûnaic (or Adunaic) is an Anglicanized form of the languages name. The actual term is .

    ]]>     +

    Adûnaic (or Adunaic) is an Anglicanized form of the language’s name. The actual term is .

    ]]> @@ -23324,11 +23324,15 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu     + + @@ -23615,7 +23619,7 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu - + @@ -23841,7 +23845,6 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu - @@ -26150,7 +26153,7 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu - A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “behind, back (before of time)” and with a number of derivatives related to “yesterday” (QL/105). In later writings the Quenya word for “yesterday” was noa (VT49/34).

    ]]>     + A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “behind, back (before of time)” and with a number of derivatives related to “yesterday” (QL/105). In later writings the Quenya word for “yesterday” was noa (VT49/34).

    ]]>     @@ -27513,6 +27516,7 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu A primitive suffixal form appearing in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure and serving as the basis of feminine words, most notably the femininizing suffixes -ī and -ē (PE21/82-83). For most purposes, though, I think it is best to stick with the better attested √INI for feminine words.

    ]]>     +     @@ -28698,9 +28702,6 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu     - - - @@ -28955,7 +28956,7 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu - This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

    ]]>     + This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

    ]]>     @@ -29564,26 +29565,29 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -30874,7 +30878,7 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu - + @@ -31531,7 +31535,7 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu - This root was primarily used as the basis for the word Q. coa “house”, which first appeared (without the root) in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/369). The root √KAW “shelter” appeared in various etymological notes from the mid-to-late 1960s (PE17/107-108, 164; VT47/35). The root √KAWA also appeared in the 2nd version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa written around 1950, but there it was unglossed and had no glossed derivatives, so whether it meant “shelter” in the early 1950s is unclear.

    + This root was primarily used as the basis for the word Q. coa “house”, which first appeared (without the root) in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/369). The root √KAW “shelter” appeared in various etymological notes from the mid-to-late 1960s (PE17/107-108, 164; VT47/35). The root √KAWA also appeared in the 2nd version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa written around 1950, but there it was unglossed and had no glossed derivatives, so whether it meant “shelter” in the early 1950s is unclear.

    The only published root with form similar to √KAWA prior to 1950 is ᴱ√KAẆA “stoop” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45), also appearing as kava- or cava- in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/25, 27). The Ẇ is Tolkien’s usual representation of derivatives of ancient labialized velar spirants [ɣʷ] or [xʷ] (PE12/15-16). The derivatives of this root included words like ᴱQ. kauko/G. caug “humpback” and ᴱQ. kawa-/G. cam(m)a- “bow”, so it seems to have no connection to later √KAW other than its similarity in form.

    ]]>     @@ -31680,7 +31684,7 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu ngloss="flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, [ᴹ√] run away especially downwards or at end; ⚠️[ᴱ√] ooze, trickle" page-id="2089719563"> √KEL was established as the root for “flow” very early in Tolkien’s Elvish languages, also with the variant vocalic extension √KELU. ᴱ√KELE appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “flow, run” and also “ooze, trickle”, though the latter sense did not appear in later writing (QL/46). It also had a variant ᴱ√KELU elsewhere compared to ᴱ√QEL+U of similar meaning (QL/75). It had derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish such as ᴱQ. kelu- “flow”, G. celu- “trickle” and ᴱQ. kelu(me)/G. celu “stream” (QL/75; GL/25).

    -

    The root ᴹ√KEL reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s where it seems to have an added connotation of “flow downwards”, given its gloss “go, run (especially of water), flow away downhill” (Ety/KEL). This more specific meaning to the root appeared in later writings, with glosses such as 1930s “flow, flow away, run (of rivers)” (PE18/58), 1940s “run away especially downwards or at end” (PE22/114), 1950s “go away, flow away or flow down (of water)” (PE18/103), and 1960s “flow (down)” (PE17/157). The u-extension ✶kelu with the (continuative?) sense “flow, well up” remained common throughout all these periods as well (PE18/86; PE22/98, 133, 135).

    +

    The root ᴹ√KEL reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s where it seems to have an added connotation of “flow downwards”, given its gloss “go, run (especially of water), flow away downhill” (Ety/KEL). This more specific meaning to the root continued to appear in later writings, with glosses such as 1930s “flow, flow away, run (of rivers)” (PE18/58), 1940s “run away especially downwards or at end” (PE22/114), 1950s “go away, flow away or flow down (of water)” (PE18/103), and 1960s “flow (down)” (PE17/157). The u-extension ✶kelu with the (continuative?) sense “flow, well up” remained common throughout all these periods as well (PE18/86; PE22/98, 133, 135).

    Starting with The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien compared this root with etymological variants √KWEL “fade (away), die away, grow faint” and √KYEL “come to an end, cease, run out” (Ety/KWEL, KYEL; PE18/58, 103), and indeed Tolkien used it as one of his basic examples of such etymological variations:

    There existed in Quenderin 1. √KEL “flow, flow away, run (of rivers)”. Of this simple base, since the initial variation is possible, while the sundóma is the same 2. √KJEL “cease, come to an end”, and 3. √KWEL “fade, die away, grow faint” may be regarded as differentiated variants (second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa, TQ2, circa 1950, PE18/103).

    A similar note appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s (PE18/58). Likewise ✶kelu was one of his main examples of variant vocalic extensions:

    @@ -31724,6 +31728,9 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu     + + + @@ -31731,6 +31738,8 @@ After removing the pronominal prefix ya- and the plu + + @@ -32291,8 +32300,8 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K page-id="2999839153" gloss="cover up, hide away, lay in store"> The early existence of this root was indicated in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as (unglossed) ᴱ✶haw- where it was the basis of words like G. hau- “to lie” and G. haus “bed” (GL/48). It reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√KHAW “rest, lie at ease”, this time with both Quenya and Noldorin derivatives such as ᴹQ. hauta- “cease, take a rest, stop” and N. haust “bed” (Ety/KHAW). In The Etymologies Tolkien also said this root influenced the meaning of N. hauð “mound” so that it came to mean “grave, tomb” as well (Ety/KHAG, KHAW).

    -

    The root reappeared again in revisions made to the Outline of Phonology (OP2) around 1959 with a new gloss “cover up, hide away, lay in store”, along with an extended root √KHAWAD “store, hoard” that continued to influence S. haudh “(funeral) mound” (PE19/91). The root √KHAW² >> √KHAWA also appeared in a page of roots having to do with “large and small” of unclear date (but probably late 1950s or early 1960s), with the derivatives Q. hoa “big, large” and Q. haura “huge” (PE17/115).

    -

    Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think the 1930s meaning “rest, lie at ease” is probably most useful, and I would limit the meaning “lay in store” to its extended root √KHAWAD. As for the meaning “big”, I would limit it to (Quenya-only) Q. hoa.

    ]]>     +

    The root reappeared again in revisions made to the Outline of Phonology (OP2) around 1959 with a new gloss “cover up, hide away, lay in store”, along with an extended root √KHAWAD “store, hoard” that continued to influence S. haudh “(funeral) mound” (PE19/91). The root √KHAW² >> √KHAWA also appeared in a page of roots having to do with “large and small” of unclear date (but probably late 1950s or early 1960s), with the derivatives Q. höa “big, large” and Q. haura “huge” (PE17/115).

    +

    Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think the 1930s meaning “rest, lie at ease” is probably most useful, and I would limit the meaning “lay in store” to its extended root √KHAWAD. As for the meaning “big”, I would limit it to (Quenya-only) Q. höa.

    ]]> @@ -33371,7 +33380,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K The root √KOL served various purposes throughout Tolkien’s life. The root appeared as two separate entries in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: ᴱ√KOLO¹ “to strain through” and also as ᴱ√KOLO², unglossed but with derivatives like ᴱQ. koli- “to prick”, ᴱQ. kolme “point, tip”, and ᴱQ. kolman “peak, summit”, so perhaps meaning something like “*point” (QL/47). It reappeared in a rejected entry in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√KOL with a single derivative ᴹQ. kolma “ring”, and the root had the gloss “round, (?rim)” in an earlier version of the entry (EtyAC/KOL). It had a deleted reference in the entry ᴹ√KOR “round” of which it was probably a variant (EtyAC/KOR).

    -

    The root √KOL appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writing in the 1950s and 60s with glosses like “bear, carry” and derivatives of similar meaning (PE17/145, 158; PE22/152, 155; VT39/10). This new meaning of the root was anchored in the words Q. colindo “bear” as in Q. Cormacolindor “Ring-bearers” (LotR/953), as well as S. coll “cloak” in S. Thingol “Grey-cloak” (PE17/72). In notes from 1969, Tolkien clarified that the root referred “to the ability to support weight or a burden, physical or mental, not necessarily to transporting it” (PE22/155).

    ]]>     +

    The root √KOL appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writing in the 1950s and 60s with glosses like “bear, carry” and derivatives of similar meaning (PE17/145, 158; PE22/152, 155; VT39/10). This new meaning of the root was anchored in the words Q. colindo “bearer” as in Q. Cormacolindor “Ring-bearers” (LotR/953), as well as S. coll “cloak” in S. Thingol “Grey-cloak” (PE17/72). In notes from 1969, Tolkien clarified that the root referred “to the ability to support weight or a burden, physical or mental, not necessarily to transporting it” (PE22/155).

    ]]> @@ -33731,7 +33740,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K The root ᴹ√KU(Ʒ) “bow” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KUƷ), most likely a later version of ᴱ√KUVU “bend, bow” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/49). One notable derivative in both periods was G. cû “bow, crescent” and N. cû “arch, crescent”, which regularly appeared as S. cû “bow” in later writings, for example in S. Laer Cú Beleg “Song of the Great Bow” (GL/27; Ety/KUƷ; S/209).

    -

    The probably-related root ᴹ√KUB “bow” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s (PE22/102); ᴹQ. nukumna “humbled (?under-bowed)” from this period may also be related (SD/246). In notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s Tolkien gave ✶kūma, Q. cúma and S. cû(f) next to Q. luva “bow, bight (not for shooting)” < √LUB “bend”, so presumably cúma/cû was “bow (for shooting)”. Finally Q. cúna “bent, curved” appeared in notes associated with the version of the Q. Markirya poem from the late 1960s, along with a verb form cúna- “to bend” (MC/222-223).

    +

    The probably-related root ᴹ√KUB “bow” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s (PE22/102); ᴹQ. nukumna “humbled (?under-bowed)” from this period may also be related (SD/246). In notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s Tolkien gave ✶kūma, Q. cúma and S. cû(f) next to Q. lúva “bow, bight (not for shooting)” < √LUB “bend”, so presumably cúma/cû was “bow (for shooting)” (PE17/122). Finally Q. cúna “bent, curved” appeared in notes associated with the version of the Q. Markirya poem from the late 1960s, along with a verb form cúna- “to bend” (MC/222-223).

    These variations make it difficult to determine what Tolkien intended the root to mean, but for purposes of Neo-Eldarin I would assume a base root of √KU(Ʒ) or √KU(H) with perhaps a verbal variant √KUB based on its use in the 1940s, and with the primitive sense “bow, bend”.

    ]]>     @@ -33868,6 +33877,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K + @@ -33992,7 +34002,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K ngloss="die, pain, [ᴹ√] die in pain" page-id="2617258099"> This root was connected to death and pain through Tolkien’s life. Its first appearance was as ᴱ√QALA “die” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives like ᴱQ. qalin “dead, dying” and ᴱQ. qalme “death” (QL/76). The latter appeared as ᴱQ. qalme “agony” in word lists from the 1920s (PE16/144). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root as ᴹ√KWAL “die (in pain)”, again with ᴹQ. qalin “dead” and ᴹQ. qalme “agony, death” among other derivatives (Ety/KWAL).

    -

    The root was appeared in both versions of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa from the 1930s (TQ1) and circa 1950 (TQ2) with the glosses “die” (TQ1: PE18/42, 58, 65; TQ2: PE18/103) and “pain” (TQ2: PE18/91). In TQ2 Tolkien connected it to similar roots √GWAL “suffer torment” and √KWEL “fade, die away, grow faint” (PE18/103). Somewhat interestedly, Tolkien gave almost no Sindarin or Noldorin derivatives of this root, indicating it probably fell out of use, most likely crowded out by derivatives of √PAL.

    ]]>     +

    The root appeared in both versions of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa from the 1930s (TQ1) and circa 1950 (TQ2) with the glosses “die” (TQ1: PE18/42, 58, 65; TQ2: PE18/103) and “pain” (TQ2: PE18/91). In TQ2 Tolkien connected it to similar roots √GWAL “suffer torment” and √KWEL “fade, die away, grow faint” (PE18/103). Somewhat interestingly, Tolkien gave almost no Sindarin or Noldorin derivatives of this root, indicating it probably fell out of use, most likely crowded out by derivatives of √PAL.

    ]]> @@ -34019,7 +34029,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K     - A root connected to sickness, first appearing was as ᴱ√QAMA from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. qáme “sickness, nausea”, ᴱQ. qama- “to be ill, vomit”, G. cwam “ill”, and G. côma “disease, illness” (QL/76; GL/26, 28). It reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√KWAM with derivatives ᴹQ. qáme, N. paw and Ilk. côm “sickness” (Ety/KWAM). It does not appear again in Tolkien’s later writing, but there is nothing contradicting its validity either.

    ]]>     + A root connected to sickness, first appearing as ᴱ√QAMA from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. qáme “sickness, nausea”, ᴱQ. qama- “to be ill, vomit”, G. cwam “ill”, and G. côma “disease, illness” (QL/76; GL/26, 28). It reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√KWAM with derivatives ᴹQ. qáme, N. paw and Ilk. côm “sickness” (Ety/KWAM). It does not appear again in Tolkien’s later writing, but there is nothing contradicting its validity either.

    ]]>     @@ -34166,7 +34176,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K - An ononomatopoeic root from The Etymologies of the 1930s serving as the basis for Elvish words for “small gull, petrel” (EtyAC/KWǢ). Similar words also appeared in The Feanorian Alphabet from the late 1930s, derived from ᴹ✶kwǣnē (PE22/32). This root is unusual in that it is the only published root using ǣ (an a-fortified e) as its root vowel.

    ]]>     + An onomatopoeic root from The Etymologies of the 1930s serving as the basis for Elvish words for “small gull, petrel” (EtyAC/KWǢ). Similar words also appeared in The Feanorian Alphabet from the late 1930s, derived from ᴹ✶kwǣnē (PE22/32). This root is unusual in that it is the only published root using ǣ (an a-fortified e) as its root vowel.

    ]]>         haðw     (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K A root Tolkien used for “revolve” in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s, along with variant √KWEL and derivatives Q. querend- “pivot, revolving center” and Q. querma “spinning wheel, turn-table” (PE17/65). It replaced √PEL for this purpose, which came to mean “edge, bound, fence, limit”. This note seems to imply that √KWER primarily meant a horizontal rotation, but it was also the basis for Q. querna, as in silmë nuquerna “s-reversed” for an inverted silmë tengwa (LotR/1123), though it may be that the nu- here is necessary to imply a vertical rotation.

    -

    The earliest precursor to this root was ᴱ√KERE “turn” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, though this root’s derivatives mostly had to with earthenware and pottery (QL/46). In the Early Quenya Grammar of the 1920s Tolkien introduced several variants of this root: ku̯ere, ki̯ere and elaboration ᴱ√kereke “turn round and round, send to and fro”, the latter said to the basis of words having to do with “weave” in a syncopated form √kreke (PE14/65). In this document, none of these variants had any derivatives, but it seems the first of these ku̯ere survived in Tolkien’s later conception of the languages.

    +

    The earliest precursor to this root was ᴱ√KERE “turn” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, though this root’s derivatives mostly had to with earthenware and pottery (QL/46). In the Early Quenya Grammar of the 1920s Tolkien introduced several variants of this root: ku̯ere, ki̯ere and elaboration ᴱ√kereke “turn round and round, send to and fro”, the latter said to be the basis of words having to do with “weave” in a syncopated form √kreke (PE14/65). In this document, none of these variants had any derivatives, but it seems the first of these ku̯ere survived in Tolkien’s later conception of the languages.

    Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would mostly use √KWER for “revolve, *turn”, and avoid the variant √KWEL which (a) has no derivatives and (b) conflicts with √KWEL “fade”. However, √KWEL is useful for preserving Noldorin words having to do with rotation from the earlier sense of the root ᴹ√PEL “revolve on fixed point” from the 1930s, so I would keep it as Sindarin-only variant to allow the retention of words like N. pelthaes “pivot”; this may also have been Tolkien’s motive for having such a variant of √KWER “revolve”.

    ]]>     KWEL     clashes with]]> @@ -34525,7 +34535,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K - An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s that was the basis of the words ᴹQ. qinga/N. peng “bow (for shooting)” (Ety/KWIG). It was a later iteration of ᴱ√QINGI from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, which was the basis for ᴱQ. qinga and G. cwing “bow” (QL/77; GL/28). In The Etymologies, Tolkien contrasted this root with ᴹ√KU(Ʒ) which was “bow” as a shape. However, in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s Tolkien contrasted ✶kūma > Q. cúma/S. cû(f) with Q. luva “bow, bight (not for shooting)” < √LUB “bend” (PE17/122), and in the 1950s and 60s S. cû was the normal word for a “shooting bow” in Sindarin, in S. Cúthalion “Strongbow” and S. Laer Cú Beleg “Song of the Great Bow” (S/200, 209).

    + An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s that was the basis of the words ᴹQ. qinga/N. peng “bow (for shooting)” (Ety/KWIG). It was a later iteration of ᴱ√QINGI from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, which was the basis for ᴱQ. qinga and G. cwing “bow” (QL/77; GL/28). In The Etymologies, Tolkien contrasted this root with ᴹ√KU(Ʒ) which was “bow” as a shape. However, in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s Tolkien contrasted ✶kūma > Q. cúma/S. cû(f) with Q. lúva “bow, bight (not for shooting)” < √LUB “bend” (PE17/122), and in the 1950s and 60s S. cû was the normal word for a “shooting bow” in Sindarin, in S. Cúthalion “Strongbow” and S. Laer Cú Beleg “Song of the Great Bow” (S/200, 209).

    Given the above, it is possible that Tolkien abandoned ᴹ√KWIG. However, I think it is useful to retain for purposes of Neo-Eldarin as the basis for words having to do with “shoot”, especially since there are still some later derivatives of √KU(Ʒ) that have nothing to do with “shooting”, such as Q. cúna “bent, curved”.

    ]]>     @@ -35486,7 +35496,6 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K - A hypothetical early root explaining words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. hist “listening, attention” and hitha- “listen, hearken, listen to” (GL/49). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

    ]]>     @@ -35542,6 +35551,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K     + @@ -35650,7 +35660,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K page-id="3073446389"> This root was variously connected to life and warmth throughout Tolkien’s life. The earliest iteration of the root was ᴱ√LAWA from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s whose meaning was described as “much same as KOẎO [have life], but used of a vegetable”; it had derivatives like ᴱQ. laule “life, mode of life”, ᴱQ. laute “living thing, (esp.) vegetable”, and ᴱQ. lauke “vegetable, plant (species)” (QL/52). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon it had derivatives like G. lauth “a plant, herb” and G. laug “(of plants) alive, having sap, green, vigorous” (GL/53).

    In The Etymologies of the 1930s it was glossed “warm” with derivatives ᴹQ. lauka and N. lhaug of the same meaning (Ety/LAW). In the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s it was glossed “abound” with a Quenya verb ᴹQ. lauta- of the same meaning (PE22/103).

    -

    The root √LAW appeared in notes from the late 1950s serving as the basis for Q. loa “sun-year”, originally with the sense ✶lawā “growing, blooming”; it was also explicitly connected to its extended form √LAWAR with the sense “golden colour” (PE17/159). Its final appearance in currently published materials was in some Late Notes on Verbs from 1969, where it was given as √LAW “flourish (green), grow” with derivative Q. lauya- of the same meaning (PE22/156).

    +

    The root √LAW appeared in notes from the late 1950s serving as the basis for Q. loa “sun-year”, originally with the sense ✶lawā “growing, blooming”; it was also explicitly connected to its extended form √LAWAR with the sense “golden colour” (PE17/159). Its final appearance in currently published materials was in some Late Notes on Verbs from 1969, where it was given as √LAW “flourish (green), grow” with derivative Q. lauya- of the same meaning (PE22/156).

    Despite all these minor variations, the general meaning of the root was fairly stable, having to do mainly to do with life and flourishing (especially of plants), and also connected to warmth and sunlight, probably by association with its extended form √(G)LAWAR “golden colour or light”, which applied to sunshine among other things.

    ]]>     @@ -36408,11 +36418,12 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K     + - - - - + + + + @@ -36667,7 +36678,7 @@ S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √K - Tolkien considered a bewildering variety of roots as the basis for the suffixal element S. -ló “flood” in Sindarin, common in river names such as S. Gwathló and S. Ringló. In a collection of notes associated with the name S. Lhûn from around 1967, Tolkien first considered √SLOUN, √SLON or √SLUN (unglossed); then √(S)LOW “flow freely (fully)” (PE17/136-7; VT48/27-28). In notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69, Tolkien instead wrote:

    + Tolkien considered a bewildering variety of roots as the basis for the suffixal element S. -ló “flood” in Sindarin, common in river names such as S. Gwathló and S. Ringló. In a collection of notes associated with the name S. Lhûn from around 1967, Tolkien first considered √SLOUN, √SLON or √SLUN (unglossed); then √(S)LOW “flow freely (fully)” (PE17/136-7; VT48/27-28). In notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69, Tolkien instead wrote:

    Lô was derived from Common Eldarin base LOG “wet (and soft), soaked, swampy, etc.” The form *loga produced S. lô and T. loga; and also, from *logna, S. loen, T. logna “soaking wet, swamped”. But the stem in Quenya, owing to sound-changes which caused its derivatives to clash with other words, was little represented except in the intensive formation oloiya- “to inundate, flood”; oloire “a great flood” (VT42/10).

    I prefer this last explanation, as it explains a wider variety of words. As for S. Lhûn, in notes from 1968 Tolkien explained it as a loan word from Khuzdul (VT48/24).

    ]]>     @@ -37911,7 +37922,7 @@ affectionate, hearty”, ᴱQ. lusta “warm bath     - + @@ -39527,6 +39538,7 @@ affectionate, hearty”, ᴱQ. lusta “warm bath + @@ -42754,7 +42766,7 @@ which is from neře” (QL/65); elsewhere in QL Tolkien gave ᴱ√NER - + @@ -45829,7 +45841,7 @@ woodpeckers)”, ᴱQ. pete- “knock, strike”, page-id="2866130147"> Tracing the conceptual development of this root is difficult. Its earliest precursor might have been unglossed ᴱ√FAGA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with the derivative ᴱQ. fâ = ᴱQ. vilna “air” (QL/37) with Gnomish cognate G. Fâ “lower airs” (GL/33). G. faf- “puff, blow, pant” may also be related (GL/33).

    In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, there was the root ᴹ√PHAU̯ “gape” with derivatives ᴹQ. fauka/N. faug “thirsty” (Ety/PHAU; EtyAC/PHAU). The Noldorin derivative was used in the names N. Anfauglin “Jaws of Thirst” (SM/115) and N. Fauglith “Thirsty Sand; Gasping Dust” (LR/132) from contemporaneous Silmarillion drafts. Sindarin variants of these names S. Anfauglir “Jaws of Thirst” (S/180) and S. Anfauglith “Gasping Dust” (S/150) continued to appear in later versions of The Silmarillion.

    -

    In Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 Tolkien gave a new gloss for the root √PHAW as “emit (foul breath etc.)” serving as the basis for Q. foalóke, unglossed but perhaps “*breath-dragon” (PE17/181). The root √PHAW reappeared again in 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD) as the basis for Q. foa and S. faw, all unglossed (PE17/181). Finally ✶phā appeared in some notes from 1968 as an example of a primitive monosyllablic noun, with glosses “puff, (?blow)” or “breath, puff of breath” and probably-related forms fawa and foa (VT47/34-35). All these hints at a possible restoration of the sense of early ᴱ√FAGA from the 1910s: “emit (breath), puff, blow”.

    +

    In Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 Tolkien gave a new gloss for the root √PHAW as “emit (foul breath etc.)” serving as the basis for Q. foalóke, unglossed but perhaps “*breath-dragon” (PE17/181). The root √PHAW reappeared again in 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD) as the basis for Q. foa and S. faw, all unglossed (PE17/181). Finally ✶phā appeared in some notes from 1968 as an example of a primitive monosyllablic noun, with glosses “puff, (?blow)” or “breath, puff of breath” and probably-related forms fawa and foa (VT47/34-35). All these hints at a possible restoration of the sense of early ᴱ√FAGA from the 1910s: “emit (breath), puff, blow”.

    Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is best to assume √PHAW had its 1950s-60s meaning “emit (breath), puff, blow”, but that ᴹQ. fauka and N. faug “thirsty” were derived from another root *√PHAWAK or *√PHAUKA, either an extension or unrelated.

    ]]>     @@ -45851,7 +45863,7 @@ woodpeckers)”, ᴱQ. pete- “knock, strike”,     - A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hide, hoard, store up, lay up in secret” with derivatives like ᴱQ. foina “hidden, secret” and ᴱQ. foa “hoard, treasure” (QL/38). Gnomish derivatives also appear in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. fuin “secret, dark; hoarded” and G. fuis “hoard”, though there the root was given as foχo (GL/36); this is not a contradiction, since in QL the ancient voiceless spirant χ was represented with H in roots. One of the Qenya derivatives of this root, ᴱQ. foalóke “*hoard dragon” reappeared much later as Q. foalóke with a new etymology where the first element meant “breath” (PE17/181). Thus this early root was likely abandoned.

    ]]>     + A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hide, hoard, store up, lay up in secret” with derivatives like ᴱQ. foina “hidden, secret” and ᴱQ. foa “hoard, treasure” (QL/38). Gnomish derivatives also appear in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. fuin “secret, dark; hoarded” and G. fuis “hoard”, though there the root was given as foχo (GL/36); this is not a contradiction, since in QL the ancient voiceless spirant χ was represented with H in roots. One of the Qenya derivatives of this root, ᴱQ. foalóke “*hoard dragon” reappeared much later as Q. foalóke with a new etymology where the first element meant “breath” (PE17/181). Thus this early root was likely abandoned.

    ]]>     @@ -45949,7 +45961,7 @@ woodpeckers)”, ᴱQ. pete- “knock, strike”,     - A root in notes from the late 1960s having to do with emotions, and serving as the basis for emotion-words Q. felmë, Q. fëafelmë, and Q. hroafelmë (VT41/19 notes #16, #17).

    ]]>     + A root in notes from the late 1960s having to do with emotions, and serving as the basis for emotion-words Q. felmë, Q. fëafelmë, and Q. hroafelme (VT41/19 notes #16, #17).

    ]]>         means I can speak (because mouth and tongue are free)” (VT41/6). + + @@ -47996,9 +48014,9 @@ contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, words like G. raug<     - A root in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 glossed “solid, tangible, firm” with derivative Q. ronda “solid, firm” (PE17/183). It had a couple variants: √GRON > S. grond “solid, tangible, firm”, also the name of Melkor’s hammer, as well as √SRON > Q. hrón/S. rhû “matter” and Q. hrondo/S. rhond “body”. The root √SRON appeared again with the gloss “flesh, substance, matter” in etymological notes associated with the essay Of Death and the Severance of Fëa and Hrondo from the late 1950s, along with both Q. hrón “matter” and Q. hrondo “physical body” (MR/231 note #26). However, in the title of this essay hrondo was revised to Q. hroa (MR/217), elsewhere derived from primitive ✶srawā (MR/350); see the entry on √SRAW for further discussion (MR/330).

    + A root in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 glossed “solid, tangible, firm” with derivative Q. ronda “solid, firm” (PE17/183). It had a couple variants: √GRON > S. grond “solid, tangible, firm”, also the name of Melkor’s hammer, as well as √SRON > Q. hrón/S. rhû “matter” and Q. hrondo/S. rhond “body”. The root √SRON appeared again with the gloss “flesh, substance, matter” in etymological notes associated with the essay Of Death and the Severance of Fëa and Hrondo from the late 1950s, along with both Q. hrón “matter” and Q. hrondo “physical body” (MR/231 note #26). However, in the title of this essay hrondo was revised to Q. hröa (MR/217), elsewhere derived from primitive ✶srawā (MR/350); see the entry on √SRAW for further discussion (MR/330).

    Regarding S. grond: in The Etymologies of the 1930s this word was derived instead from the unglossed root ᴹ√RUD, which had derivatives ᴹQ. runda “rough piece of wood” and ON. runda > N. grond “club” (Ety/RUD); it also had strengthened variant ᴹ√G-RUD (EtyAC/G-RUD).

    -

    Neo-Eldarin: Despite the change of Q. hrondo >> Q. hroa, I think √SRON might be retained in the more limited sense “matter” rather than “flesh”, along with related root √(G)RON “solid” from 1957. As for ᴹ√RUD, it might also be retained, with S. grond “solid; club” being a blending of ᴹ√RUD and √(G)RON.

    ]]>     +

    Neo-Eldarin: Despite the change of Q. hrondo >> Q. hröa, I think √SRON might be retained in the more limited sense “matter” rather than “flesh”, along with related root √(G)RON “solid” from 1957. As for ᴹ√RUD, it might also be retained, with S. grond “solid; club” being a blending of ᴹ√RUD and √(G)RON.

    ]]>     @@ -49627,7 +49645,8 @@ contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, words like G. raug<     - + + @@ -50349,8 +50368,8 @@ contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, words like G. raug<     - The primitive form ✶srawā was introduced in notes associated with the essay Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth from around 1959, where it served as the basis for Q. hroa/S. rhaw “body” (MR/350). The Quenya word hroa served as a replacement for Q. hrondo “body” < √SRON “flesh, substance, matter” in the essay Of Death and the Severance of Fëa and Hrondo also from the late 1950s (MR/217, 231 note #26). It is not clear whether √SRAW was intended only to replace the sense “flesh” from √SRON or the sense “matter” as well: in an essay on the motivations of Sauron and Melkor Tolkien glossed Q. hroa as “flesh” but indicated it could be applied to the physical matter of Arda, a notion for which Tolkien elsewhere used the term Q. hrón, later revised to orma and then Q. erma (MR/399, 406 note #2).

    -

    Regardless, the connection to “flesh“ survived in later writings: primitive ✶srawā > Q. hroa “body” reappeared in notes discussing Q. órë from 1968 (VT41/14), the form ✶srā “flesh” > S. rhaw appeared as an example of a primitive monosyllabic noun in notes associated with Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s where Tolkien said it had probably lost a final -w in ancient times (VT47/12), and ✶srā “body” appeared in a list of monosyllabic nouns from 1968 again with signs of lost -w via the extended form ✶srawa (VT47/35).

    + The primitive form ✶srawā was introduced in notes associated with the essay Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth from around 1959, where it served as the basis for Q. hröa/S. rhaw “body” (MR/350). The Quenya word hröa served as a replacement for Q. hrondo “body” < √SRON “flesh, substance, matter” in the essay Of Death and the Severance of Fëa and Hrondo also from the late 1950s (MR/217, 231 note #26). It is not clear whether √SRAW was intended only to replace the sense “flesh” from √SRON or the sense “matter” as well: in an essay on the motivations of Sauron and Melkor Tolkien glossed Q. hröa as “flesh” but indicated it could be applied to the physical matter of Arda, a notion for which Tolkien elsewhere used the term Q. hrón, later revised to orma and then Q. erma (MR/399, 406 note #2).

    +

    Regardless, the connection to “flesh“ survived in later writings: primitive ✶srawā > Q. hröa “body” reappeared in notes discussing Q. órë from 1968 (VT41/14), the form ✶srā “flesh” > S. rhaw appeared as an example of a primitive monosyllabic noun in notes associated with Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s where Tolkien said it had probably lost a final -w in ancient times (VT47/12), and ✶srā “body” appeared in a list of monosyllabic nouns from 1968 again with signs of lost -w via the extended form ✶srawa (VT47/35).

    √SRAW “flesh, body” may itself be a reemergence of some similar early roots. In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien had ᴱ√SṚKṚ “fat” with derivatives like ᴱQ. sarko “flesh, living flesh, body” and ᴱQ. sarqa “fleshy” (QL/86). The words ᴱQ. hara “flesh-meat” and ᴱQ. haranwa “fleshly, carnal” were given without a root (QL/39) and were probably connected to words like G. hara “flesh meat, meat” and G. harc “flesh (on a living body)” from contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/48). These might somehow be connected to ᴱ√SṚKṚ or could instead represent an otherwise unattested root like *ᴱ√HARA.

    ]]>     @@ -51207,8 +51226,8 @@ G. fwi- and G. -thwi     - - An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. hyalma “shell, conch, horn of Ulmo” and N. half “seashell” (Ety/SYAL).

    ]]>     + + An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. hyalma “shell, conch, horn of Ulmo” and N. half “seashell” (Ety/SYAL). The verbs ᴱQ. hyal- “ring, resound” and ᴱQ. hyalta- “strike, make ring” from Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s might be related. If so, the meaning of the root may be “*resound”, and the shell-words might have originally meant “*a resounding thing” based on the noise they made from blowing through them.

    ]]>         aþe A root in a discussion of prefixes for “back” from around 1959, which Tolkien specified as meaning: “back as an answer, or return by another agent to an action affecting him, as in answering, replying, avenging, requiting, repaying, rewarding”; Tolkien also considered the forms √UTU/TŪ (PE17/166). But Tolkien crossed this all through and seems to have replaced it with √KHAN. Tolkien mentioned the root √OT in a discussion of numbers from the late 1960s, but only to specify that “there was no primitive base OT-” (VT47/16).

    ]]>     + @@ -55149,7 +55169,7 @@ to be the earliest sense, because of derivatives made from it, such as Q aþe A hypothetical root explaining words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such G. thaig “choice” and G. thig- “pick out, select, choose” (GL/72). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

    ]]>         - A variant root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given under the entry for ᴱ√SṆKṆ “rend, tear” with which it was confused, but having derivatives like ᴱQ. sanka⁽²⁾ “hate, fierce hatred” and ᴱQ. sanke “hateful” (QL/85). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, words like G. thanc “loathing, hatred” and G. thancol “loathsome” were probably related (GL/72). But the Gnomish Lexicon also had a base form sag- with derivatives like G. sactha- “fight” and G. sagruith “hatred; revenge”, would could represent another variant *ᴱ√SAKA (GL/66); in the Qenya Lexicon it seems ᴱ√SAKA = “*search” (QL/81). Some of the derivatives of Gnomish sag-, such as G. sanc “jag, tooth”, seem to be connected to ᴱ√SṆKṆ “rend, tear” instead. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

    ]]>     + A variant root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given under the entry for ᴱ√SṆKṆ “rend, tear” with which it was confused, but having derivatives like ᴱQ. sanka⁽²⁾ “hate, fierce hatred” and ᴱQ. sanke “hateful” (QL/85). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, words like G. thanc “loathing, hatred” and G. thancol “loathsome” were probably related (GL/72). But the Gnomish Lexicon also had a base form sag- with derivatives like G. sactha- “fight” and G. sagruith “hatred; revenge”, which could represent another variant *ᴱ√SAKA (GL/66); in the Qenya Lexicon it seems ᴱ√SAKA = “*search” (QL/81). Some of the derivatives of Gnomish sag-, such as G. sanc “jag, tooth”, seem to be connected to ᴱ√SṆKṆ “rend, tear” instead. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

    ]]>         @@ -58137,7 +58157,7 @@ In Sindarin -ion is usually from -ı̯aun. This in origin is from
  • ✶ > Q. vaiwe “wind” (PE17/189).
  • ✶vai > Q. ve “like, as” (VT49/32).
-

There are, however, a fair number of Quenya words ending in ai, many of them monosyllables: Q. ai “alas” (LotR/377), hrai “awkward, difficult” (PE17/185), “well” (VT47/6). Other are compounds: Q. “maybe, be it that” = ná + i (RGEO/60), “consequently” = epe + ta + i (VT49/8), “if it be that” = cé + ná + i (VT49/19). Thus, it seems likely this sound change only occurred when the final -ai was unstressed, as it would be in final syllables of non-compounds and possibly the unstressed preposition ve (though this word had other derivations).

]]> +

There are, however, a fair number of Quenya words ending in ai, many of them monosyllables: Q. ai “alas” (LotR/377), hrai “awkward, difficult” (PE17/185), “well” (VT47/6). Other are compounds: Q. “maybe, be it that” = ná + i (RGEO/60), “consequently” = epe + ta + i (VT49/8), “if it be that” = cé + ná + i (VT49/19). Thus, it seems likely this sound change only occurred when the final -ai was unstressed, as it would be in final syllables of non-compounds and possibly the unstressed preposition ve (though this word had other derivations).

]]> @@ -62479,7 +62499,7 @@ Quenya) > ss. (Since later Q. tolerated ns this is sometimes fo

The first of these sound changes (sr > sř > ss) probably belonged to the Ancient Quenya period. Despite the supposed “survival” of this ancient sound change, I can find no examples of it in the phonetic history of individual words, where the intermediate voicing change of sr > zr > rr is more prevalent:

Thus, the ancient sound change of sr > ss was either frequently reformed, or Tolkien abandoned this phonetic development when forming actual words.

@@ -64764,7 +64784,7 @@ Thus magyā > maı̯ya, maia; ndagwē > ndau̯we - + The ablative suffix -llo indicates motion away from the declined noun, and is variously glossed “(away) from, out of”. On occasion Tolkien also used the term elative (“out of”) to refer to this case (PE21/68); the exact meaning is contextual. Thus Ambarello “from the World” (MS, Merin Sentence), Melcorello “away from Melkor” (VT49/24), sindanóriello “out of a grey country” (LotR/377). The ablative suffix can also be used temporally, of motion through time away from a specific moment (past or present):

  • et sillumello ter yénion yéni tenn’ ambarmetta “*from this hour, through years of years until the ending of the world” (VT44/33).
    • @@ -64791,7 +64811,7 @@ Thus magyā > maı̯ya, maia; ndagwē > ndau̯weAblativesSg.Du.Part. Pl.Pl. vocalic: ciryaciryallociryaltociryalillo(n)ciryallon e-noun: lasselassellolasseltolasselillo(n)lassellon -consonantal: atanatanello*atanullo*atanelillo(n)atanillon +consonantal: atanatanello*atanullo*atallillo(n)atanillon consonantal (final l): nortilnortillo*nortilullo*nortillillo(n)*nortillon

    Forms marked with a * are unattested and hypothetical. In plural forms r may replace final n.

    @@ -64887,7 +64907,7 @@ Thus magyā > maı̯ya, maia; ndagwē > ndau̯we]]> - + @@ -64964,7 +64984,7 @@ Thus magyā > maı̯ya, maia; ndagwē > ndau̯we - + The accusative form in Quenya is used for the object of verbs and is unmarked in “modern” Quenya (Tarquesta). According to the Plotz letter, there was a distinct accusative form in Classical Quenya (Parmaquesta), marked with a long final vowel for singular vocalic nouns, and by the use of an -i plural for vocalic nouns in the plural:

    • Singular accusative: ciryā, lassē (vs. nominative cirya, lasse)
      • @@ -64991,7 +65011,7 @@ Thus magyā > maı̯ya, maia; ndagwē > ndau̯we - + @@ -65007,7 +65027,7 @@ Thus magyā > maı̯ya, maia; ndagwē > ndau̯we - + The Quenya active participle resembles the English present participle: matila “eating”. When an active participle is used as an adjective (i matila atan “the eating man”), the modified noun functions like the subject of the verbal action (“the eating man” is the one who eats). In Tolkien’s later writing, we have two main sources of information about the active participle: the final version of the Markirya poem composed sometime in the 1960s and some Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969. In the latter Tolkien said:

      the verbal adjs. or participles formed with {-la >> -ila >>} -(i)lā and capable of expressing tense (PE22/154 and note #52).
      Adjectival. 1. The verbal participles (capable like the definite infin. ita of taking pronominal affixes) in {-la >>} -ila. Thus from √KAR were made: a) aor. indef[inite] karila, doing; perfect káriéla; future karuvaila. Only these 3 forms were made: the aor. was used as a present; the perfect functioned as “past” because this participle, the least frequently used, was only employed of a past immediately preceding the time of a subsequent and often consequential action or event (PE22/155 and note #59).
      @@ -65069,7 +65089,7 @@ passive tŭlĭna; pass[ive past] tulinwa (tulīna).
    • ᴱQ. ?ulmu- → ulmula “mumbling”.
    • ᴱQ. ?yam- → yáme “yawning”.
    -

    It is challenging to analyze these examples, because many of these “verbs” are attested nowhere else (those marked with a * or ?). Of those that are, tíne resembles the “aorist-like” active participle for basic verbs from Qenya Conjugations, except that it has a lengthened stem vowel; píke and yáme fit this same pattern. The forms falastane, pustane, histane are used in phrases parallel with tíne and may represent similar verb forms as suggested by Gilson, Welden and Hostetter (PE16/84, notes on line #11). Thus these -ne forms might be active participles for derived verbs. There is also ulmula “mumbling” whose suffix -la resembles the past active participle from Qenya Conjugations, but ulmu- is unlikely as a verb. Furthermore, -ne in this period is regularly used as a past-tense suffix, such as i súru laustaner “the wind lausted (made a windy noise)” in the Earendel (Poem) from the same “Secret Vice” essay (MC/216). Thus it is hard to tell exactly what Tolkien is doing here.

    +

    It is challenging to analyze these examples, because many of these “verbs” are attested nowhere else (those marked with a * or ?). Of those that are, tíne resembles the “aorist-like” active participle for basic verbs from Qenya Conjugations, except that it has a lengthened base vowel; píke and yáme fit this same pattern. The forms falastane, pustane, histane are used in phrases parallel with tíne and may represent similar verb forms as suggested by Gilson, Welden and Hostetter (PE16/84, notes on line #11). Thus these -ne forms might be active participles for derived verbs. There is also ulmula “mumbling” whose suffix -la resembles the past active participle from Qenya Conjugations, but ulmu- is unlikely as a verb. Furthermore, -ne in this period is regularly used as a past-tense suffix, such as i súru laustaner “the wind lausted (made a windy noise)” in the Earendel (Poem) from the same “Secret Vice” essay (MC/216). Thus it is hard to tell exactly what Tolkien is doing here.

    Tolkien returned to the topic of verbal participles in this Quenya Verbal System (QVS) written in the late 1940s, where he discussed active participles at some length. Tolkien first defined an “aorist participle active”:

    The aorist participle active is just an ordinary substantival adjective with suffix {-iā >> -yā >>} -ā added to the aorist or aorist-present stem treated as a noun. So karia “making”; matia “eating”; tulia “coming”. A suffix {-ā >> -yā >> -lā >>} -yā is also used with similar significance. This participle is purely general and aorist in significance. If the action is thought of as continuous or parallel to the action of another verb the "present" or rather imperfect participle is used (PE22/107-108).

    This paragraph originally contained similar forms for derived verbs, but these were deleted: istea “knowing”, ortea “rising”, keluya “issuing forth (of water)” (PE22/106 note #39). Tolkien returned to the suffix -yā later in QVS where he described it as the “general adjective” suffix and the derived-verb forms reappeared in this section:

    @@ -65107,7 +65127,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia
  • cen- → céniéla “having seen”: i atan céniéla orqui ruhtaina (ná) “the man having seen orcs is terrified”.
  • liru- → liruvaila “will be singing”: i liruvaila elda tule síra “the will-be-singing elf comes today”.
-

It is possible that the -la active participles from Markirya are from a distinct paradigm than the -ila participles, but I think it might be legitimate to use these as “imperfect” or “present continuous” active participles, similar in sense to normal active participle but with the extra connotation of ongoing action contemporary with the main verb. I would form them by adding -la to the present form of basic verbs but to the verb stem of derived verbs, lengthening the stem vowel if possible:

+

It is possible that the -la active participles from Markirya are from a distinct paradigm than the -ila participles, but I think it might be legitimate to use these as “imperfect” or “present continuous” active participles, similar in sense to normal active participle but with the extra connotation of ongoing action contemporary with the main verb. I would form them by adding -la to the present form of basic verbs but to the verb stem of derived verbs, lengthening the base vowel if possible:

  • cen- → cénala “(currently) seeing”.
  • laita- → laitala “(currently) praising”.
    • @@ -65121,7 +65141,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - karia     - + Adjectives in Quenya generally (but not always) precede the noun they modify and generally (but not always) are inflected into the plural when they modify plural nouns. As Tolkien described it in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s:

    Adjectives were not distinguished inflexionally from nouns in Eldarin. But it is probable that the arrangements in Eldarin syntax were the same as in Quenya. Adjectives normally preceded the qualified noun (cf. the position of the qualifying noun-stem in “loose composition”), and in attributive use were seldom separated from it by other words or elements. (A standing exception was made by numerals which usually immediately followed the noun.) They in fact made “loose compounds” with the qualified noun, and only the qualified noun was inflected. In Quenya attributive adjectives are inflected for number only, if they precede their nouns. If they follow, the situation is reversed (PE21/77).

    The main exception to this rule is that adjectives might follow nouns in poetry, as an “abnormal order only permitted in verse” (PE21/77). One reason why adjective word order is important in Quenya is because the copula ná- “to be” is optional. Thus “[a] man is angry” is usually written atan raiqua (less frequently atan raiqua ná). Thus raiqua atan “[an] angry man” and atan raiqua “[a] man is angry” can be distinguished from each other only by their word order.

    @@ -65175,7 +65195,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia show-glosses="true"/> - + @@ -65188,7 +65208,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia     - + There are three Quenya noun cases that have to do with the motion or location of the declined noun:

    • The allative case indicating motion towards the noun: -nna.
      • @@ -65245,7 +65265,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + @@ -65270,7 +65290,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + Like many languages, Quenya has adverbs whose primary function is to modify verbs, in much the same way that the primary function of adjectives is to modify nouns. In English, there is the suffix “-ly” which can be used to turn adjectives into adverbs, as in “the quick man ran” vs. “the man ran quickly”. There is a similar suffix in Quenya: -ve, which appears in the word andave = anda “long” + ve, appearing in the phrase andave laituvalmet “long we will praise them” (LotR/953).

      The English suffix “-ly” is connected to the word “like”, as in “quickly” = “quick-like”. The adverbial suffix -ve might likewise be connected to the preposition ve “like”. The problem is that this same suffix regularly appears in abstract nouns like ilúve “allness” = ilu + ve or náve “being” = ná- + ve, the latter being a gerund since -ve is the typical gerundial suffix for verb stems ending in vowels (PE17/68).

      Tolkien explored the connection between adverbs and abstract nouns in notes on the Namárië poem; these notes were probably written in or shortly before 1960. At issue were certain adverbs in the poem, notably laurie “like gold”, oiale “forever” and márie “well” in the salutation namárie “be well”.

      @@ -65324,7 +65344,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia       - + karia       - - + + @@ -66785,6 +66805,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia + @@ -66811,6 +66832,20 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -70634,7 +70669,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + The allative suffix -nna indicates motion towards the declined noun, and is variously glossed “to, towards, onto, upon”. On occasion Tolkien also used the term illative (“into”) to refer to this case (PE21/68); the exact meaning is contextual. Thus Endorenna “to Middle-earth” (LotR/967), tielyanna “upon your path” (Let/448), Amanna “towards Aman” (VT49/26). It is not restricted to horizontal movement:

      • nai laure lantuva parmastanna lúmissen tengwiesto “may (a) golden light fall on your book at the times of your reading” (VT49/47).
        • @@ -70664,7 +70699,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia vocalic: ciryaciryannaciryantaciryalinna(r)ciryannar e-noun: lasselassennalassentalasselinna(r)lassennar consonantal: nortilnortilenna*nortilunna*nortillinna(r)nortilinnar -consonantal (final n): atanatanna*atanunna*atanelinna(r)atannar +consonantal (final n): atanatanna*atanunna*atallinna(r)atannar

        Forms marked with a * are unattested and hypothetical.

        Origins of the allative: As discussed in the entry on adverbial cases, the allative was originally just a suffix used to form adverbs from a noun, roughly equivalent to the English suffix “-wards”. Amanna originally meant “Aman-wards”, and this old function can be seen in some ancient names like Elenna “Starwards” (S/261).

        @@ -70770,7 +70805,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + @@ -71603,7 +71638,8 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + @@ -72259,32 +72295,6 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - - A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “the inhabited world” and derived from the root ᴱ√IŘI [IÐI] “dwell”, with the usual change of ancient ð > z > r (QL/43). It also appeared in the phrase ᴱQ. Irmina Telume “End of the World, Great End” in a list of names from the same period (PE13/104). In later writings it seems to have been supplanted by Q. Ambar of similar meaning.

        ]]>         - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -         @@ -72318,6 +72328,32 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia         + + A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “the inhabited world” and derived from the root ᴱ√IŘI [IÐI] “dwell”, with the usual change of ancient ð > z > r (QL/43). It also appeared in the phrase ᴱQ. Irmina Telume “End of the World, Great End” in a list of names from the same period (PE13/104). In later writings it seems to have been supplanted by Q. Ambar of similar meaning.

        ]]>         + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +         @@ -72326,7 +72362,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - The father-name of S. (PM/347). This name would have been Sindarized as Amrod, but since that name was used by another Noldor, Aegnor crafted his Sindarin name from his mother-name instead (PM/347). This name seems to be a compound of “up” and “champion”, so perhaps meant “*High Champion”.

        + The father-name of S.         (PM/347). This name would have been Sindarized as Amrod, but since that name was used by another Noldo, Aegnor crafted his Sindarin name from his mother-name instead (PM/347). This name seems to be a compound of “up” and “champion”, so perhaps meant “*High Champion”.

        Note: Tolkien’s notes actually state that Aegnor choose his Sindarin name to differentiate himself from his brother (PM/347), which seems hardly necessary. It would make more sense if he were trying to distinguish himself from his cousin . Perhaps this was a slip on Tolkien’s part.

        ]]>         @@ -75848,7 +75884,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia         - In English the most common responses to questions are “yes” and “no”. Quenya further distinguishes its answers based on whether they were simple statements of fact or whether they expressed the will of the respondent. As such, there are two different words for “yes”:

        @@ -75870,7 +75906,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia

        Thus vá “I won’t (pulling head back)” and ui “it is not” (shaking head side to side). Perhaps ná “yes” involves nodding the head as is the case with English speakers, but Tolkien never said so one way or the other.

        Conceptual Development: The idea of ᴱQ. ná “it is” as a word for “yes” dates back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/64). Many of the other ideas expressed above appear only in Tolkien’s later writing, however: vá “I won’t” wasn’t introduced until 1959 (PE17/143) and þá “I will” appears in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 (PE22/168). The different possibilities for “no” were tied to Tolkien’s vacillation between la-negation or u-negation as discussed in the entry on the negative. At one point when la-negation was out of favor, Tolkien even considered using (a)lá as the word for “yes”, along with an opposing word fó “no”, both of which most likely were transient ideas (linguistic notes from 1959, PE17/158, 181).

        Neo-Quenya: One somewhat annoying feature of Tolkien’s system of question-answers in LVS is that they are all very similar to each other: they are all consonant + á (ná, þá, lá, vá). For this reason, I favor ui for “no” and ván for “I won’t”, to make them a bit more distinctive.

        ]]> - karia - + The function of the aorist tense in Quenya most closely resembles the simple present form in English: “the man eats, I eat”, i atan mate, matin. It is not, strictly speaking, tied to the present moment, however. More accurately the Quenya aorist is not tied to any particular time at all. Although it is often used to refer to the present, it is also used for habitual actions or other statements which are independent of time. As Tolkien described it in Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure (EVS1) from the late 1940s:

        Aorist ... This “tense” denoted no tense or time. Its uses closely resembled those of the simple so-called present of English: “I eat, I do”. It was thus used of all statements true at all times (as in proverbs): “gold glitters”; “the sun rises in the morning”; habits, etc.: “I live in a small house”. Also as with E. it may be employed as an “historic present” for narrative; and for the future when defined by such words as “tomorrow” (PE22/95).

        Contrast this with the Quenya “present” tense (strictly speaking, the present continuous or present imperfect tense) “the man is eating, I am eating” i atan máta, mátan, which can only refer to something going on in the present moment. Something that is happening now must necessarily be an ongoing action, which is why the present continuous form is used. Compare also English “something happens” (aorist, no specific time) versus “something is happening” (present continuous, necessarily happening now).

        @@ -76436,7 +76472,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia

        The aorist did appear in the Qenya Conjugations of the late 1920s or early 1930s (PE16/124-128). In these conjugations, it had already reach its final form for basic verbs: tule uninflected but tuli- when inflected. The aorist kept this form thereafter, making this verb tense quite stable in Tolkien’s mind. The only possible vacillations on the aorist I have found were in the aorists of talat-stem verbs, as mentioned above.

        ]]>         - + @@ -76855,7 +76891,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + @@ -77093,12 +77129,15 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + + + @@ -77143,7 +77182,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - @@ -77152,35 +77191,6 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -         karia + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + karia - karia - @@ -80067,13 +80112,14 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia + - + @@ -80679,7 +80725,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - Although the adverbial suffixes often used a joining vowel when combined with consonantal nouns, in cases where the final consonant of the noun matches the first consonant of the suffix, the suffix was usually assimilated to the noun: Amanna “to Aman” (VT49/26), menello “from heaven (menel)” (VT43/13). In a set of Quenya prayers from the 1950s (VT43, VT44), however, Tolkien experimented with some more complex assimilations.

        One of these assimilations was an allative: menelda “to heaven” (VT43/13). Most were locative, however, and Tolkien considered a variety of possible forms:

        @@ -80724,7 +80770,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia show-element-of="true"/> - @@ -82708,7 +82754,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia @@ -83225,7 +83271,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia         - @@ -83283,7 +83329,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + @@ -83346,7 +83392,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + @@ -84040,7 +84086,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia         - + The a-verbs are a class of verbs whose stem combines a biconsonantal root (like √TAN) with a suffixal -a: tana-. These verbs often (but not always) have an inherently “continuous” aspect, like ala- “grow” or fara- “hunt”. This class of verbs has less need to distinguish an instant action (“I hit him”) from an ongoing action (“I am hitting him”), and thus the a-verbs did not have distinct aorist and present tenses in Common Eldarin, using the present suffix -ā for both. As Tolkien described them in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948:

        -ā verbs. Several verbs with an inherently continuative sense, such as gal- “grow”, spar “hunt, pursue”; skor “look out for, expect, wait for,” did not anciently form true aorists but were inflected from an infinitive base galā, sparā, skorā etc. Hence Q ola- “grow” [with side note: cf. ol-, oli- regular = “become”]; fara- “hunt”; hora “wait for”; mena “be making for, on way to” (PE22/113).

        Tolkien described this class of verbs again in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the 1950s:

        @@ -84062,14 +84108,14 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia

      These notes also gave an alternate “strong” present form fára similar to the one from QVS described above, but immediately above these conjugations Tolkien wrote something to the effect of “make Q. ea as present tense invade other forms” (the exact words are hard to make out). Thus it seems likely these “strong presents” were archaic, replaced by the ea-present from other derived verbs. Tolkien also indicated the possibility of strong past forms for a-verbs derived directly from the root: fara → past farne, ala → past alde (< *alnē). But these likewise do not seem to be the norm, and weak pasts like farane appear much more frequently for a-verbs in the corpus.

      The net result is that despite their independent origins, the a-verb conjugation became essentially the same as the weak conjugation, with the exception of the occasional (archaic?) strong present and past forms like fára and farne.

      -

      Conceptual Development: In the 1910s and 1920s, dictionary entries for basic verbs typically added the stem vowel at the end of stem: ᴱQ. pere- (QL/73), ᴱQ. liri- (QL/54), ᴱQ. lopo- (QL/56), ᴱQ. lutu- (QL/57). It would therefore be impossible to distinguish “a-verbs” from basic verbs whose base vowel is simply a, such as: ᴱQ. kala- “shine” (QL/44). This makes it very unlikely that a-verbs were a special “durative” verb class in the earliest conceptual period, especially since the imperfect verb tense was not connected to the vowel a in Early Qenya.

      +

      Conceptual Development: In the 1910s and 1920s, dictionary entries for basic verbs typically added the base vowel at the end of stem: ᴱQ. pere- (QL/73), ᴱQ. liri- (QL/54), ᴱQ. lopo- (QL/56), ᴱQ. lutu- (QL/57). It would therefore be impossible to distinguish “a-verbs” from basic verbs whose base vowel is simply a, such as: ᴱQ. kala- “shine” (QL/44). This makes it very unlikely that a-verbs were a special “durative” verb class in the earliest conceptual period, especially since the imperfect verb tense was not connected to the vowel a in Early Qenya.

      Possible examples of a-verbs do appear in The Etymologies from the 1930s, such as ᴹQ. lala- “to deny” (Ety/LA) and ᴹQ. mapa- “to grasp, seize” (Ety/MAP), but they do not seem to be inherently “continuous” in sense. Explicitly durative a-verbs were established by the 1940s, however. Tolkien mentioned them in Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure from mid-1940s:

      In addition many bases of simple √TAL form made verbs of a different sort, employing a fixed vocalic suffix (ū or ā̆) after the base, as √KEL: kelu “flow, well up”; √GAL: galā “grow”. These were usually intransitive (not always). The ā-type described states or actions necessarily occupying a (continuous) stretch of time, as Q ’alā- “grow”; ksarā “yearn, long for” (PE22/98).

      This verb class was mentioned pretty regularly in documents after that point: in Quenya Verbal System written shortly afterwards (PE22/113, 116), Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the 1950s (PE22/134) and Late Notes on Verb Structure from 1969 (PE22/151, 163).

      Tolkien’s use of the term “a-verb” is not quite as straightforward as presented here, however. He sometimes used this term to describe formative and talat-stem verbs that used ă in their ancient aorist inflections (PE22/136). To completely follow Tolkien’s terminology we would need to distinguish ă-verbs (formative and talat-stem) from ā-verbs (durative verbs as described in this entry). However, since the formative and talat-stem verbs have already have their own terminology, I use the term a-verb for this class to better match the term u-verbs that are verbs derived from primitive roots + u.

      ]]>       - + @@ -84411,7 +84457,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia
    • The allative indicates motion towards a place using the suffix -nna: tulen i coanna “I come to the house”.
    • The ablative indicates motion away from a place using the suffix -llo: autan i coallo “I leave from the house”.
    • The locative indicates location at a place using the suffix -sse: haren i coasse “I stay at the house”.
      • -
    • The instrumental indicates the means whereby something is accomplished using the suffix -nen: nahtan i orco cirmanen “I killed the orc with a knife”.
      • +
    • The instrumental indicates the means whereby something is accomplished using the suffix -nen: nahtan i orco cirmanen “I kill the orc with a knife”.

    Noun plurality: Quenya nouns can be marked with three different kinds of plurals: dual, plural and partitive-plural. The exact plural inflections vary by noun class. The interactions between the plural suffixes and the case suffixes is complex, and is discussed in more detail in the entries for each noun case.

      @@ -84586,7 +84632,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + The basic verbs in Quenya are those verbs whose stem ends in a consonant. They are mostly derived from primitive biconsonantal verbal roots of the form √KAT, though a few of them like ec- “to have a chance of” begin with a vowel and end with a consonant.

      Tolkien himself frequently called these “basic” verbs (PE22/98, 129), but he sometimes labeled them “strong” verbs (PE22/92, 99, 163). This terminology was almost certainly inspired by the verb classes of Germanic-languages (including English), where the “strong” verbs are those that modify the verb stem in the past tense: present “eat” vs. past “ate”, present “come” vs. past “came”. This is opposed to the more regular “weak” verbs that form the past tense with a suffix, which is “-ed” in English: present “marry” vs. past “married”, present “lift” vs. past “lifted”.

      Basic verbs in Quenya likewise frequently modify their verb stems in the past tense, a remnant of the Primitive Elvish method of forming past tenses via nasal-infixion. These ancient past tenses inserted an n in the interior of the verb, which was sometimes preserved in Quenya but other times underwent further phonological changes. Thus aorist mate “eat” vs. past mante “ate”, aorist tule “come” vs. past tulle/tulde “came” or (later) túle. By contrast, many derived verbs in Quenya have “weak” past tenses, in the sense that they are formed by adding the past suffix -ne to the verb stem: aorist verya “marry” vs. past veryane “married”, aorist orta “raise” vs. past ortane “raised”.

      @@ -84616,7 +84662,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia
      In case of [v] from b the historic forms were mn, or mb, but “perfect” stem with lengthening tended to intrude ... tyave, taste: pa.t. tyambe or later tyáve; perf. atyávie (PE22/102).

      In this new paradigm, there was a general trend for the relationships between Quenya past and present tenses of basic verbs to be obscured by phonetic developments, and for these obscured past tenses to be reformed by analogy with the perfect (or vice versa). This was true, for example, with basic verbs whose stem ended in v (as above) or l, as with túle the past tense of tul-, replacing older tulle or tulde (PE22/139, 140). These reformations were inconsistently applied, and the result was a past-tense system for basic verbs that could be very unpredictable.

      To summarize, throughout Quenya’s conceptual history, the basic verb class was distinguished by irregularities in its past tense. In Early Qenya these irregularities were often the result of two competing past tense formations: vowel-lengthening vs. nasal-infixion. By the 1930s the nasal-infixed forms became the primary basic past tense, with the caveat that sometimes phonetically obscured past tenses were reformed to match the perfect. The basic conjugations for other verb tenses also underwent conceptual development, but those forms were more regular and are better discussed in the entries for the individual verb tenses. More details on the various past tense forms of basic verbs are given in the entry on the Quenya past tense.

      ]]>       - + karia - + @@ -85243,7 +85290,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - cala “light”, Q. "anta- “give”, and the agental suffix Q. -r(o).]]> + cala “light”, Q. anta- “give”, and the agental suffix Q. -r(o).]]> @@ -85706,7 +85753,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + @@ -87075,7 +87122,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia page-id="452504165"> - + @@ -87343,7 +87390,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + @@ -89035,8 +89082,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + @@ -90266,6 +90312,8 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia ngloss="to seek, search for" cat="PT_SE" page-id="3213975931"> + + @@ -90275,46 +90323,46 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - karia - @@ -92226,10 +92274,10 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - - + @@ -92237,13 +92285,13 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - - + karia mark="!"> - + The comitative case is one that Tolkien abandoned in his later writings. Indeed, the function of this case is not entirely clear, though its name implies that it indicates an “accompanying” noun. In its first appearance, the comitative case used the suffix -iko (PE16/113), and in this form it may have appeared in some sentences from the earliest drafts of the Markirya poem, as suggested by the editors of PE16 (Gilson, Smith, Wynne, Hostetter and Welden):

      • ᴱQ. ar tanda kiryaiko lúte [or lunte] (PE16/56, 57, 60).
        • @@ -92913,7 +92961,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia

        Neo-Quenya: I recommend against using the comitative in Neo-Quenya. Its function can be replaced by the preposition ó “with”.

        ]]> - + @@ -92925,7 +92973,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - + In Tolkien’s later writing, Quenya did not have a direct equivalent of English’s comparative “-er” suffix. In linguistic notes from around 1967, Tolkien said that “A is brighter than B” is expressed using the preposition lá “beyond”: A (ná) calima lá B (PE17/90), where the copula ná- “to be” is optional as usual. Note that this paradigm for comparison was created in one of the periods where Tolkien did not use lá- for negation, so there was no conflict between the two. As Tolkien described it:

        The comparative form of adjectives is not normally expressed by a suffix. In Quenya it is at simplest expressed by the use of the preposition lá: as A (ná) cálima lá B “A is bright beyond B” = “A is brighter than B” (PE17/90).

        In earlier notes probably written around the start of the 1960s, Tolkien used a different comparative preposition epe “before (spatially)”: A ancalima na epe B “A is bright before B” (PE17/57); in the actual example Tolkien used anamelda “more dear” even though he translated it as “more bright”. This comparison with epe was used in combination with the intensive prefix an-.

        @@ -92974,7 +93022,7 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia

        The intensive is formed with an-, assimilated as am- or añ- before labials and velars as appropriate: ampitya “very small”, añcalima “very bright” (written ancalima). The extended form ana- can be used to avoid awkward combinations: anasaila “very wise”. It is not clear how comparatives like “Boromir is wiser now” are formed when something is not compared directly to another, but perhaps it could be expressed as Boromir saila lá ya nés “Boromir is wiser than [beyond what] he was” or with an adverb Boromir ambe saila sí “Boromir [is] more wise now”.

        ]]>         - + @@ -92991,10 +93039,10 @@ added to aorist stem-form. These are frequent with strong verbs: as karia - - + + - + Quenya has five simple verb tenses: aorist (timeless), past, future, present/imperfect and perfect. Aside from the “default” aorist tense, two of these tenses have to do with time (past and future) and two have to with the verbal aspect of the action: imperfect (an ongoing action not yet complete) and perfect (a completed action). Unlike Quenya, the English language addresses the imperfect and perfect aspects by using various auxiliary verbs: “I am making” (imperfect/ongoing) and “I have made” (perfect/completed). In English these aspects can be combined with the past tense to form a past imperfect (“I was making”) and past perfect (“I had made”). Likewise you can form an English future imperfect (“I will be making”) and future perfect (“I will have made”).

        Quenya has similar compound tenses combining time and verbal aspects. Strictly speaking, these Quenya tenses are not “compound tenses” as in English, since they did not involve an auxiliary verb, but they serve a similar function. Tolkien referred to them as either “derivative tenses” (PE22/105) or less accurately as “compound tenses” (PE22/122), and I use the latter term for convenience so I don’t have switch terminology between Quenya and English. The most detailed descriptions of the compound tenses appears in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of the late 1940s, but there are hints of it in Tolkien’s later writing as well, notably:

        Make a Q. past continuous. “was eating”. mātante. istante, oryante, ortante.
        @@ -93076,7 +93124,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure

        I suspect the compound tenses of derived verbs would follow the same patterns, such as: ortea + ne = past imperfect orteáne “was rising” (attested óreáne from orya- seems to be an example of this) or avánie + uva = future perfect avániéva “will have departed”. This would produce past future perfect avániévane “would have departed”, a form whose use is limited to subjunctives. Regardless, with the exception of the past imperfect for basic verbs (mátane), none of these forms are attested in Tolkien’s later writing and they remain very speculative. Of these, only the past imperfect (mátane) and the pluperfect (mátiéne or amátiéne) are likely to see much use in Neo-Quenya.

        ]]> - @@ -93173,19 +93221,19 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure page-id="621730155"/> - - + + - + - + - + Tolkien generally referred to nouns ending in a consonant as “consonantal” nouns, for example on PE14/42 (1920s) and PE21/76 (1950s). As with all Quenya words, a noun can only end in one of the five valid final consonants: l, n, r, s, t. Consonantal nouns were often a reduction of longer ancient forms, however, and their inflections could reflect these more ancient endings. For example, the singular (uninflected) word for “nymph” is wingil, but its plural form is wingildi, reflecting a longer ancient form. This variant base for inflected forms is referred to as the noun stem, and is given in parenthesis after the word in dictionary entries when it differs from the uninflected form: wingil (wingild-).

        Many inflectional suffixes begin with a consonant, and therefore cannot (usually) be added directly to a consonantal noun. There are various ways that Quenya deals with this.

        First, many inflections exist with vocalic and consonantal variants, the vocalic variant beginning with (or being) a consonant and the consonantal variant beginning with (or being) a vowel. For example, the Quenya plural suffix is -r after (most) vocalic nouns but -i after consonantal nouns. The dual suffix is -t after (most) vocalic nouns but -u (probably) after consonantal nouns.

        @@ -93235,7 +93283,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure

        Of these, I think the third is most weakly attested: it may have been limited to monosyllabic consonantal nouns, and possibly only in archaic forms.

        Neo-Quenya: Most Neo-Quenya authors throw up their hands at all this complexity, and just use the joining vowel e most of the time, since it was widely used in consonantal inflections in the 50s and 60s. Usually exceptions are made for (a) simple assimilations such as menel → ablative menello (VT43/13) and (b) cases where another joining vowel is well attested, such as i for the 1st person possessive suffix -nya: atar → atarinya (LR/61, UT/186), emil → emilinya (VT47/26). I generally recommend this approach as well, though not every Neo-Quenya authors agree what the exact set of exceptions should be.

        ]]>         - @@ -93328,7 +93376,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure         - + A “copula” is a linguistic term for a small linking word connecting a subject to a predicative expression. In English, the copula is the verb “to be”: “Elrond is a man; Elrond is old”. In Quenya, the verb ná- may be used as a copula, but it is often optional. It is perfectly normal in Quenya to put the predicative expression immediately after the subject without any joining word at all: Elerondo nér; Elerondo yára. These expressions can be distinguished from normal adjective use because the adjective follows rather than precedes the noun: yára Elerondo “old Elrond” vs. Elerondo yára “Elrond [is] old”. As Tolkien described it:

        An adjective following a noun, or if preceding separated from it (even by an article) was in Eldarin, and also in normal Quenya, predicative. So Q Sindar i Eldar Malariando “Grey are the Elves of Beleriand”; i rokkor rindi “the horses are swift”. In predicative use the adjective was inflected as the described noun (PE21/77-78).
        As a copula “be, is” is not usually expressed in Quenya where the meaning is clear: sc. in such expressions as “A is good” where the adjective (contrary to the usual order in Quenya of a qualifying adjective) follows: the normal Quenya for this is A mára. But when the subject is not expressed, as usually in the impersonal “neuter”, e.g. “it is good” = “that is good, very well”, ná is used: so mára ná; also when it is postponed as in Galadriel’s Lament, Si vanwa ná, Romello vanwa, Valimar (PE17/93).
        @@ -93338,7 +93386,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure

        Tolkien does not explain why the copula is displaced to the end, but it is my opinion that, in a phrase like Elerondo yára (ná), the optional ná could be added as an afterthought to emphasize that this phrase was, in fact, a “to be” statement. The more complex the phrase, the more likely it is that the ná will be added, as with lá karita i hamil mára alasaila (ná) given above. This pattern became the norm and eventually a grammatical rule.

        In the past or future tense the verb ná- generally appears in the normal position in between the subject and its complement, as in Eldar náner ataformaiti or hríve nauva urra given above. There are also examples of aorist ná appearing in the middle of complex phrases where its presence reduces ambiguity: A (ná) calima lá B “A is brighter than B” (PE17/90). So perhaps “a well loved man is a happy man” would be mai melda atan ná alassea atan, or “nine times two is eighteen” = nerte yullume ná tolque.

        The na can also appear at the beginning of a phrase when used as an impersonal imperative: na care indómelya “thy will be done, *(lit.) be done will-thy”; na aire esselya “hallowed be thy name, *(lit.) be hallowed name-thy” (VT43/12). This, however, is probably just a reduced variant of the proper imperative á na, as in á na márie “be well” (PE17/162) vs. na márie > namárie “farewell, (lit.) be well”.

        -

        The verb ná- can be used together with the dative in certain formulaic expressions describing the emotional state of a person: nas mára nin “it is good for me” meaning “I like it” (VT49/30); náne márie nin “it was well to me” meaning “I was glad” (PE22/158). Whether this was used only in a few expressions or was a more general pattern isn’t clear.

        +

        The verb ná- can be used together with the dative in certain formulaic expressions describing the emotional state of a person: nás mára nin “it is good for me” meaning “I like it” (VT49/30); náne márie nin “it was well to me” meaning “I was glad” (PE22/158). Whether this was used only in a few expressions or was a more general pattern isn’t clear.

        The verb ná- is the simplest way to express “yes” in response to questions about facts (PE22/166): “Are the horses of the Rohirrim good?”; ná “yes, (lit.) it is”, with slightly more emphatic variant nása “it is so”. It is not used to answer questions of opinion or requests, however, which instead use sá (†þá) “yes, I agree, I will” (PE22/166), as in: “Do you like this? Will you help me?”; sá.

        The verb ná- is not the only Quenya verb for “to be”. There is also ea- “to be, to exist”. Tolkien described the difference between those two verbs in Late Notes on Verb Structure written in 1969:

        Stem of verb “exist” (have being in primary world of history) was √EŊE, distinct from √NA joining adjs./nouns/pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have a certain quality, or to be the same as another. eŋe is not followed by any adj. or noun but only by a[n] adverb (or negated adverb) mainly[?] of time. Present continuous of √EŊE is ëa “It exists” (PE22/147).
        @@ -93346,13 +93394,13 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure

        Thus ná is used for describing the qualities of a thing: “A is B”, whereas ea is used for statements about its actual existence within the universe: “A exists”. There are also examples of ea being used with a prepositional phrase or adverb:

        -

        There are two ways the above might be interpreted. First, it may be that ea is required for “to be” with subordinate clauses, prepositional phrases or adverbial expressions that are not, properly speaking, attributes of the subject: Elerondo yára (ná) “Elrond is old” versus Elerondo ea Imladrisse “Elrond is in Rivendell”. As a counterexample to this, we have the statement cé tulis, ní nauva tanome “*if he/she comes, I will be there” where ná- is used with a location (there), as well as the statement above that ea is used mainly with adverbs of time. Alternately, it may be significant that both the above statements using ea refer to Eru, and ea may be required by the extra-universal nature of divine/spiritual beings who don’t properly exist within space and time; hat-tip to Lokyt for pointing this out to me. So: Elerondo náne Ardasse “Elrond was in Arda” versus Eru ea han Ea “Eru exists beyond the universe”.

        -

        Statements of Tolkien’s from late 1940s indicate that a more specific verb than “is” would usually be used to describe locations; in this conceptual period, Tolkien used ea as the general verb for “to be”:

        +

        A more literal translation of the above would be: “our Father who exists beyond existence” and “the One who above all thrones exists forever”.

        +

        Statements of Tolkien’s from late 1940s indicate that a more specific verb than “is” would often be used to describe locations:

        Generally also the verb “be” was omitted in questions and statements concerning location, or if a verb was required one proper to the precise circumstances was employed, as “be found, lie, stand, dwell etc.” (PE22/123).
        Where “is, be” refers to location = be placed, found, is to be had; or to stay, remain, abide, be situated dwell, etc. then various verbs of more precise and particularly applicable senses can be used, and usually are (PE22/125).
        -

        Thus it seems the normal practice in Quenya was to use verbs like mar- “dwell” to express location: Elerondo mare Imladrisse “Elrond dwells in Rivendell”. I recommend this for Neo-Quenya as well, since it avoids the entire question of whether to use ná or ea. However, if you do want to just use “is”, I currently believe that ná would be used for this purpose: Elerondo Imladrisse (ná).

        +

        Thus it seems the normal practice in Quenya was to use alternate verbs like mar- “dwell” to express location: Elerondo mare Imladrisse “Elrond dwells in Rivendell”. However, if you do want to just use “is”, I currently believe that ná would be used for this purpose: Elerondo Imladrisse (ná).

        For more information on the conjugation of the verbs ná- and ea- as well as the conceptual development of the verbs themselves, see the entry on irregular verbs.

        Conceptual Development: In earlier periods of Quenya’s conceptual development, other verbs were used for “to be” expressions, as discussed in the entry on irregular verbs. These earlier verb forms tended to put the verb in the usual position between the subject and its complement; the displacement of the copula after the predicate seems to be a relatively late idea. However at various points Tolkien used a special “stative” construction that suffixed the “to be” verb directly to the predicate adjective; see that entry for further discussion.

        The idea that the copula was optional, however, dates at least back to the late 1940s; in this conceptual period, Tolkien used ye >> ea as the general verb for “to be”:

        @@ -93363,7 +93411,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure         - + @@ -93375,7 +93423,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure page-id="874453311"> - + @@ -93656,8 +93704,8 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure - - + + mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure + + + @@ -93983,13 +94034,14 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure - + + @@ -94532,7 +94584,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure Qenya name for the Danes, apparently a phonetic adaptation of that name (LT2/306).

        ]]>                 - + The Quenya dative is used for the indirect object of a phrase and is formed using the suffix -n. The indirect object is the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as opposed to the direct object which is the immediate target. In English, the indirect object comes immediately before the direct object in a sentence: “I give you the knife”, “I wish you well”. Alternately, English can indicate the indirect object with prepositions like “to” or “for”: “I give the knife to you”, “I wish happiness for you”. In Quenya, these phrases would use the dative:

        • antan i cirma len “I give the knife to you”; le-n = “to you”.
          • @@ -94592,11 +94644,11 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure
        • alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefean “glory [be] to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Ghost” (VT43/36).

        In the last phrase Tolkien first wrote faire aistan for “to the Holy Ghost”, another example of the dative being applied to an entire noun phrase: faire “spirit” plus aista “holy”. Here the dative is added to the adjective (last declinable word).

        -

        Idiomatic uses of the dative: The use of the dative to indicate a beneficiary appears in a number of idiomatic expressions, notably nas mára nin “it is good to me = I like it” (VT49/30), or mára tyen “good to you = like” (PE22/166). Another idiomatic use of the dative is in conjunction with the impersonal ec- “it may happen, it is possible”. Thus ece nin “it is possible for me = I can/I may” (VT49/20, 34):

        +

        Idiomatic uses of the dative: The use of the dative to indicate a beneficiary appears in a number of idiomatic expressions, notably nás mára nin “it is good to me = I like it” (VT49/30), or mára tyen “good to you = like” (PE22/166). Another idiomatic use of the dative is in conjunction with the impersonal ec- “it may happen, it is possible”. Thus ece nin “it is possible for me = I can/I may” (VT49/20, 34):

        Certain prepositional phrases require the use of the dative, notably the preposition rá “on behalf of”:

          @@ -94616,7 +94668,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure DativesSg.Du.Part. Pl.Pl. vocalic: ciryaciryanciryantciryalinciryain e-noun: lasselassenlassentlasselinlassin -consonantal: atanatanen*atanun*atanélin*atanin +consonantal: atanatanen*atanun*atallin*atanin

          Forms marked with a * are unattested and hypothetical.

          The long dative: There are a few datives formed with -na instead of -n. This is probably tied to the ancient origin of the dative suffix, which was derived from primitive ✶-na “to”, also related to the allative suffix -nna (VT49/14). Thus these “long datives” are probably archaic, poetic and possibly emphatic. For example:

          @@ -94689,7 +94741,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure ]]> - + @@ -94710,7 +94762,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure - Like English, Quenya has singular and plural nouns, with singular unmarked and plural marked by -i or -r. However, Quenya has two additional “special plurals”: the dual used when there are only two of an item (“both”) and the partitive-plural when the plural represents a subset of a larger group (“some”). Thus:

            @@ -94719,7 +94771,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure - @@ -94730,7 +94782,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure - + Quenya has a definite article i that is more or less equivalent to English “the”: i atan = “the man” [human]. Like English, the definite article is used to specify a definite thing specifically referred to (“the man”), as opposed to an indefinite thing (“a man”). Unlike English, there is no indefinite article in Quenya (English “a”); indefinite nouns are simply unmarked: atan = “(a) man”. There are quite a few real world languages that have a definite article but no indefinite article, such as Welsh or Hebrew.

            Like English, Quenya may use i in the titles of persons, especially for divinity: i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit” (VT43/36); i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” (VT43/28), i Eru “the One” (UT/305). However, Quenya seems less inclined to use the definite article for sobriquets: Atanatar Alcarin vs. “Atanatar the Glorious” (LotR/1038), Varda Aratarya (lit. “Varda [in] her sublimity”) vs. “Varda the Sublime”; Quennar Onótimo vs. “Quennar the *Reckoner” (MR/50), though the last of these did also appear as Quennar i Onótimo (MR/48). The definite article is, however, used in the title of documents and narratives: i Equessi Rúmilo “The Sayings of Rúmil” (WJ/398); i Túrin i Cormaron “The Lord of the Rings” (PBL).

            In cases where two definite nouns were part of a single phrase, Quenya often only marks the first of these with a definite article: i Valaron arcanwar “the thrones of the Valar [lit. the Valar’s thrones]” (PE22/147); i arani Eldaron “the kings of the Eldar” (WJ/369); i tyulma ciryava “the mast of the ship” (PE21/80); i coimas Eldaron “the lembas of the Eldar” (PM/395). There are some rather intricate interactions between the definite article and genitive or possessive modifiers: see the entry on definiteness and the genitive/possessive for further details.

            @@ -94752,7 +94804,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure

            The typescript version (PE14/71) has the same set of rules and examples. There is no sign of this suffix from the 1930s forward; later on -ma was mostly used as an instrumental suffix.

            In the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948, Tolkien briefly considered having a distinct but archaic accusative article a: “in Q. only as in AQ replacing the definite article i before an objective noun i kiryā, a kiryā” (PE21/76), but he quickly rejected this notion (PE21/76 note #24).

            ]]>             - + @@ -94761,7 +94813,7 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure Quenya is less inclined to use the definite article than English. It seems the definite article is only required if the definiteness of the noun must be emphasized or is not otherwise specified. One interesting example is the phrase:

              @@ -94817,10 +94869,10 @@ better mātānē > mātane (Late Notes on Verb Structure

              To put things another way, the fact that Quenya does not have an indefinite article like English “a, an” is a strong indication that “indefiniteness” is not semantically important in that language, especially when compared to English and other European languages. The absence of the definite article in Quenya does not necessarily mean the noun in question is indefinite. It simply means it is not specifically marked for definiteness, and could be either definite or indefinite depending on context. In English if you were to say “king of Gondor” with no article (as in “Aragorn, king of Gondor”), you could mean “a king of Gondor” or “the king of Gondor” depending on how the phrase was being used.

              It may be that Tolkien imagined a more complex system than the one described here, but we can’t readily determine how it worked given the contradictory examples from the corpus. I think the system described above is a reasonable compromise.

              ]]> - Like most languages, Quenya had demonstrative elements that could be used to indicate near (“this”) or far (“that”) objects. There are Late Period documents on demonstratives that remain unpublished, so the analysis in this entry must be considered preliminary and incomplete. Tolkien experimented with a variety of forms for the demonstratives throughout his writings, and his use of demonstratives was not entirely consistent. Nevertheless, some broad themes run throughout his changing conceptions.

              In most of his writings from the 1910s through the 60s, the primary basis for the demonstratives were the primitive roots √SI “this, here, now” (VT43/24; Ety/SI; GL/68) and √TA “that, there, then” (PE17/93; Ety/TA), though in Tolkien’s earliest writings √TA seems to mean “this” (QL/87). Two more roots tied to demonstratives were √YA and √EN, the former for demonstratives “pointing back” (PE17/66; Ety/YA; QL/105) and the latter for demonstratives “pointing forward or beyond” (Ety/EN; VT41/16). In Quenya the root √YA lost most of its demonstrative function, coming to be used primarily for relative pronouns:

              @@ -94882,7 +94934,7 @@ There was also a “general purpose” demonstrative en used in combinati

              This general continuity of pronominal roots masks a lot of variation in derived forms, however. The on-again off-again demonstrative nature of sa is noted above, but there were various minor shifts in meaning and function for derivatives of other roots as well, along with tangents into still more roots. For example, in some late notes Tolkien introduced primitive ✶khĭn- as an explanation of S. hí “now”, and gave it a Quenya derivative hí “here” (VT49/34). Whether this was an enduring or transient idea is unclear.

              Analyzing the evolution of the derivatives for demonstrative roots is difficult, as many of the demonstrative paradigms Tolkien wrote about are still unpublished except as fragments within discussions of unrelated documents. Hopefully future publications will provide more information.

              Neo-Quenya: As outlined above, I would advocate using derivatives of √SI and √TA as the near and far demonstratives in Quenya. I would also use ᴹQ. enta for a third remote demonstrative. I would avoid sa-demonstratives in Neo-Quenya, but I would not reject them as part of Neo-Eldarin in general, because they are the most likely basis for the best-known Sindarin demonstratives.

              ]]>               - @@ -94892,7 +94944,7 @@ There was also a “general purpose” demonstrative en used in combinati               - + Derived verbs, as opposed to basic verbs, are those formed by adding some kind of verbal suffix to another word or root. The root may be verbal or non-verbal (noun or adjective). Strictly speaking, the derived verbs are not themselves a distinct verb class, but are rather a collection of similar and related verbal classes. Nevertheless it is useful to have a term for grouping grammatical features common to many types of verbs. The major classes of derived verbs are the causatives, formatives and “derivative” verbs based on adjective or noun stems (an unfortunately similarity in terminology).

              Causatives: The causatives are the result of adding the causative suffixes -tā or -yā to another stem, verbal or otherwise: tul- “to come” vs. tulta- “to send for, fetch, summon, (lit.) cause to come”. Of the two suffixes, -tā is the more common. The resulting verbs are transitive (taking objects).

              Formatives: The formatives are the result of adding the suffixes -t(ă) or -y(ă) to a stem, and they are most commonly used with roots which for some reason cannot be used as verbs by themselves: orya- “rise” from the root √OR “up(wards)”. The suffix -y(ă) is more common, to better differentiate the causatives and the formatives. The resulting verbs are often intransitive (unable to take objects).

              @@ -94914,7 +94966,7 @@ There was also a “general purpose” demonstrative en used in combinati - + @@ -94926,7 +94978,7 @@ There was also a “general purpose” demonstrative en used in combinati - + @@ -94939,7 +94991,7 @@ There was also a “general purpose” demonstrative en used in combinati - + @@ -94955,7 +95007,7 @@ There was also a “general purpose” demonstrative en used in combinati - + @@ -95025,7 +95077,7 @@ There was also a “general purpose” demonstrative en used in combinati - + The Quenya dual form is a special plural used for when there are exactly two of the items in question: atanu “two men”, lasset “both leaves”. It can be translated as “two”, “both” or “(the) pair of”. It is used most frequently with items that are a “natural pair”, such as body parts:

              • hendu “two eyes”, sg. hen (WJ/337).
                • @@ -95167,6 +95219,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou ³ Nouns whose last consonant cluster contains t, d change final -t to -s.
                The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with various assimilations.

                The occasional replacement of -t by -s in these declensions seems to be an earlier (1920s and 30s) solution to Quenya’s dislike of sequential dental stops, which in Late Quenya (1950+) was handled by choosing u-duals over t-duals.

                +

                We don’t have a lot of examples of how consonantal duals might have been formed in Tolkien’s later writings: the two best examples hendu “eyes” and hlaru “ears” are likely based on ancient “natural” u-dual forms, and don’t give much information on how duals would be formed for “ordinary” consonantal nouns. There is, however, a set of deleted “genitive honorifics”: -táro, -tárion, -táruo from base -tar in a set of notes from late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/58). This implies (a) consonantal nouns use u-duals and (b) singular noun case forms are added to the u-dual. That’s the system I currently recommend until further evidence appears.

                Neo-Quenya: Many other Neo-Quenya courses (including those of Helge Fauskanger, Thorsten Renk and Tamas Ferencz) suggest that consonantal nouns should also use t-duals with a joining vowel -e-: atanet “two men”, as opposed to my suggestion of atanu above. I believe this use of a joining vowel was originally popularized by Helge Fauskanger in his Quenya Course, and from there has infiltrated many Neo-Quenya documents.

                There is no evidence that Tolkien ever used this formation, however, and I think it is more likely Quenya used the u-dual in such circumstances. In fairness to other Neo-Quenya authors, Tolkien did say the u-dual was originally used for “natural pairs” (Let/427, PE21/73) and most of the Late Quenya (1950+) u-dual examples fall into that category (body parts). I am of the opinion that this ancient distinction was mostly lost by the Parmaquesta/Tarquesta period. The consonantal inflections from the 1920s and 30s mostly use u-duals, with the exception of version 5c which seems to use a joining vowel -a-.

                ]]> - + @@ -96482,7 +96535,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - @@ -96491,7 +96544,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - @@ -97001,7 +97054,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - @@ -97176,7 +97229,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - A verb in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s, a combination of ᴹ✶et “out” and ᴹ✶kelu- “flow, well up” (PE22/103), whose phonological developments mirrored ehtelë.

                + A verb in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s, a combination of primitive ᴹ✶et “out” and ᴹ✶kelu- “flow, well up” (PE22/103), whose phonological developments mirror ehtelë.

                Conceptual Development: It seems to be a later iteration of (archaic) ᴱQ. †kektelu- “bubble up” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a verb form of ᴱQ. †kektele “fountain” (QL/46).

                ]]>                 @@ -97354,6 +97407,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou + @@ -97491,6 +97545,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou page-id="588522081"> A verb for “awake” appearing in its past or perfect form ekkoitanie “might awake” in Koivienéni sentence from the late 1930s (VT27/7), probably a combination of ᴹQ. et “out” and the verb ᴹQ. koita-.

                Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer to use the verb ᴺQ. cuita- for “to waken, rouse”.

                ]]>                 + @@ -98465,7 +98520,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + @@ -99414,7 +99469,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou                 - @@ -99422,7 +99477,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou gloss="first day of the Eldarin six-day week">                 - @@ -99667,6 +99722,68 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou + + In Quenya a short final vowel is sometimes lost before another word beginning with a vowel, a phenomenon known as elision. Examples appear for many combinations of vowels:

                + +

                Where these losses occur, they are for vowels that carry little-to-no semantic weight. Examples include:

                + +

                As a further example, at one point Tolkien seems to have explained the conjunction ar “and” as the result of ancient aða or asa, which became ara reduced by elision to ar’ before vowels and then generalized to the form ar before consonants: “Quenya ‘and’ ar is for as(a), in sandhi [alternate form based on position] before vowel” (PE17/41). There are, however, examples similar to the above where elision does not occur:

                + +

                This inconsistency makes it hard to determine a pattern, but I think elision is likely to occur in the following circumstances (from most to least likely):

                +
                  +
                • With disyllabic prepositions like imbe “between”, imbi “among”, ara “beside”, epe “before”: ar’ i mindon “beside the tower”.
                  • +
                • With the allative suffix -nna and possibly -llo and -sse as well (though there are no examples): ciryann’ earenduro “to the ship of the mariner”.
                  • +
                • With adjectives preceding the noun they modify, especially longer adjectives before longer words: vanim’ ambarónë “a beautiful dawn”
                  • +
                • With an uninflected aorist verb or infinitive preceding the definite article i: i atan mat’ i massa “the man eats the bread”
                  • +
                • For nouns only in cases where they function as a pseudo-prefix in a name, the only example being Nand’ Ondoluncava above, though vowel losses are often seen in actual compounds.
                  • +
                +

                I also think elision is most likely when (a) the two vowels are identical, (b) it involves two short words that can be pronounced as a unit, or (c) for longer words when the result would not cause the primary stress of both words to become adjacent. I think the elision of pronouns in Quenya prayers of the 1950s were a transient idea, and I wouldn’t use it in Quenya writing generally (there are counter-examples within the prayers themselves, and no examples outside the prayers). I also think elision probably occurs more freely in poetry, especially when it aids the poetic meter. I think it is likely that elision is never fully required, and that you always have the option of pronouncing all vowels when speaking slowly and distinctly.

                +

                Elision with i “the”: It seems that the definite article i is generally not elided before vowels, even when the following vowel is identical: sustane Manweo súle ten i indo Sindicollo “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol” (NM/239). However, i might be elided if the preceding vowel is i or e. We have two examples of this:

                + +

                In the first example, the preposition mi “in” simplifies to mí with long í when preceding a definite article (mi i); Tolkien glossed mī as “in the” for the prose version of Namárie making it clear it included the definite article. Since mi is the only monosyllabic preposition ending in i, it is likely unique in this respect; any polysyllabic prepositions like imbi would likely undergo elision instead.

                +

                The second example is especially interesting, since ’n is a particularly abnormal form for the definite article. There is at least one other example of a variant definite article in being used before a vowel: mana i·coimas in·Eldaron “what is the ‘coimas’ of the Eldar”. Thus it seems in cases where the article i is “squeezed” between two vowels it might further reduce to ’n: utúlie i aurë → utúlie in aurë → utúlie’n aurë. Hat tip to Raccoon on the notion that this ’n is a definite article; I first got the idea from his discussion of the definite article, though my guesses on the mechanics of its appearance are not exactly the same as his.

                +

                Elision with ar “and”: We have one example of elision of the infinitive of an a-stem verb before the conjunction ar “and”: cuita’r pare “live and learn” (PE22/154). It is not clear why this is cuita’r and not cuit’ ar (analogous to á þak’ i fende above), since the pronunciation would be the same. Perhaps in this case the final vowel of the verb is considered more semantically significant than the vowel of ar. In any case, it seems that for pronunciation the two a’s would merge in this circumstance as well.

                +

                This kind of elision of the initial letter of ar is not a universal phenomenon, however: sínen i·anda nyarne metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” (Minor-Doc/1955-CT).

                +

                Conceptual Development: There are examples of elision in Tolkien’s earlier writing, but not enough information to determine if there were any conceptual shifts on how and when it occurred. Elision does seem to be more frequent in the 1950s and 60s than it was earlier, however.

                +

                One significant exception to this are the subject pronoun prefixes from the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, which underwent modification or elision when appearing before verbs beginning with vowels (PE14/86). There is no evidence of such elision in Tolkien’s brief restoration of subject prefixes in the late 1940s (for example in the Quenya Verbal System, PE22/99-127), but that could just be lack of examples.

                ]]>                 + + + + + + + +                 @@ -99730,7 +99847,6 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou @@ -99823,7 +99939,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - Younger brother of and , and grandfather of in one version of that character’s history (UT/233, WJ/350). The meaning of this name is unclear, but it could be a combination of “star” and the suffix “person”.

                ]]>                 + Younger brother of and , and grandfather of Celeborn in one version of that character’s history (UT/233, WJ/350). The meaning of this name is unclear, but it could be a combination of “star” and the suffix “person”.

                ]]>                 @@ -100158,7 +100274,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + In addition to ordinary independent pronouns, Quenya has a set of emphatic pronouns that resemble the subject suffixes with a vocalic augment, e- or i-:

                @@ -100215,7 +100331,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou

                Neo-Quenya: For the purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would form emphatic pronouns by adding an e-augment to subject suffixes, with the exception for forms attested with an i-augment: inye, inque, isse, inte. I would also use *itye for the 2nd person singular familiar emphatic pronoun, based on the (probably abandoned) 2nd person singular familiar emphatic pronoun ilke. I would use 3rd singular isse over esse, to better disambiguate it from esse “name”. If you prefer the 3rd plural subject suffix -lte over -nte, I would recommend *ilte as its emphatic form based on its possessive suffix *-(i)lta (VT49/17).

                ]]> - @@ -100859,6 +100975,9 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou + + + @@ -101269,7 +101388,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + One special subgroup of vocalic nouns are those that end in the vowel e, or “e-nouns”. Frequently these have inflectional suffixes identical to those of other vocalic nouns, but they differ significantly in plural forms. In particular, they do not (normally) use the plural suffix -r, but instead form their plurals by changing their final e to i. The details of these forms and their historical developments are discussed in the entries on plural nouns and for the individual noun cases.

                Origins of e-nouns: There are two sets of primitive nouns that would produce e-nouns: those that primitively end in ē (and ĕ if this vowel survived into modern Quenya) and those that primitively end in ĭ, because short final [i], [u] became [e], [o] in the phonetic development of the Elvish languages. For purposes of discussion, let us label these subgroups as ē-nouns and ĭ-nouns. The second subgroup differs in its singular forms and in compounds, where the final ĭ is usually preserved. Thus for the nouns lasse “leaf” and súre (súri-) “wind”:

                  @@ -101297,7 +101416,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou

                But Tolkien indicated these were archaic variants, replaced by the forms of ē-nouns, with the ancient ĭ vowel preserved only in the singular adverbial cases: sirinta, sirillo, sirisse (the allative suffix was -nta in this conceptual period).

                Conceivably, similar inflections may exist in Late Quenya, so that the genitive singular of súre might be *súryo rather than *súrio. I consider that unlikely, however, and would use súrio in my own Neo-Quenya writing.

                ]]>                 - + @@ -101653,7 +101772,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + @@ -102965,8 +103084,8 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - hrón (sometimes rhón) with the sense “body”, but it was altered >> , later >> (MR/231). The sense of hrón was changed to the “substance, matter” of Arda, but this was later changed >> orma (MR/218), which was elsewhere .]]> - + hrón (sometimes rhón) with the sense “body”, but it was altered >> , later >> (MR/231). The sense of hrón was changed to the “substance, matter” of Arda, but this was later changed >> orma (MR/218), which was elsewhere .]]> + @@ -103633,9 +103752,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - - - + @@ -104413,7 +104530,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + @@ -109172,9 +109289,9 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - - A word appearing as fā in 1968 notes on primitive monosyllables as a derivative of ✶phā “breath, puff of breath” (VT47/35). Tolkien said this word survived in Quenya, but in a later sentence he wrote Q. fawa, foa, perhaps indicating its more common form was foa. The form foa appeared unglossed in 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD), and also in 1957 Quenya Notes (QN) as a derivative of √PHAW “emit (foul breath etc.)” and an element in foalóke, probably = “*breath-dragon” (PE17/181). As such, I consider foa the most likely Quenya form and “breath, puff of breath” its most likely meaning.

                + A word appearing as fā in 1968 notes on primitive monosyllables as a derivative of ✶phā “breath, puff of breath” (VT47/35). Tolkien said this word survived in Quenya, but in a later sentence he wrote Q. fawa, foa, perhaps indicating its more common form was foa. The form foa appeared unglossed in 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD), and also in 1957 Quenya Notes (QN) as a derivative of √PHAW “emit (foul breath etc.)” and an element in foalóke, probably = “*breath-dragon” (PE17/181). As such, I consider foa the most likely Quenya form and “breath, puff of breath” its most likely meaning.

                Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, this word appeared as ᴱQ. foa “hoard, treasure” under the early root ᴱ√FOƷO “hide, hoard, store up, lay up in secret”, also as an element in ᴱQ. Foalôke as the name of a dragon (QL/38).

                ]]>                 @@ -109202,9 +109319,9 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + - + @@ -109229,13 +109346,13 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - - + +                 - - + @@ -109248,7 +109365,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + @@ -109256,7 +109373,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + @@ -109559,7 +109676,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + Common Eldarin had another competing syntax for indicating continuous action, a “frequentative” form made by reduplicating the initial part of the verb stem; I use the term frequentative for this formation based on the gloss of the verb sisíla- “shine (frequentative)” (MC/223). This formation (perhaps) became the present continuous tense in Telerin, but did not become its own verb tense in Quenya or Sindarin, as described by Tolkien in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s:

                Reduplication often, accompanied by lengthening or fortification, or by “dynamic” lengthening of one of the base-consonants, was another feature. The latter method did not in Quenya or Sindarin become a part of normal conjugation, but was used rather to produce new independent stems with conjugations of their own. Thus mammata- “to gobble up”, or “to go on eating, gorge oneself”. But the “repetitive” form, made with reduplication; and gemination of the second basic consonant was so frequent in Quenya as to be virtually part of the system of normal basic verbs: so tutulla- “to keep on coming (and going)”. In Telerin reduplication without gemination was the normal way of forming continuous presents: mamāta- “is eating” (PE22/130).

                A very similar description appeared in Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure (EVS1) from the late 1940s (PE22/95). There are numerous examples of these frequentative Quenya verbs in Tolkien’s writing from the 1940s, 50s and 60s, but the exact methods of forming these verbs seems to vary:

                @@ -109589,9 +109706,9 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou

                It was revised to:

                Repetitives are not often made from this type of stem. If so they [are] made usually only from talt-stems (PE22/115).

                It is probably safer to limit frequentatives to basic verbs and a-stem verbs.

                -

                Neo-Quenya: I personally find the frequentatives of the form sisilla (with lengthened or strengthened final consonants) to be the most aesthetically pleasing, but these appear mainly in the Quenya Verbal System written in the late 1940s and published in 2015. Frequentatives of the form sisíla (with lengthened stem vowels) are probably more popular, since (a) they appear in the version of the Markirya written in the late 1960s which was (b) published in 1983 so that this variation has been known to the Quenya-speaking community for much longer.

                +

                Neo-Quenya: I personally find the frequentatives of the form sisilla (with lengthened or strengthened final consonants) to be the most aesthetically pleasing, but these appear mainly in the Quenya Verbal System written in the late 1940s and published in 2015. Frequentatives of the form sisíla (with lengthened base vowels) are probably more popular, since (a) they appear in the version of the Markirya written in the late 1960s which was (b) published in 1983 so that this variation has been known to the Quenya-speaking community for much longer.

                I think the two forms for frequentatives can coexist, derived from competing Common Eldarin formations along with other variations like mammata. Tolkien’s notes in EVS2 do encompass all these variations in Common Eldarin: “Reduplication often, accompanied by lengthening or fortification [of the vowel], or by dynamic lengthening of one of the base-consonants, was another feature” (PE22/129).

                ]]>                 - + @@ -109710,7 +109827,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + The Quenya future tense refers to events occurring in the future: i atan matuva, matuvan “the man will eat, I will eat”. The English future tense uses a helping verb “will”, but the Quenya future tense has its own conjugation, with the suffix -uva.

                Origins of the Future Tense: Tolkien discussed the origins of the future tense in a number of places. Unlike the other verb tenses, the Quenya future did not originate in Common Eldarin (CE), as described in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s:

                Future. All the Eldarin languages express, or in their older periods expressed, a simple future inflexionally, but the inflexions and patterns are different in each. It is thus probable that the development had not been completed at the time of the separation of the branches. In CE the future could still be expressed evidently by the aorist with defining adverbs (see above), and some of the habitual collocations were already hardening into fixed agglutinated groups on the way to becoming inflexional; while there were also probably some verbal expressions, like English “will go, am going to say” (PE22/131).
                @@ -109749,7 +109866,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + @@ -109779,7 +109896,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + The Quenya genitive is formed with the suffix -o and is roughly equivalent to the English preposition “of”. Tolkien talked about the circumstances in which the genitive would be used at some length in his Quendi and Eldar essay written in the 1960s, mostly comparing it to the possessive case (WJ/368-369):

                This was the source of the most used “genitive” inflexion of Quenya. Properly it was used partitively, or to describe the source or origin, not as a “possessive”, or adjectivally to describe qualities; but naturally this “derivative genitive” (as English of) could be used in many circumstances that might have possessive or adjectival implications, though “possession” was indicated by the adjectival suffix -va, or (especially in general descriptions) by a “loose compound”. Thus “Oromë’s horn” was róma Oroméva (if it remained in his possession); Oromë róma would mean “an Oromë horn”, sc. one of Oromë’s horns (if he had more than one); but róma Oromëo meant “a horn coming from Oromë”, e.g. as a gift, in circumstances where the recipient, showing the gift with pride, might say “this is Oromë’s horn”. If he said “this was Oromë’s horn”, he would say Oroméva. Similarly lambe Eldaron would not be used for “the language of the Eldar” (unless conceivably in a case where the whole language was adopted by another people), which is expressed either by Elda-lambe or lambe Eldaiva.

                @@ -109807,7 +109924,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou
                - +
                GenitivesSg.Du.Part. Pl.Pl.
                vocalic: ciryaciryociryatociryalionciryaron
                e-noun: lasselasseolassetolasselionlassion
                consonantal: atanatanoatanuoatanélionatanion
                consonantal: atanatanoatanuoatallionatanion

                The consonantal dual form -uo is attested in a deleted honorific dual suffix -táruo (PE17/58).

                Note that nouns with er-plurals (those ending in -ie and -le) would form their genitive plural with -eron, often with prosodic lengthening: tyaliéron “of the plays”. However, there are examples of e-nouns that form their genitive plural with -eron rather than the expected -ion for no clear reason: esseron (VT42/17), Ingweron (PM/340), Wenderon (VT44/18). As discussed under plural nouns, I would treat these aberrant er-plural forms as irregular, but given their frequency they may be a competing formation (either in-universe or in Tolkien’s conception of Quenya).

                @@ -109892,7 +110009,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + @@ -109911,7 +110028,7 @@ The parenthetic consonantal suffixes often added only the short form with variou - + The basic verbal noun in Quenya is the gerund, formed from the verb stem using the suffix -ie, roughly equivalent to English “-ing”. This English suffix is also used to form the active participle, but Quenya has a different suffix for that. Compare “eating is good” matie mára (ná) [gerund] vs. “the eating man” i matila nér [active participle]. The English suffix “-ing” is ambiguous between the gerund and active participle; the Quenya gerundial suffix -ie is ambiguous in a different way, since it resembles the suffix used to form the Quenya perfect tense. The Quenya gerund and perfect can be distinguished, though, by other features of the perfect inflection:

                ı̯e as verbal ending “-ing” should only be added to aorist stem. Hence matie “eating” is distinct from [perfect] (a)mátie “have eaten” (PE17/13).

                The gerundial suffix is derived from ancient -(i)yē, as described by Tolkien in several places:

                @@ -110034,7 +110151,7 @@ mólome).

                The next set of clear gerunds in the published corpus date from the 1940s: kariemma “our doing” (PE17/14) and the QVS examples given above. Hereafter, Tolkien seems to have stuck mainly with -ie gerunds, with occasional alternate suffixes as described in the section on Other Gerund Suffixes above.

                Neo-Quenya: Our best source of information about how gerunds function is from the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) document written in 1948, as discussed above. This document predates certain shifts in Tolkien’s conception of the language: the restoration of pronominal subject suffixes (over prefixes), the change of the verb “to be” from ye- to ná-, and the introduction of the particular infinitive. As such, it takes some extrapolation to interpret how the rules described in QVS might apply to Quenya grammar as Tolkien imagined after the publication of The Lord of the Rings. These extrapolations are embedded in the main text above, where they also help explain the original rules as Tolkien imagined them in QVS.

                ]]>                 - + @@ -110359,7 +110476,7 @@ mólome). - + The half-strong verbs use many of the same inflections as weak verbs, but have strong past tenses formed by modifying the verb stem. Most verbs with half-strong conjugations are formative verbs, which are the result of adding the suffixes -t(ă) or -y(ă) to a root. They are most commonly used with roots that cannot be verbs by themselves, such as: orta- “rise” from the root √OR “up(wards)” (PE22/114, 164). They are also used with verbs whose roots end in y or w that would otherwise be very awkward to conjugate: caita- “to lie (down)” (PE22/157), [ᴹQ.] lauta- “to abound” (PE22/103). The formatives are frequently intransitive verbs, which sometimes leads to variant transitive/intransitive past tenses: ortane “raised” (transitive and weak) vs. oronte “rose” (intransitive and half-strong).

                One comprehensive set of conjugations for formative verbs appears in Late Notes on Verb Structure from 1969 (PE22/164), but many of these appear in slightly different forms in notes from the mid-1960s (PE17/77). The inflections for ta-formatives and ya-formatives are also not quite the same as each other:

                  @@ -110384,7 +110501,7 @@ mólome).
                  This was originally formed “strong” with n-intrusion before the last consonant: as sirya: sirinye “flowed”; talta: talante. Where the stem was of √AT type this past could be made from ’ta-form: as orta: *rontē “rose”; ista: sinte “knew”. But few examples — only sinte “knew” is common — survive; the usual form is oronte “rose” (PE22/115).

                  Thus, typical half-strong past tenses were formed as sirya (< ✶sir-yă) → sirinye (< ✶sir-(i)-n-y-e), where the past tense inflection n-e was split before and after the formative suffix and an extra base vowel was inserted for pronounceability. For verbs made from invertible roots like ortă and istă, the past tense might instead be made from the inverted root, as noted above: ronte or sinte. Of these alternate forms, only sinte “knew” was widely used, so these variants can be treated as irregular.

                  Some half-strong verbs formed their past tenses (that is as strong pasts) by dropping the formative suffix entirely and inflecting the root as if it were a basic verb. This is most common with formatives produced from roots ending in Y or W: caita (< ✶kay-tă) → past caine (< ✶kay-ne); [ᴹQ.] lauta → past laune (PE17/72; PE22/103). This pattern is occasionally seen in other verb forms like menta → past mennē (PE17/93). These strong past tenses were probably favored, especially for Y and W roots, because the normal inflections could produce past tenses heavily obscured by various phonetic changes: ✶kay-tă → past ✶kayante > ceante (PE22/164), past ✶áwa-n-tē > oante (WJ/366).

                  -

                  Perfect Tense: The perfects of formatives tend to replace the final a with the perfect suffix -ie but otherwise follow the pattern of basic verbs: adding a base-vowel augment and (if possible) lengthening the stem vowel: nahta → anahtie, sirya → isírie. Such base-vowel lengthening is not possible for ta-formatives, but in ya-formatives the suffixal y merged with the perfect suffix -ie. In effect, the perfect was made from the root (√SIR) and vowel lengthening was possible. In some cases ta-formatives also have strong perfects derived from the root: compare simple perfect (is)istie vs. strong perfect isísie, two variant perfects of ista- (PE22/164).

                  +

                  Perfect Tense: The perfects of formatives tend to replace the final a with the perfect suffix -ie but otherwise follow the pattern of basic verbs: adding a base-vowel augment and (if possible) lengthening the base vowel: nahta → anahtie, sirya → isírie. Such base-vowel lengthening is not possible for ta-formatives, but in ya-formatives the suffixal y merged with the perfect suffix -ie. In effect, the perfect was made from the root (√SIR) and vowel lengthening was possible. In some cases ta-formatives also have strong perfects derived from the root: compare simple perfect (is)istie vs. strong perfect isísie, two variant perfects of ista- (PE22/164).

                  There are also examples of half-strong verbs whose perfects are formed directly from the past tense, similar to weak verbs: caine → acainie perfect of caita- (PE22/157) or sinte → isintie, which is yet another variant perfect for ista- (PE17/77). Both these examples have variants following more normal patterns, isistie and acaitie, so they may represent irregular forms or conceptual vacillations.

                  Present Tense: In Late Notes on Verb Structure from 1969, Tolkien gave some rather surprising present tenses for formative verbs, using suffixal -ia or -ya, such as present tense forms ortia, nahtia, síria (PE22/164) or ortya, caitya, istya (PE22/159). Present tense forms like these are seen nowhere else in the published corpus. Tolkien gave the origin of these forms as [or]tiyan > ortian, apparently from a primitive present suffix -iya. Elsewhere Tolkien said the primitive present tense suffix for derived verbs was ✶-ayā (PE17/77, 186) which became -ea through normal phonetic developments. Indeed, ā́ya appeared in the very same page as the ia-present forms (PE22/164 note #103). This page also included a hard-to-read statement saying something like “make Q. ea as present tense invade other forms”.

                  In earlier notes from the mid-1960s, the present tense for formatives used the suffix -ea (PE17/77), so it seems this ia-presents were a new concept introduced around 1969. It is not clear whether Tolkien intended these ia-forms to become the new present tense for formatives, whether he imagined they were archaic and replaced by ea-forms, or whether this was all a transient idea.

                  @@ -110424,7 +110541,7 @@ mólome).

                  Since we don’t know much about Early Qenya verb classes, it is hard to tell whether these variations represent distinct verb classes, conceptual vacillations or other irregularities. Tolkien began distinguishing the formatives (-tă, -yă) from the causatives (-tā, -yā) in the Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure written in the 1940s, though the terminology was not yet clearly established (PE22/98). A distinct class of half-strong formative verbs also appeared in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/113-115), already with past tenses like sirinye as described above.

                  In QVS, Tolkien lumped these formative “half-strong” verbs together with talat-stem verbs since their conjugations were nearly identical. In later documents the development of their conjugations were more distinct, especially in Late Notes on Verb Structure from 1969 (PE22/164). See the discussion in the entry on talat-stem verbs for more details on the conjugations of that verb class.

                  Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would ignore the ia-present forms from PE22/164 and assume they were either archaic or transient ideas. I would use the ea-present forms from PE17/77 instead, consistent with other derived verbs. I would, however, retain the half-strong past forms, as these are well established. Of course, one caveat is that it is not always possible to determine which verbs are half-strong and which are weak. One possible rule of thumb is that any ta-verb or ya-verb that is not a causative or based directly on a noun or adjective is probably a half-strong verb, especially if it is intransitive.

                  ]]> - + @@ -111597,7 +111714,7 @@ mólome). - + @@ -111866,7 +111983,7 @@ mólome). neo-version="0.8.4" page-id="2973500611" mark="!"> - + @@ -111935,7 +112052,7 @@ mólome). page-id="477041291" mark="!"> A neologism for “nest” coined by Tamas Ferencz, an elaboration of Q. aiwë “bird”.

                  ]]>                   - +                   @@ -112062,7 +112179,7 @@ mólome).                   - A term for the Eldar who remained behind in Beleriand (WJ/365). In Quenya, it became a technical term, rarely used in everyday speech (WJ/374). It was originally derived from “one lost or forsaken”, reformed to Hecel (pl. Heceldi) after the pattern of terms like (WJ/364).

                  + A term for the Eldar who remained behind in Beleriand (WJ/365). In Quenya, it became a technical term, rarely used in everyday speech (WJ/374). It was originally derived from                   “one lost or forsaken”, reformed to Hecel (pl. Heceldi) after the pattern of terms like (WJ/364).

                  Conceptual Development: A similar term “The Forsaken” appeared in earlier writing (MR/169-170). Ecelli was in all cases replaced by other words: (MR/170) or Sindar (MR/175). Nevertheless, it was probably the precursor to Hecel.

                  ]]>                   @@ -112141,6 +112258,7 @@ mólome).                   + @@ -112175,11 +112293,11 @@ mólome). page-id="4049004639" mark="^"> - + A verb in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as ᴱQ. hilkin “it freezes” based on the early root ᴱ√HḶKḶ, a variant of ᴱ√HELE (QL/39).

                  -

                  Neo-Quenya: Since there is no sign of ᴱ√HḶKḶ in Tolkien’s later writings, I think it is best is adapt this verb as ᴺQ. hel- “freeze” based directly on the later root √KHEL of ice words. Since the root is ice-related, I’d limit the meaning of this verb to the freezing of water and similar substances. For freezing weather, I’d use Q. nicu-.

                  ]]>                   +

                  Neo-Quenya: Since there is no sign of ᴱ√HḶKḶ in Tolkien’s later writings, I think it is best is adapt this verb as ᴺQ. hel- “freeze” based directly on the later root √KHEL of ice words. Since the root is ice-related, I’d limit the meaning of this verb to the freezing of water and similar substances. For freezing weather, I’d use Q. nicu-.

                  ]]> @@ -112366,7 +112484,7 @@ mólome). An adjective for “naked” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶skelnā under the root ᴹ√SKEL (Ety/SKEL). In the entry for ᴹ√SKAL¹ “screen, hide”, helda was glossed “stripped bare” and contrasted with ᴹQ. halda “veiled, hidden” (Ety/SKAL¹). This comparison is probably because Tolkien originally had ᴹQ. halla “naked” from the root ᴹ√SKAL, but this entry and its derivatives were deleted (EtyAC/SKEL).

                  -

                  Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use the helda “naked” in the sense of “*without clothes”, as opposed to parnë for “naturally bare or bald”. I would also use helda in the sense “*denuded”, in references to regions with plant growth removed.

                  +

                  Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use the word helda “naked” in the sense of “*without clothes”, as opposed to parnë for “naturally bare or bald”. I would also use helda in the sense “*denuded”, in references to regions with plant growth removed.

                  Conceptual Development: There are a couple earlier “naked” words beginning with h- in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: ᴱQ. hulin and ᴱQ. hulqa “naked” under the early root ᴱ√HULU “strip” (QL/41). Given the gloss “stripped bare” for helda in the 1930s, these 1910s words might be its precursors.

                  ]]>                   @@ -112497,7 +112615,7 @@ mólome).                   - @@ -114585,7 +114703,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                   - + @@ -114610,6 +114728,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                   + @@ -114622,7 +114741,8 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  + page-id="4127732747" + mark="!"> A neologism for “entrails, bowels” based on the early primitive word ᴱ✶ʒirdǝ from Early Noldorin Word Lists of the 1920s (PE13/144, 161).

                  ]]>                   @@ -115197,6 +115317,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                   + hlara- since the root SLAS is substantival]]> @@ -115434,7 +115555,9 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                                     - + @@ -115504,14 +115627,14 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                                     - - - + - A Quenya cognate of S. hlô appearing in The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s, rejected when Tolkien revised the primitive form {✶sloga >>} ✶loga and the Sindarin form {lhô >>} lô (VT42/9-10). I personally prefer the earlier form S. lhô which Tolkien used prior to 1968, and as such I think ᴺQ. hloa “flood, fenland” is salvagable for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, as a derivative of an s-prefixed variant of √LOG. See the entry on S. (h)lô for further discussion.

                  ]]>                   - + A Quenya cognate of S. lhô appearing in The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s, rejected when Tolkien revised the primitive form {✶sloga >>} ✶loga and the Sindarin form {lhô >>} lô (VT42/9-10). I personally prefer the earlier form S. lhô which Tolkien used prior to 1968, and as such I think ᴺQ. hlöa “flood, fenland” is salvagable for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, as a derivative of an s-prefixed variant of √LOG. See the entry on S. l(h)ô for further discussion.

                  ]]>                   + @@ -115789,7 +115912,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  A neologism for “to swallow” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT), derived from the root ᴹ√SLUK of the same meaning.

                  ]]>                                     -                   - + @@ -115896,11 +116019,11 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                                     - - + speech="n"> - + @@ -117372,10 +117495,10 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  - + - + - @@ -117554,8 +117677,8 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  - - + + @@ -117599,36 +117722,36 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                                     - - + - - A neologism for “cripple” coined by Helge Fauskanger in his Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT), a combination of Q. hroa “body” and Q. loica “failing”.

                  ]]>                   - + A neologism for “cripple” coined by Helge Fauskanger in his Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT), a combination of Q. hröa “body” and Q. loica “failing”.

                  ]]>                   +                   - - hroa “body” and some derivative of √MBAR “dwell”, perhaps meaning “*Body-dwelling”.]]> - + hröa “body” and some derivative of √MBAR “dwell”, perhaps meaning “*Body-dwelling”.]]> + - - A term for “the lore of the body and arts of healing” appearing in notes from 1965, first written hröanissë (NM/322). It is a combination of hroa “body” and nolmë “lore”.

                  ]]>                   - + A term for “the lore of the body and arts of healing” appearing in notes from 1965, first written hröanissë (NM/322). It is a combination of hröa “body” and nolmë “lore”.

                  ]]>                   + @@ -117636,16 +117759,16 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                                     - - A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2022 specifically for Eldamo as a replacement for ᴱQ. sarkuva, it is simply an adjectival form of Q. hroa “body”.

                  ]]>                   - + A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2022 specifically for Eldamo as a replacement for ᴱQ. sarkuva, it is simply an adjectival form of Q. hröa “body”.

                  ]]>                   + A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “corpor(e)al, bodily”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. sarko “living flesh, body” (QL/86).

                  ]]>                   - + @@ -118884,13 +119007,20 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                   - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + gloss="loud ringing noise"> - - + + + + + + @@ -119659,6 +119796,16 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                                     + + + + @@ -119691,9 +119838,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  - - - + @@ -119721,8 +119866,12 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  - - + + + + + + @@ -119741,8 +119890,12 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  - - + + + + + + @@ -119786,7 +119939,9 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  - + + + @@ -119797,7 +119952,9 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  - + + + @@ -119870,6 +120027,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  + @@ -119877,6 +120035,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  + @@ -122577,7 +122736,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                                     - + An imperative (command or request) in Quenya is typically formed using the imperative particle á, which generally precedes the aorist form of the verb: á tule “do come” (PE22/140), a laita te “praise them” (LotR/953), á na márie “be well”, the sentence formulation of namárië “farewell” (PE17/162). The imperative particle ā is of ancient origin, and it is the basis for the imperative in Sindarin as well. As Tolkien described it in the Quendi and Eldar essay written around 1960:

                  ā the imperative particle, being originally independent and variable in place, survived in S as ō > o (WJ/365).

                  Tolkien discussed the use of the imperative particle in some detail in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) written in the early 1950s, where he said:

                  @@ -122585,7 +122744,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                  Eldarin had no special imperative verbal forms. But it had some special imperative arrangements of word order. Command, or request, could of course be expressed by any aorist, present, or future verbal form with appropriate tones. But where the second person was concerned the real curt imperative of command was expressed by the aorist form without any pronominal affix at all: mati “eat!” queti “say!” orja “rise, get up, up!” In conjunction with this the particle ā (common in all Eldarin as a brief call to attention) could be used.

                  In Q. when this was added with suppression of aorist-present vowel the expression was very imperious or urgent: tulā́ “come at once!” oryā́ “get up”. Preceding the verb it was less imperious. Thus there was a gradation: á tule! “do come!”, tule! “come” tulā́ “come at once”.

        -

        In Quenya Verbal System (QVS) written in the late 1940s Tolkien also said “Politer requests were often put as future questions” (PE22/105); this technique of using questions for oblique requests is common in many languages, including English. There is also an expression mecin meaning “please” that can be added to requests, as in á þak’ i fende, mekin “close the door, please” (PE22/166). Thus ranging least to most polite:

        +

        In Quenya Verbal System (QVS) written in the late 1940s Tolkien also said “Politer requests were often put as future questions” (PE22/106); this technique of using questions for oblique requests is common in many languages, including English. There is also an expression mecin meaning “please” that can be added to requests, as in á þak’ i fende, mekin “close the door, please” (PE22/166). Thus ranging least to most polite:

        • Suffixed á: matá “eat!”
        • Simple aorist: mate “eat”
          • @@ -122654,7 +122813,7 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

          - + @@ -122674,11 +122833,11 @@ offspring” (GL/49).

                     - Both English and Quenya make use of “impersonal” verbs, which are verbs with no determinate subject. An obvious example in English is “it rains”. The verb “rains” describes the entire action, and there is not really any entity performing the act of “raining”. English addresses such situations by using “it” as an empty subject, because English cannot have a sentence without a subject. Quenya handles impersonal verbs somewhat differently, by omitting the subject entirely. Thus “it rains” in Quenya is simple the impersonal verb ule. This impersonal verb construction was described in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) written in the early 1950s:

          Where no subject was expressed or where the action was strictly impersonal, as in: “(it) rains, (it) seems”, the bare stem of the verb or tense was used without inflexion (PE22/128).
          -

          Quenya uses such impersonal verb constructions much more frequently than in English, including many situation where English would have a determinate subject. For example, Quenya has an impersonal verb ek- which means “there is a chance, opportunity or permission”, and it is used in situations where English might use the modal verbs “can” or “may”. Where in English you would say “I can do it”, in Quenya you would say eke nin kare sa, more literally “there is an opportunity for me to do that” (VT49/20). Alternately, in Quenya “I may do that tomorrow” is ekuva nin kare sa noa, literally “there will be a chance for me to do that tomorrow”. Other impersonal constructions include:

          +

          Quenya uses such impersonal verb constructions much more frequently than in English, including many situation where English would have a determinate subject. For example, Quenya has an impersonal verb ek- which means “there is a chance, opportunity or permission”, and it is used in situations where English might use the modal verbs “can” or “may”. Where in English you would say “I can do it”, in Quenya you would say eke nin kare sa, more literally “there is an opportunity for me to do that” (VT49/20). Alternately, in Quenya “I may do that tomorrow” is ekuva nin kare sa noa, literally “there will be a chance for me to do that tomorrow”. Other impersonal constructions include:

          • mára ná “[it] is good” (PE17/93).
          • mára tyen [ná] “[it] is good to you = you like it” (PE22/166).
            • @@ -122741,7 +122900,7 @@ dread, I fear (of future things)” (QL/102).

            If the agent needs to be expressed, it is put in the instrumental in conjunction with passive participles: i massa matina i Eldanen (ná) “the bread is eaten by the Elf”. For impersonal verbs, the dative is used for the purported subject, but that seems to only be the case for intrinsically impersonal verbs which have no determinant subject: eke nin kare sa “there is an opportunity for me to do that” (VT49/20). For “generic impersonal passive voice”, it is likely no purported subject is possible (or rather, if you want an explicit subject, you can only use active voice: Elda mate i massa “the Elf eats the bread”).

            Also of note is the fact that the indefinite pronoun mo can be used to avoid specifying a determinant subject. This is probably most common for general or proverbial statements: mo mate massa qui mo pene apsa “one eats bread if one lacks meat”. Based on the examples in QVS and LVS, it seems mo is often added as the phrase increases in complexity to avoid confusion: alasaila ná lá kare tai mo nave mára “it is unwise not to do what one judges good” (PE22/154). Colloquially, the inclusive “we” can be used the same way (PE22/154), much as English sometimes uses “you”: “you eat bread if you don’t have meat”; in Q. such expressions would use -lve “we (inclusive)”: matilve massa qui penilve apsa.

            It also seems that “plural impersonal” expressions are also possible (PE17/167), as in quetir Eldar vanime (nar) “they say Elves are beautiful”, but an indeterminate rather than specific “they”.

            ]]> - @@ -122964,7 +123123,7 @@ dread, I fear (of future things)” (QL/102). - + The “inceptive” verbs were intransitive verbs formed from an adjective or verb with the sense of “begin to, grow, become”, as in: “begin to fall”, “grow pale”, “become light, lighten”. Inceptives can be broken up into two groups: verbal inceptives and adjectival inceptives. In the 1950s Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) Tolkien gave two different ways to form inceptives: verbal inceptives formed with suffixes lu, ru, nu (PE22/136) and adjectival inceptives formed in ancient times with the consonantal suffixal -s (PE22/135).

            Verbal inceptives are formed from verb roots, and indicate the beginning of an action: “stand” vs. “begin to stand, stand up”; “sit” vs. “begin to sit, sit down”. In essence, they turn a normally continuous action into an instant action marking the beginning of that activity. The common verbal inceptive suffixes are lu, ru, nu, often in combination with the prefix et- “out”:

            The suffixes lu, ru, nu, mainly used after bases ending in sonants, and especially after final j of KAL-bases, had always an inceptive force: as in thillu, thilnu “shine out, appear (of stars etc.)”; √KOJ: et-koiru/lu “come to life”; √KUJ: et-kuinu “awake, wake up”; √KAJ: kainu “lie down”; √TUJ: tuilu “open (of buds, flowers)”. Contrast: koitā́ “bring to life”, kuitā́ “waken, rouse”; and káit-ă “lie, be on the ground” (PE22/136).
            @@ -122987,7 +123146,7 @@ dread, I fear (of future things)” (QL/102).

            The other inceptives described in EVS2 were u-verbs and the suffixes lu, ru, nu, as described above (PE22/136). These were primarily (exclusively?) verbal inceptives and have no particular phonological difficulties. These are the best verbal inceptives available in the published corpus.

            In the early 1950s Common Eldarin: Verb Structure Tolkien introduced the verbal and adjectival inceptives with suffixes lu, ru, nu vs -s (>> -rya) described above. Finally, Tolkien introduced yet another way to form adjectival inceptives in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 using -tă vs. causative -tā, also described above.

            Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I currently prefer the 1950s system described in EVS2 with verbal inceptives lu, ru, nu and adjectival inceptives -rya (past tense -nse) because they produce more distinct inceptive forms: Q. tancarya- “*become firm”, past tense tancanse vs. causative Q. tancata- “make firm”. The ancient inceptives with -s are also the best explanation of the Noldorin/Sindarin intransitive past tenses with -s. If, however, you prefer to use Tolkien “latest” system, then the 1969 system whereby causatives and adjectival inceptives are distinguished only in the past tense (inceptive ninquinte “became white” vs causative ninquitáne “made white”) is your best option.

            ]]>             - + @@ -123006,7 +123165,7 @@ dread, I fear (of future things)” (QL/102). - Quenya does not have an indefinite article, but it does have a set of indefinite pronouns: mo “some (indefinite) person” and ma “some (indefinite) thing”:

            @@ -123022,7 +123181,7 @@ dread, I fear (of future things)” (QL/102).

            These same 1940s documents had a generic personal definite pronoun ᴹQ. e. The pronoun e briefly reappeared in notes from the late 1960s as an indefinite personal pronoun, but was soon changed to mo (PE22/154 notes #57, 68). For the most part, in the 1950s and 60s Tolkien seem to use mo/ma for indefinite pronouns, as discussed above.

            Neo-Quenya: The use of mo/ma as indefinite pronouns is not very controversial, and they are usually interpreted as “someone, something”. This begs the question of how to express the concept of “anyone, anything”. There is another later pronoun aiquen glossed “if anybody, whoever” (WJ/372) which is often used in Neo-Quenya writing for “anybody”. From these we can extrapolate neologisms like ᴺQ. aima “anything” (from ma “a thing, something”), as well as ᴺQ. ailume “anytime” and ᴺQ. ainome “anyplace, anywhere” following the pattern of silume, talume and sinome, tanome.

            These introduce a problem for “sometime, someplace”, which can’t be easily generalized from mo/ma. The best options I’ve seen to date are ᴺQ. nalume “sometime” and ᴺQ. nanome “someplace” based on námo “somebody”, as suggested by Lokyt in a discussion on the Aglardh forums in late 2019. But this is all very deeply speculative, and may easily be overturned by future publications.

            ]]> - - + The simple infinitive in Quenya is just the uninflected aorist form of the verb: cen- → cene “to see”. Tolkien described the infinitive at length in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) composed in the early 1950s:

            This bare tense-stem functioned not only as the stem to which inflexions, mainly pronominal affixes, could be added, but also as the “infinitive” or object of another verb. Cf. English “give” in relation to “I give or gives”, and in such formulas as “I can give”. But this infinitive, or undefined tense-stem, could only be used as an object; it could not be declined as a noun, nor function as a subject. This situation, though arrived at by quite a different historical process, is again like English, “I can give (or give it)”, but “giving (or to give) is a mistake”; I have no “desire to give” or “thought of giving”.

            @@ -123542,7 +123701,7 @@ dread, I fear (of future things)” (QL/102). - + @@ -124819,7 +124978,7 @@ nasals, as in dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80).

            The last example provides some insight into the medial development of sl, sr. A related quote from the late 1960s appearing in the same document is:

            hl, hr, hw, hy. In compounds with clearly perceived prefixes (or between clearly analyzed and separate other elements) these remain (as voiceless l, r, w, y) as in ohlon (not ollon) “diphthong” from ŏ + hlōn “sound” (< *slōn) (VT48/29).
            -

            Thus it seems that the hl, hr could be preserved (or restored) in Tarquesta [TQ] compounds or grammatical formations, as opposed to the usual medial development of sl, sr > zl, zr > ll, rr. As pointed out by Patrick Wynne (VT48/34 note #29) there are examples of medial sr > rr in ancient compounds such as ✶ > Q. “Incarnates” (MR/350). Wynne likewise suggested that the compounds ᴹQ. and containing ᴹQ. (PM/135) may be a counterexample of the restoration of medial hr in TQ compounds, since as names of months they are unlikely to be ancient. However, there are other examples from the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (published after Wynne did his analysis) that clearly show the restoration of medial hl in verbal perfects:

            +

            Thus it seems that the hl, hr could be preserved (or restored) in Tarquesta [TQ] compounds or grammatical formations, as opposed to the usual medial development of sl, sr > zl, zr > ll, rr. As pointed out by Patrick Wynne (VT48/34 note #29) there are examples of medial sr > rr in ancient compounds such as ✶ > Q. “Incarnates” (MR/350). Wynne likewise suggested that the compounds ᴹQ. and containing ᴹQ. (PM/135) may be a counterexample of the restoration of medial hr in TQ compounds, since as names of months they are unlikely to be ancient. However, there are other examples from the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (published after Wynne did his analysis) that clearly show the restoration of medial hl in verbal perfects:

            • ahlázie perfect of ᴹQ. hlasta- (PE22/103).
            • ihlíkie perfect of ᴹQ. , replacing archaic †illīk[ie] (PE22/113).
              • @@ -124953,7 +125112,7 @@ nasals, as in dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80). - + The Quenya instrumental is formed with the suffix -nen and is roughly equivalent to English “with, by (means of)”. It indicates the instrument or means by which an action occurred, and hence cannot be used for “with” in the English sense of “accompanying” or “by” in the sense of “beside”:

              • ai! laurie lantar lassi súrinen “ah! like gold fall the leaves in (by agency of) the wind” (LotR/377; PE17/62).
                • @@ -124987,7 +125146,7 @@ nasals, as in dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80).InstrumentalsSg.Du.Part. Pl.Pl. vocalic: ciryaciryanenciryantenciryalínenciryainen e-noun: lasselassenenlassentenlasselínenlassínen -consonantal: atarataranen*atarúnen*atarelínen*atarínen +consonantal: atarataranen*atarúnen*atallinen*atarínen

                Monosyllabic u-duals would not show prosodic lengthening, for example: nat “thing”, natunen “by means of two things”. Consonantal nouns ending in -n probably assimilated to the instrumental: atan “man”, atannen “by means of a man”

                Forms marked with a * are unattested and hypothetical. Consonantal forms are especially speculative, including the singular inflection. See the Neo-Quenya section below for more discussion.

                @@ -125111,7 +125270,7 @@ nasals, as in dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80). - + @@ -125203,7 +125362,7 @@ nasals, as in dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80). - + Questions (interrogatives) in Quenya can be indicated by intonation alone, just like in English: túlalye? “you are coming?” However, more often they are marked with the interrogative particle ma. This particle was derived from the ancient root √MA, which was mentioned in several places (PE17/68, 162; VT47/19). Tolkien discussed its use in some detail in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969:

                Questions appear in Q. to have had in colloquial speech the same form as statements, distinguished in tone only, not by word order. But all questions could be preceded (and usually were in writing) by the particle ma (a always short) ... Where ma was used it had to be placed immediately before the subject or a verb with a pronominal subject inflexion, and this group normally came first (PE22/160-161).

                Thus ma túlalye “are you coming?” or ma i nér túla “is the man coming?” This default order can be modified for purposes of emphasis:

                @@ -125259,13 +125418,13 @@ nasals, as in dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80).The origin of mana “what” isn’t clear, but I suspect it is a nominalized adjective: ma + -na, much like sina “this” and tana “that”, the latter being usable as both an adjective (VT49/11) and pronoun (Ety/TA). Perhaps this is the case with mana as well, and both of the following are valid: mana meril “what do you want?” mana quile mára lyen (ná) “what/which colour do you like?” (lit. “is good to you?”). However, it is possible manima “of what sort” can also function as general interrogative adjectival “which, what”.

                ]]>                 - + - Interrogatives in Quenya were derived from the root √MA (PE17/68, 161-162; PM/357). This root also seems to be the basis for the neuter indefinite pronoun ma “something” (PE22/154). There are various interrogative forms derived from this root, many of which are simply the root with various Quenya noun case suffixes added:

                  @@ -125286,7 +125445,7 @@ nasals, as in dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80).ᴺQ. mava “whose” = ma + possessive -va.
                • ᴺQ. manan “why” = mana “what” + dative -n.
                ]]>                 - dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80). - - @@ -125681,11 +125838,6 @@ nasals, as in dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80). - - -                 dorno > norno (OP2, early 1950s, PE19/80).                 - + Quenya verbs show a number of irregularities and unexpected behaviors, especially in the past and present tenses. However, there are some verbs that, because of phonological peculiarities or their foundational natures, are more irregular than usual. Tolkien mentioned this in the Quenya Verbal System written in 1948:

                There are a number of verbal elements in Quenya (as in Eldarin generally) that are either of ancient type, of √TĀ-bases, not of the normal tal-form, or that have by loss of older consonants in Eldarin (e.g. ʒ, ñ) or in prehistoric Quenya (e.g. g), have assumed this simpler form. They are often important like the verb “to be”, or as auxiliaries, and modal verbs; but they have several irregularities, and are usually defective in one or more of the parts found in a full verb (PE22/122).

                Verbs that are irregular because of their phonetic character are discussed in the entries for individual verbs, such as the rather abnormal verb auta- “to depart, leave, pass away”. The conjugations of more foundational verbs are discussed in this entry, in particular those verbs for “to be” and “to not be”. For more information on how these verbs (or quasi-verbs) are used in a sentence, see the entries on the copula and the negative.

                @@ -126193,7 +126345,7 @@ Back to ú
                ū should be negative particle (VT44/4).

            The full essay where this last note appears remains unpublished.

            Neo-Quenya: The use of the verbs ná- and ea- is mostly uncontroversial, and is discussed in more detail in the entry on the copula. Negation in Neo-Quenya can be an extremely heated topic, though, with strong proponents on both sides. This issue is discussed in more detail in the entry on the negative.

            ]]>             - + @@ -126710,6 +126862,10 @@ Back to ú
                         + + + + @@ -127479,6 +127635,31 @@ Back to ú
                         + + + + + + + + + + + + + ]]> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -130923,7 +131104,7 @@ deceiving, tricking” (QL/45).

            ]]> A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “animal (adj.), bodily”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. koite (koisi-) “living thing, animal” (QL/48).

            ]]>             - + @@ -131015,7 +131196,7 @@ deceiving, tricking” (QL/45).

            ]]>             A word for “body” in notes on parts of the body from the 1920s (PE14/117).

            ]]>             - + @@ -131774,14 +131955,14 @@ deceiving, tricking” (QL/45).

            ]]>             - - + - + ]]> page-id="2887475803" mark="-"> - + @@ -134990,7 +135171,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc page-id="1271522255" mark="!"> *sĭnā, √TA > *tănā; Short/unstressed variants la, lá also possible, cf. si loa “this year” (PE22:168)]]> - + @@ -135025,14 +135206,14 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - - + @@ -135297,7 +135478,8 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - @@ -137274,7 +137456,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - + @@ -138028,6 +138210,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc + @@ -138326,7 +138509,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - + @@ -138712,7 +138895,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - A (transient) name given for the wife of Tulkas in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/65-7), who was normally given as . The meaning of the initial element is unclear, but the second element is “young” (MR/67).

            ]]>             + A (transient) name given for the wife of Tulkas in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/65-7), who was normally given as . The second element is “young” (MR/67), but meaning of the initial element is unclear. In a Discord chat on 2022-10-09, Lokyt suggested that Lëa might be derived from √ “flourish”.

            ]]> @@ -139243,6 +139426,34 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc             + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -139484,28 +139695,6 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - lamṇ, and acc - - + + @@ -142396,6 +142585,16 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc + + + + + + @@ -142407,7 +142606,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - @@ -143507,6 +143706,14 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc + + + + + Tolkien’s translation of the Litany of Loreto prayer into Quenya, composed sometime in the 1950s (VT43/7), first published in the “Words of Joy (Part Two)” article in Vinyar Tengwar #44 (VT44/12). Tolkien did not provide an English translation of the prayer; following the editors of the “Words of Joy” article, I used a modern English translation of the prayer.

            In the original prayer, the response “pray for us” (Q. arca atarmë) would have followed each line addressing Mary, but Tolkien only included this phrase in the first line where it appeared (a Aina Maria arca atarmë). Similarly, he abbreviated “have mercy on us” (Q. órava (o)messë) as o.o in the last line where it appeared.

            @@ -143752,7 +143959,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc             - @@ -143796,11 +144003,11 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - + A noun for “life” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√            LAWA, apparently an alternate name of ᴱQ. Vána (QL/52).

            ]]> - + @@ -143814,16 +144021,26 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc             - - - + + + + + + + - + The locative suffix -sse indicates location at the specified place, and is variously glossed “at, in, on”. Sometimes Tolkien also used the term inessive (“in”) and adessive (“on”) to refer to this case (PE21/68); the exact meaning is contextual. Thus Lóriendesse “in Lórien” (RGEO/58), ondolisse “on rocks” (MC/222), mahalmassen “on the thrones” (UT/305). The locative suffix can also be used temporally to indicate an event happening at a particular moment:

            • métim’ auresse “in the last morning [lit. day]” (MC/222).
              • @@ -143850,8 +144067,8 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc LocativesSg.Du.Part. Pl.Pl. vocalic: ciryaciryasseciryatseciryalisse(n)ciryassen e-noun: lasselassesselassetselasselisse(n)lassessen -consonantal: atanatanesse*atanusse*atanelisse(n)atanissen -consonantal (final s): ainas*ainasse*ainasusse*ainaselisse(n)*ainassen +consonantal: atanatanesse*atanusse*atallisse(n)atanissen +consonantal (final s): ainas*ainasse*ainasusse*ainallisse(n)*ainassen

              Forms marked with a * are unattested and hypothetical.

              Origins of the locative: As discussed in the entry on adverbial cases, the locative was originally just a suffix used to form adverbs from a noun. It was derived from the ancient element ✶sē “at” (VT43/30) which was “fortified” to ssē or stē (PE21/79), of which only -ssē was used in Quenya. There is a related Quenya case suffix -s whose exact function is unclear. See the entry on the s-case for further discussion.

              @@ -143939,7 +144156,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc show-element-of="true"/> - + @@ -143989,7 +144206,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc gloss="mid-year (Númenórean calendar), *(lit.) year-middle" cat="TM_FH" page-id="2953281353"> - + @@ -144005,7 +144222,6 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - A neologism for “cripple” coined by Helge Fauskanger in his Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT), a combination of Q. hroa “body” and Q. loica “failing”.

              ]]>               @@ -144611,7 +144827,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - A noun lóna glossed “pool, mere” derived from the root √LON and distinct in origin from Sindarin lô “flood” < √LOG (VT42/10).

              + A noun lóna glossed “pool, mere” derived from the root √LON and distinct in origin from Sindarin lô “flood” < √LOG (VT42/10).

              Conceptual Development: This word seems to be a remnant of Tolkien’s investigation into the origin of the river-name S. Lhûn (PE17/136-137; VT48/27-28), where Tolkien first considered having a related Quenya word hlōna “a river” (PE17/136), then another related word lōn(e) “deep pool or lake” (PE17/137), but this notion was rejected and Tolkien said:

              The stem (S)LOW- does not appear in Quenya, where it is replaced by √LŎNŎ, as in lōn/lōne (pl. lōni) “deep pool or river-feeding well” (PE17/137).

              This word and its derivation seems to have reemerged as lóna “pool, mere” in the notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s, as described above (VT42/10).

              ]]>               @@ -144843,7 +145059,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc               - + In the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of the late 1940s, Tolkien described a “long perfect” that developed along the same lines as the Quenya pluperfect (past perfect):

              A weak “pluperfect” was made in Quenya, by adding to the perfect participle the past-suffix -nḗ. So karnelyane “I was having made = I had made”; túlielyane “I had come”, lasselyane “I had heard”, etc.

              @@ -144861,7 +145077,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc

              The origin of the “long perfect” is rather convoluted. In QVS, Quenya had a complex system of compound tenses produced by combining various grammatical endings (see compound tenses for further details). In this document, Quenya had a suffix -lya that Tolkien labeled the imperfect participle, that “denoted (more or less) continuous action contemporary with that of the main verb” (PE22/107). It was added to the verb stem: karalya “doing, making”; tululya “coming”. The same suffix was used to produce a “perfect participle”, added to either the past or perfect verb form: karnelya “having done”; †tullelya, utúlielya “having come”. These “normally refer to an action that has been (or was) completed before the main action” (PE22/108).

              These perfect participles could be used to form a periphrastic (that is, indirect) perfect tense as in i nér (yé) karnelya “the man (is) having done [it] = has done [it]” (in QVS, yé was the verb for “to be”). In derived verbs, these periphrastic expressions became the norm: i nér (yé) ortanelya “the man (is) having raised [it]”. The perfect participle then developed into a verb form, with the final a becoming e by analogy with the normal past/perfect: karnelye, ortanelye. It seems that in exceptionally long verbs, this new perfect suffix -nelye could reduce to -lye: ampanotelye.

              Neo-Quenya: It is unlikely that the long perfect remained valid in Quenya as Tolkien conceived of it in the 1950s and 60s. I would not use this construction in Neo-Quenya, sticking with the ordinary perfect instead.

              ]]> - + @@ -145921,7 +146137,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc mark="^"> - + The word ᴱQ. luksor appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with the gloss “swamp, bog” as a derivative of the root ᴱ√LUKU (QL/56). It also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with just the gloss “swamp”.

              @@ -146591,7 +146807,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc               - + @@ -146793,8 +147009,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc mark="!"> - @@ -146803,12 +147018,13 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc

              Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s, the word for “heavy” was ᴱQ. “heavy” from the root ᴱ√ “support” (QL/88). In the (Early) Noldorin Dictionary from the 1920s, Tolkien introduced the form ᴱQ. “heavy” (PE13/163), but towards the end of that decade he used ᴱQ. lunga in notes associated with the poem (PE16/75).

              ᴹQ. reappeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s, this time as a derivative of ᴹ✶, consistent with the a-affection in its Noldorin cognate (Ety/LUG¹). At this point in time, was Doriathrin/Ilkorin rather than a Noldorin name (Ety/MAP), so there was no conflict with that name.

              After Tolkien abandoned the Ilkorin language, would have become a Sindarin name, and Tolkien needed a new etymology for it. Judging by its later Quenya cognate (VT47/19), it seems that Tolkien revised the primitive form of this word from ✶lungā to ✶lungŭ, as described above, possibly a restoration of its etymology from the 1920s. This meant there was no a-affection in the Sindarin development, making S. the Sindarin form of the word.

              -

              Neo-Quenya: I used to prefer lungo for the Quenya word for “heavy”, but the form lunga has been known for longer, and has the advantage of being directly attested, albeit only in earlier writings. There are also very few adjectives ending in o, and it is not clear how lungo would be inflected in (for example) a plural form. As a result, I now prefer lunga (pl. lungë) as the normal Quenya adjective for “heavy”. I only use lungu- in compounds.

              ]]> +

              Neo-Quenya: Some Neo-Quenya writers (including myself at various points) prefer the earlier adjective for “heavy”: ᴹQ. (Ety/LUG¹), since (a) it is directly attested and (b) has an obvious plural form lungë. Unfortunately, this earlier adjective is not compatible with S. . As such, I currently prefer Q. lungo, and would assume it has a plural form *lungwi similar to nouns like ᴹQ. (angu-), pl. angwi (Ety/ANGWA).

              ]]> + @@ -147142,7 +147358,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc               - @@ -148310,7 +148526,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc               - + @@ -149463,12 +149679,12 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc page-id="2651870539" mark="!"> - + - + @@ -149626,25 +149842,6 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The “popular” name of the god , appearing in a rejected section in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/18), a combination of “hand”, “red” and the adjective suffix .

              ]]> @@ -150556,10 +150753,10 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - + - + @@ -150868,7 +151065,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc A noun appearing as ᴱQ.               malo “moth” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from primitive ᴱ✶[mal]wǝ under the early root ᴱ√MALA “crush, squeeze, pulp” (QL/58). It had a plural malwi, and in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa it was given the stem form of malu-.

              -

              Neo-Quenya: This word conflicts with later words like ᴹQ. malo (malu-) “pollen, yellow powder” (Ety/SMAL) or “rust” (PE21/12; PE15/77), making its continued validity as “moth” rather questionable. However, the only other attested Elvish “moth” word is G. fufril of unclear etymology (GL/36), which is very challenging to adapt to Neo-Quenya. Thus I currently recommend retaining ᴺQ. malo for “moth”, as a derivative of the later root ᴹ√MBAL, but altering its stem form to malo- (< *mbalō) to make it more distinct from the “pollen, rust” words.

              ]]> +

              Neo-Quenya: This word conflicts with later words like ᴹQ. malo (malu-) “pollen, yellow powder” (Ety/SMAL) or “rust” (PE21/12; PE15/77), making its continued validity as “moth” rather questionable. However, the only other attested Elvish “moth” word is G. fufril of unclear etymology (GL/36), making it very challenging to adapt to Neo-Quenya. Thus I currently recommend retaining ᴺQ. malo for “moth”, as a derivative of the later root ᴹ√MBAL, but altering its stem form to malo- (< *mbalō) to make it more distinct from the “pollen, rust” words.

              ]]> @@ -151582,6 +151779,35 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc               + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The first line of the poem (MC/221). The first word is “who” (men [sic] in the published version, likely a mistake) followed by the future tense of the verb “to see”. The object of the phrase is the noun “ship”, preceded by the adjective “white”. In the published version, the adjective is given in the plural form fáne, but this may be a mistake, as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL/Markirya).

              @@ -152258,7 +152484,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc - +               @@ -152529,6 +152755,7 @@ beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and acc + @@ -156111,6 +156338,7 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i + @@ -157722,9 +157950,9 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i - The second line of the poem (MC/221). The first word is “last”, followed by the ablative of “beach” and the present tense of the verb “to cut”. The sense of the ablative (“from”) is not reflected in the English translation of the phrase. Helge Fauskanger suggested that in this context, the verb cir- might mean “sail” (AL/Markirya, QQ/círa), which is consistent with the verb usage in the Early Qenya versions of the poem.

              + The second line of the               poem (MC/221). The first word is “last”, followed by the ablative of “beach” and the present tense of the verb “to cut”. The sense of the ablative (“from”) is not reflected in the English translation of the phrase. Helge Fauskanger suggested that in this context, the verb cir- might mean “sail” (AL/Markirya, QQ/círa), which is consistent with the verb usage in the Early Qenya versions of the poem, but I think círa might have a sense like “cleaving [from]”.

              Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

              -
              métima hresta-llo cír-a = “*last beach-from sail-(present)”
              ]]> +
              métima hresta-llo cír-a = “*last beach-from cleave-(present)”
              ]]> @@ -157793,6 +158021,7 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i + @@ -159594,12 +159823,12 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i mark="!"> - - + - + @@ -159614,11 +159843,11 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i - - A term for those (Men and Elves) with naturally embodied spirits, appearing in the essay Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth written around 1959 (MR/315, VT39/23). It contains the word               “in” and “body”, but the meaning of the final element of the word is obscure. Several rejected forms of this name (Mirruyainar, Mirroyainar) also appeared (MR/326).

              + A term for those (Men and Elves) with naturally embodied spirits, appearing in the essay Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth written around 1959 (MR/315, VT39/23). It contains the word               “in” and “body”, but the meaning of the final element of the word is obscure. Several rejected forms of this name (Mirruyainar, Mirroyainar) also appeared (MR/326).

              Conceptual Development: In earlier writings, the words and is used for the same concept (PE17/124; NM/238).

              ]]> - + @@ -159639,7 +159868,7 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i - A term for those (Men and Elves) with naturally embodied spirits (PE17/124). It seems to be a combination of “spirit” with “body”. In later writings, the word (MR/315) is used for “Incarnates”.

              ]]> + A term for those (Men and Elves) with naturally embodied spirits (PE17/124). It seems to be a combination of               “spirit” with “body”. In later writings, the word (MR/315) is used for “Incarnates”.

              ]]> @@ -159647,7 +159876,7 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i - A term for those (Men and Elves) with naturally embodied spirits in notes from 1957 (NM/238 footnote). It seems to be a combination of               “in” with “body” and the adjectival suffix -ina. In later writings, the word (MR/315) is used for “Incarnates”.

              ]]> + A term for those (Men and Elves) with naturally embodied spirits in notes from 1957 (NM/238 footnote). It seems to be a combination of               “in” with “body” and the adjectival suffix -ina. In later writings, the word (MR/315) is used for “Incarnates”.

              ]]> @@ -160705,7 +160934,7 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i - There is no evidence that Tolkien considered monosyllabic nouns as a distinct class in his later writings, but such nouns are more likely to be irregular than other nouns, since they represent more basic concepts. For example, the noun               má “hand” does not have a plural form *már or *mái, but uses only the partitive plural máli (VT47/6). Independent pronouns are also generally monosyllabic, so they would be declined like members of this group. Such irregularities are addressed in the entries for individual words.

              Origins of monosyllabic nouns: In Common Eldarin, monosyllabic nouns had some interesting behaviors, some of which are reflected in the forms used in “modern” Quenya. In particular, consonantal nouns in Common Eldarin (CE) had a distinct subjective case, made by lengthening the vowel of the final syllable: ✶tal vs. subjective ✶tāl, ✶atar vs. subjective ✶atār (PE21/75). Thus the base form (to which inflectional suffixes were added) had a short vowel (✶tal-), subjects had a long vowel (✶tāl) and direct objects had a short vowel (✶tal).

              @@ -160720,7 +160949,7 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i
              Monosyllabics in C.E. cons. + vowel ... nouns were made only by derivative additions. Nouns without such addition were perhaps even primitively rare, and in any case few have survived or left discoverable [?traces.] These were pē “lip”, pū ?, phā “breath, puff of breath”, pī “small insect, fly”, mā “hand”, mō “person”, mbā “sheep” su, “wind” skū ?, skā ?, kā “home, house”, ñ(g)ā “terror, terrible thing”, lū “bow”, srā “body”, grā “dog”. pē, phā, pī, mbā, mō, sū prob[ably] were original nouns ... Of these pē, fā, pī, sū, *kā, *hrā, *lū survived in Q. but those marked * were [?doubled and extended] (etymological notes from 1968, VT47/35).

              Assuming vocalic monosyllables were possible in CE, they seem to be an exception to the rule that CE vocalic nouns could not end in ī, ū. It is unclear what their ancient plural/dual forms would have been.

              Conceptual Development: In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, the declensions of monosyllabic consonantal nouns were much more likely to use assimilation when adding suffixes than disyllabic or longer nouns (PE21/20-24). Tolkien also distinguished a set of (mostly vocalic) monosyllabic nouns with irregular declensions (PE21/38). These irregular nouns ended in vowels, but in Primitive Elvish had some other consonant that became final and was then lost.

              ]]> - @@ -161186,14 +161415,14 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i - - A neologism coined by Tamas Ferencz for “ebony wood”, a combination of Q. morë (mori-) “black” and Q. toa “wood”.

              ]]>               + A neologism coined by Tamas Ferencz for “ebony wood”, a combination of Q. morë (mori-) “black” and Q. töa “wood”.

              ]]>               - +               - + + + + @@ -164086,7 +164318,9 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i - + @@ -164991,7 +165225,7 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i @@ -166035,7 +166269,7 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i - + @@ -167254,7 +167488,7 @@ remained unchanged, except in certain combinations discussed below. Later, but i - + Negation is a complex topic in Quenya, and a controversial one in Neo-Quenya. This is, in part, because Tolkien kept changing his mind on how negation worked. Bill Welden examined the conceptual evolution of Quenya in his article on “Negation in Quenya” (VT42/32-34), with a brief followup in a later letters column (VT44/4, 38). Before examining possible systems for Neo-Quenya, I will first discuss the conceptual development of negation, mostly following the outline of Bill Welden.

              Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien gave the basic negative root as ᴱ√Ū² (QL/96) with extensions ᴱ√UMU and ᴱ√UVU (QL/98). These extensions were the basis for a negative verb ᴱQ. um- “to not be” and a negative prefix ú- or uv-, the latter used before vowels. Tolkien also gave another primitive negative in the form of syllabic ᴱ✶ḷ- (QL/41) which developed into al-, il-, ul- based on its phonetic environment (PE12/11; QL/29, 41, 97). ul- seems to have taken on an additional “bad” connotation, and became the basis of words like ᴱQ. ulka “evil” and ᴱQ. ulban “monster” (QL/97).

              The negative verb ᴱQ. um- reappeared in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s as (masc. pl.) tūmil “they ... not”, (neut. pl.) taumil and (fem. pl.) tyūmil (PE14/86). The word ᴱQ. munta “nothing” was probably related (PE14/48, 81). A plural negative ur appears in the sentence ᴱQ. néri ur natsi nostalen máre which might mean “*men are not beings good by nature” (PE15/32) and singular ui in ᴱQ. sinda nekka ui sara ro sinda hyalin me sinda móro “*this pen is not writing on this paper with this ink” (PE16/146), these sentences being from the 1910s and 1920s, respectively.

              @@ -167386,7 +167620,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + @@ -168182,7 +168416,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - Elmo, youngest brother of Thingol in one rough and ultimately rejected note (NM/349).]]> + Elwë (Thingol) in one rough and ultimately rejected note (NM/349). Elsewhere the name assigned to the youngest brother of Elwë was Elmo (UT/233).]]> @@ -168587,7 +168821,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who page-id="1552102041"> The word for “water”, a derivative of the root √NEN of the same meaning (PE17/52; Ety/NEN). Its stem form was nen- (Ety/NEN) and its primitive form was given as ✶nē̆n, the vowel length variation due to distinct subjective nēn versus objective/inflected nĕn- in ancient monosyllables (PE21/64).

              Conceptual Development: This word first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with two senses: “river” and (archaic) “†water”. Tolkien indicated the two senses were based on distinct roots: ᴱ√NEŘE [NEÐE] and ᴱ√NENE respectively, with two distinct stem forms nend- and nēn (QL/64-65). The Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa also mentions the forms nen (nēn-) “water” versus nen(d-) “river” (PME/64-65). In the English-Qenya Dictionary of the mid-1920s Tolkien had both nēn “river” (PE15/76) and nēn “water” (PE15/78), but in the Early Qenya Grammar he had only nēn “water” (PE14/43, 72), also appearing as nen “water” in documents on The Valmaric Script from this period (PE14/110).

              -

              In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, Tolkien had ᴹQ. nēn “water”, but in this document it had nēn- with long ē in its inflected forms as well (PE21/23). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, uninflected nén “water” had a stem form of nen- with short e (Ety/NEN), and the reasons for this variation was discussed in Primitive Quendian Structure: Final Consonants from 1936, the nominative/objective distinction noted above (PE21/64). This seems to be the paradigm Tolkien stuck with thereafter.

              ]]>               +

              In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, Tolkien had ᴹQ. nēn “water”, but in this document it had nēn- with long ē in its inflected forms as well (PE21/23). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, uninflected nén “water” had a stem form of nen- with short e (Ety/NEN), and the reasons for this variation was discussed in Primitive Quendian Structure: Final Consonants from 1936, the nominative/objective distinction noted above (PE21/64). This seems to be the paradigm Tolkien stuck with thereafter, as evidenced by S. nen “water” rather than **nîn.

              ]]>               @@ -170790,7 +171024,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who               - + @@ -170867,33 +171101,6 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - - A verb in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 glossed “be chill, cold (of weather)” (WJ/417). It also appeared in some etymological notes from around 1959 as a derivative of the root √NIK(W) and with the glosses “to snow, it is chill, it freezes” (PE17/168). In this 1959 note Tolkien gave several inflected forms making it clear nicu- was an impersonal verb: nīqua “it is freezing”, nicune “it snowed, froze”.

              -

              Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d mostly use nicu- as an impersonal verb for cold weather: nique “it is cold, it is freezing”. For the freezing of water or similar substances, I’d use ᴺQ. hel-. For “to snow” I’d use ᴺQ. hris-, a modernization of archaic †hriz-.

              ]]>               - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -               @@ -172456,10 +172663,11 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + + + @@ -172468,6 +172676,10 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who + + +               + + A verb in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 glossed “be chill, cold (of weather)” (WJ/417). It also appeared in some etymological notes from around 1959 as a derivative of the root √NIK(W) and with the glosses “to snow, it is chill, it freezes” (PE17/168). In this 1959 note Tolkien gave several inflected forms making it clear nicu- was an impersonal verb: nīqua “it is freezing”, nicune “it snowed, froze”.

              +

              Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d mostly use nicu- as an impersonal verb for cold weather: nique “it is cold, it is freezing”. For the freezing of water or similar substances, I’d use ᴺQ. hel-. For “to snow” I’d use ᴺQ. hris-, a modernization of archaic †hriz-.

              ]]>               + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +               @@ -172781,13 +173025,14 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + @@ -173517,6 +173762,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who + @@ -173536,7 +173782,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - @@ -174378,14 +174624,14 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who               - - + @@ -174753,7 +174999,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + The nominative form in Quenya is used for subject of a sentence and is unmarked. It is simply the base form of the noun if singular, or its simple dual, plural or partitive plural forms if non-singular. The verb must be inflected into either the dual or plural to agree with the subject noun. There does not appear to be a special “partitive plural” verb inflection, so presumably the verb would be inflected in the plural for partitive plural subjects, but we have no examples:

              • i lasse lanta “the leaf falls”.
                • @@ -174772,7 +175018,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who

                There is a possible “last gasp” of this nominative marker in some notes from the 1960s in the archaic plural (nominative?) form lassin, but the wording is ambiguous:

                Syntactically the loss of distinction of nominative/accusative, lassi accusative as nominative (for lassin), fanyar, (ilye) tier are nominative for accusative (PE17/76).

                It is also possibly that lassin is an Old Quenya or Classical Quenya nominative plural derived from the Common Eldarin nominative plural suffix -(ī)m, mentioned above.

                ]]> - + @@ -175804,11 +176050,11 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who A verb in Tolkien’s later writings glossed as either “to beget” (PE17/111) or “be begotten” (PE17/170), appearing in The Lord of the Rings as an element in the word nostar “parent” (LotR/981) and derived from the root √NŌ/ONO “beget, be born”. The word ᴱQ. nosta- dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where it was glossed “give birth to; cause” under the early root ᴱ√NŌ “become, be born” (QL/66), but then vanished for several decades where it was either replaced by or in competition with Q. onta- “beget” (PE17/170; Ety/ONO).

                -

                Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use this verb primarily in the sense “beget” = “give birth to”, as opposed to onta- “to beget” = “*to conceive”. It might be used impersonally to have the sense “to be born”, as in nostane ni loar canquain né “[it] birthed me forty years ago = I was born forty years ago”. I would also use it to mean “cause” in the metaphorical sense of “giving birth to” an abstraction or creation.

                ]]>                 +

                Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use this verb primarily in the sense “beget” = “give birth to”, as opposed to onta- “to beget” = “*to conceive”. It might be used impersonally to have the sense “to be born”, as in nostane ni loar canquain né “[it] birthed me forty years ago = I was born forty years ago”.

                ]]> @@ -176074,6 +176320,13 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who                 + + + + - + For Quenya as Tolkien conceived of it in the 1950s and 60s (Late Quenya), the language has seven major noun case inflections:

                • The dative case used for the indirect object of a sentence.
                  • @@ -176256,30 +176509,30 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who

                  The short instrumental suffix -in is seen only in BD and EEED, which hints that they may be close contemporaries. However the vocalic long instrumental is different in the two declensions: EEED -inen vs. BD -nen. Indeed, looking at the full set of suffixes, the forms in EEED are closest to the forms in declension charts from the late 1920s, v2 and v3 in particular, especially if we ignore the unusual -nye locative suffix which appears nowhere other than EEED:

                  - - - - + + + + - - + +
                  VDat.Gen.All.Abl.Loc.Inst.Adv.Com.
                  vocalicEQG-r-n-nta-llo-sse-inen-ndonXXX
                  consonantalEQG-e-o-anta-ullo-isse-inen-indonXXX
                  vocalic2-r-oXXXXXXXXX-inenXXXXXX
                  consonantal2-en/-ar-oXXXXXXXXX-inenXXXXXX
                  vocalicEQG-r-n-nta-llo-sse-inen-ndon—
                  consonantalEQG-e-o-anta-ullo-isse-inen-indon—
                  vocalic2-r-o———-inen——
                  consonantal2-en/-ar-o———-inen——
                  vocalicEEED-r-n-nta-llo-sse-inen-ndon-iko
                  consonantalEEED-en/ar-o-ata-ullo-isse-inen-anon-iko
                  vocalic3-r-o-nta-llo-sse-inen-ndon-iko
                  consonantal3-en/-ar-o-(a)ta-(ul)lo-(is)se-inen-anon-iko
                  vocalic4-r-o-nta-llo-sse-nen-ndonXXX
                  consonantal4-en-o-(un)ta-(ul)lo-(es)se-anen-anon/-undonXXX
                  vocalic4-r-o-nta-llo-sse-nen-ndon—
                  consonantal4-en-o-(un)ta-(ul)lo-(es)se-anen-anon/-undon—

                  The dual forms present a similar picture:

                  - - - - + + + + - - - + + +
                  VDat.Gen.All.Abl.Loc.Inst.Adv.Com.
                  vocalicEQG-qit-qintXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
                  consonantalEQG-qit-qintXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
                  vocalic2-u/-n-u/-urXXXXXXXXX-imetXXXXXX
                  consonantal2-urXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
                  vocalicEQG-qit-qint——————
                  consonantalEQG-qit-qint——————
                  vocalic2-u/-n-u/-ur———-imet——
                  consonantal2-ur———————
                  vocalicEEED-ur-u-unta-ullut-nye(t)-imet-ndos-uhto
                  consonantalEEED-ur-u-atas-ullut-isset/-nyet-imet-anos-uhto
                  vocalic3-u-u-ntat-llut-sset-imet-ndos-uhto
                  consonantal3-u-u-(a)tat-ullut-isset-imetXXX-uhto
                  vocalic4-u-u-ntau-llut-sset-metXXXXXX
                  consonantal4-u-uhta-(un)tau-(ul)lut-(us)set-umetXXXXXX
                  consonantal3-u-u-(a)tat-ullut-isset-imet—-uhto
                  vocalic4-u-u-ntau-llut-sset-met——
                  consonantal4-u-uhta-(un)tau-(ul)lut-(us)set-umet——

                  The forms in EQG are quite distinct from EEED, with the exception of the vocalic/consonantal genitive -n/-o. Furthermore, the forms in v4 begin to drift away from v2, v3 and EEED. My best guess is that EEED is a close contemporary of v2 and v3, and I place it between those two declensions in my analysis. The main counterarguments against this are the -n/-o genitive (otherwise only in EQG), the short instrumental -in (otherwise only in BD) and “partitive” -hta (otherwise only in v5b, v5c).

                  Declension Ordering: Based on the above, I assume the ordering of declension charts is EQG > v1, v2 > EEED > v3 to v5c > BD > v6 > Plotz. This is the ordering I will use in the discussion of specific noun case entries.

                  ]]> @@ -176292,7 +176545,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + @@ -176322,7 +176575,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + Most of the differences in how Quenya nouns are inflected depend on whether the noun ends in a vowel or consonant. Thus, Quenya nouns can be divided into two broad classes: vocalic nouns and consonantal nouns. Most people who study Quenya add a third noun class, e-nouns, for vocalic nouns that end in -e. Tolkien himself acknowledged the special behavior of e-nouns: in the famous Plotz letter, he gave declensions for both a vocalic noun (cirya “ship”) and an e-noun (lasse “leaf”).

                  Conceptual Development: In the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (EQG) Tolkien gave the main noun classes as vocalic and consonantal: “Nouns. Are divided into two classes: (A) vocalic; (B) consonantal (PE14/42)”. In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, he had a much more elaborate system of noun classes, with numerous variations based on (a) the final vowel or (b) the final consonant (PE21/2-3). He broke nouns up into the following classes and subclasses:

                    @@ -176350,7 +176603,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + @@ -176365,12 +176618,12 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + Quenya nouns serve the same function as they do in English (and most languages), as a name for a person, place or thing. They also include names (proper nouns) which could be declined as nouns.

                    ]]>                     - + @@ -176980,6 +177233,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who + @@ -177036,6 +177290,19 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who + + + + + + + + + + The island-continent where the Edain settled after the fall of Beleriand (LotR/1035, S/261), often appearing in its shorter form Númenor. It is generally translated as “Westernesse” (LotR/194, S/261) but more literally means “West-land” (Let/224, RC/778). It is a compound of “west” and “land” (Let/361).

                    @@ -177182,7 +177449,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who                     - + Tolkien wrote a series of essays on Elvish numbers in the late 1960s. One of those essays, Eldarinwe Leperi are Notessi (ELN), gave a set of numbers that many Neo-Quenya writers now use (VT48/6):

                    • er or min “one”.
                      • @@ -177278,7 +177545,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who

                      In the EQG, 200, 300, etc. placed the multiplier before the 100: ᴱQ. yúyo tuksa “200 = two hundred”, ᴱQ. nelde tukse “300 = three hundreds”. Somewhat interestingly, while the Early Qenya number for “200” uses singular tuksa, the number for “300” uses the plural declined as if it were an adjective: nelde tukse. Perhaps larger numbers would be similarly pluralized: otso húmi “seven thousands”, enqe mindóri “six millions” but ᴱQ. yúyo yundóre “two billion”. This is identical to how numbers modify nouns in EQG (and in Tolkien’s later writing): with “two” the noun remains in the singular, but with three or more it is in the plural (see Numbers Modifying Nouns below).

                      In EQG, numbers were placed before the noun they modify, but in later writing they are placed after. So it is probable that the Early Qenya ordering yúyo tuxa, nelde tuxe would need to become tuxa atta, tuxe nelde “200, 300” to be compatible with Tolkien’s later ideas. Hat tip to Raccoon for suggesting this to me.

                      Multiples: English has specialized words for indicating the number of times something occurred: “once, twice, thrice”, as well as prefixes like “uni-, bi-, tri-”. In the Early Qenya Grammar these were ᴱQ. eru “once”, yú “twice”, nel “thrice”, kan “four times”, especially as prefixal forms (PE14/51, 84). There are signs of these prefixes in Tolkien’s later writings, such as [ᴹQ.] neltil “triangle” (Ety/NEL), Nelólamaite “triconsonantal” (PE18/33, 84), and cantil “fourth finger” (VT47/26).

                      -

                      Given Tolkien’s later use of Eru as the name of God, it seems unlikely that it still meant “once” in the 1950s and 60s. Perhaps er “one” could be used adverbially for that purpose: carin sa er “I did that once”. In later writings er- did appear as a prefixal form, as in: Erólamaite “uniconsonantal” (PE18/33, 84). Similarly, in Early Qenya yúyo meant “two” but in later writings it meant “both”, so the later prefixal form was at(a)- or att- as in Attólamaite “biconsonantal” (PE18/33, 84), attalya [at-tal-ya] “biped (lit. two footed)” (WJ/389), ataformaite “ambidextrous” (VT49/9). Compare this with “twilight” = ᴹQ. yúkale or Q. úyale (< ✶yuy(u)ŋal).

                      +

                      Given Tolkien’s later use of Eru as the name of God, it seems unlikely that it still meant “once” in the 1950s and 60s. Perhaps er “one” could be used adverbially for that purpose: carin sa er “I did that once”. In later writings er- did appear as a prefixal form, as in: Erólamaite “uniconsonantal” (PE18/33, 84). Similarly, in Early Qenya yúyo meant “two” but in later writings it meant “both”, so the later prefixal form was at(a)- or att- as in Attólamaite “biconsonantal” (PE18/33, 84), attalya [at-tal-ya] “biped (lit. two footed)” (WJ/389), ataformaite “ambidextrous” (VT49/9). Compare this with “twilight” = ᴹQ. yúkale or Q. yúyal (< ✶yuy(u)ŋal).

                      In Tolkien’s later writing there was also the prefix per- “half, semi-” as in Pereldar “Half-elven” (Let/386, PM/348) or [ᴹQ.] perómanda “semivocalic” (PE18/30).

                      In EQG there were also long forms produced using the suffix ᴱQ. -llume “times” related to ᴱQ. lúme “time”. Since lúme remained the word for time in Tolkien’s later writing, the suffix -llume may remain valid as well. From this we get (PE14/51):

                        @@ -177365,7 +177632,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + @@ -177595,7 +177862,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - @@ -178824,6 +179091,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who page-id="3822446115" mark="!"> + @@ -179262,7 +179530,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - @@ -179281,7 +179549,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - @@ -179329,7 +179597,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + - - + @@ -179351,32 +179619,6 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - @@ -179414,12 +179656,38 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - A term for the Elves who left Middle-earth for Aman, equivalent to (WJ/374), a combination of “away from” and a suffixal form -el(d) of “Elf”.

                        -

                        This name originally developed from primitive ✶ = ✶ + ✶, which became either Oarel or (WJ/363). The Oarel form was preferred due to its similarity to the preposition (WJ/364). Its plural form Oareldi was influenced by the archaic plural †Eldi of Elda (WJ/363). In the Vanyarin dialect, the forms were and . In the Telerin branches, only descendants of the Au- forms were used: T. and S. (WJ/364).

                        ]]>                         - + A term for the Elves who left Middle-earth for Aman, equivalent to (WJ/374), a combination of “away from” and a suffixal form -el(d) of “Elf”.

                        +

                        This name originally developed from primitive ✶ = ✶ + ✶, which became either Oarel or (WJ/363). The Oarel form was preferred due to its similarity to the preposition (WJ/364). Its plural form Oareldi was influenced by the archaic plural †Eldi of Elda (WJ/363). In the Vanyarin dialect, the forms were and . In the Telerin branches, only descendants of the Au- forms were used: T. and S. (WJ/364).

                        ]]> + @@ -179446,7 +179714,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - A less common variant of (WJ/363, 374). See the entry for for further discussion.

                        ]]> + A less common variant of                         (WJ/363, 374). See the entry for for further discussion.

                        ]]> @@ -179522,16 +179790,16 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who                         - - + - + As discussed in the section on subject suffixes, ancient Quenya pronominal subjects followed the verb, and eventually became an inflectional element in verb formation. The same is true to a lesser degree of pronominal objects. These likewise could become inflections, and there are two examples of this in The Lord of the Rings:

                        • Q. utúvienyes “I have found it” (LotR/971).
                          • @@ -179565,7 +179833,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + + + + + + + + + + - + @@ -183425,7 +183704,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who - + An optative is the expression of a wish, and Quenya usually formulates such expressions using the adverb nai “may it be that, be it that, maybe”. Its most famous use is in nai hiruvalye Valimar, nai elye hiruva “maybe thou shalt find Valimar, maybe even thou shalt find it” in the Namárië poem (LotR/378). Tolkien described this formulation in several places:

                          Quenya expression of wish. nai + future. nai elye hiruva. but God bless you (which includes now), nai + present indicative. nai Eru tye mānata (1967 linguistic notes, PE17/75).
                          The last lines of the chant express a wish (or a hope) that though she could not go, Frodo might perhaps be allowed to do so. Nā-i > nai “be it that” expresses rather a wish than a hope, and would be more closely rendered “may it be that” (thou wilt find) than by “maybe” (Commentary on Namárië, 1967, The Road Goes Ever On, RGEO/60).
                          @@ -183461,7 +183740,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who

                          Conceptual Development: The use of nai with optatives dates all the way back to the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG), but with a slightly different origin:

                          The conditional or subjunctive. This is not expressed inflectionally but by particles, nai and ki, of which nai represents remoter possibility (“might”), ki (nearer) “may”. The pure optative is also often expressed by nai, or {naiki >>} naike combined, at head of wish ... naike hi·tule “would she might come” (of something remotely possible, or impossible) (PE14/59).

                          In EQG nai is an expression of possibility, much as it was four decades later in LVS, though in EQG it was a particle rather than an impersonal verb.

                          ]]>                           - + @@ -183516,22 +183795,6 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who                           - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -                           The meaning of the Quenya word órë is quite subtle, and does not have a direct equivalent in English. In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien translated the word as “heart (inner mind)” (LotR/1123), but elsewhere he said that this was a poor translation of the word (VT41/11; NM/220). Tolkien wrote a lengthy essay on the nature of this word, first published in the year 2000 (VT41/11-19) and again in 2021 (NM/219-225). In this essay Tolkien described it as the source of wisdom and moral impulses that informed one’s judgement, so perhaps the closest English equivalent is “conscience”. This is still not quite right, however, since the órë could be the source of negative impulses as well, particularly among Men (VT41/13; NM/223). Furthermore, divine powers such as the Valar could sometimes (but not always) communicate subtly through one’s órë (VT41/15). Galadriel was described as having a particularly noble and generous órë (PM/337).

                          -

                          This word could also be used with the sense “warning, caution” (VT41/15) or even “premonition” (VT41/13). It seems that the órë and its urges was viewed as almost external to the mind itself, as indicated by the phrase órenya quetë nin “my heart tells me” = “I feel compelled to ...”, not unlike pop-cultural “shoulder angel and devil” whispering into your ear. Tolkien said that in Quenya this word was associated with the sense of √OR “rise” and its urges were seen as rising up within the spirit (VT41/13). Compare this to the words for ordinary feelings, such as fëafelmë “*(lit.) spirit-impulse”.

                          +

                          This word could also be used with the sense “warning, caution” (VT41/15) or even “premonition” (VT41/13). It seems that the órë and its urges was viewed as almost external to the mind itself, as indicated by the phrase órenya quetë nin “my heart tells me” = “I feel compelled to ...”, not unlike the pop-cultural “shoulder angel and devil” whispering into your ear. Tolkien said that in Quenya this word was associated with the sense of √OR “rise” and its urges were seen as rising up within the spirit (VT41/13). Compare this to the words for ordinary feelings, such as fëafelmë “*(lit.) spirit-impulse”.

                          The word órë was also the name of tengwa #21 used for a weak and untrilled medial r (LotR/1123), many of which originated from primitive intervocalic [z] or [d]. There is no sign that órë ever had such a consonant medially, however, and it seems this name was chosen simply because it had a medial r.

                          Conceptual Development: There is no clear precursor to this word in Tolkien’s earlier writings, except perhaps ᴹQ. hóre “impulse” (Ety/KHOR).

                          ]]>                           @@ -184940,6 +185203,23 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +                           - - + @@ -188532,12 +188812,12 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who mark="!"> - + Most languages, Quenya included, have verbal participles with specialized functions. English has two main participles, the present participle (“eating”) and the past participle (“eaten”). Quenya, however, divides its participles differently, into active participles (matila) and passive participles (matina).

                          ]]>                           - + @@ -188552,7 +188832,7 @@ immediate present or to the future; it could only be fully understood by one who mark="!"> - + In addition to the “general” plural, Quenya has a special “partitive” plural used when describing a portion of a group. The partitive plural is formed using the suffix -li, variously translated as “some, many, a lot of” (PE17/62, 127, 135; VT47/12). It is derived from the primitive root √LI “many” (Ety/LI, VT48/25). Tolkien described the use of this suffix on several occasions:

                          The Eldarin languages distinguish in forms and use between a “partitive” or “particular” plural, and the general or total plural (Let/178, in a 1954 letter to Naomi Mitchison).
                          Both Quenya & Sindarin have for most nouns two plural formations: the general or group, and the partitive or special. The plural element in nouns is [i] as a suffix [ī]. Plurals formed with this are in Quenya “general”, and the partitive is formed with -li (PE17/62, draft of a 1955 letter to David Masson).
                          @@ -188608,7 +188888,7 @@ so Eldar “Elves as a kind or people, or all the Elves concerned”;

                          The general plural Noldoli continued to appear in Silmarillion drafts up to the 1930s (LR/119) but was abandoned sometime in the mid-thirties in favor of Noldor, which had appeared sporadically prior to this point (for example on LT1/162). The r-plural was the norm in The Etymologies, but the suffix ᴹQ. -li did appear as a “pl. suffix” (Ety/LĪ). In that document it was used only once in an actual word, Telelli the plural form of Teler (Ety/TELES), but this use does not seems to be partitive in nature. The first explicit mention of a partitive plural is in the Primitive Quendian Final Consonants document which was dated 1936 (PE21/xiii). The relevant text:

                          In keeping with this dual distinction between the partitive “2” and the whole or dual-group, the Eldarin languages show a tendency also in the plural to make a distinction between the “partitive plural” — men, some men; and the group plural — the men, all the men of a group or kind, the whole body. Thus in Q. Eldar “elves”, Eldali “the Elves, the whole Elda-race”. The latter form was (as the duals) originally syntactically singular, and was hardly distinguished in use or sense from the cpd. noun Eldalie “Elf-folk” (PE21/57).

                          In this text, the -li suffix has the opposite of its later meaning: it functions as a collective plural not unlike Noldorin/Sindarin -ath. This is in keeping with the apparent use of Telelli in The Etymologies (above). The first clear use of the -li suffix as a proper partitive plural is the early 1950s quote from Common Eldarin Noun Structure, given above (PE21/73).

                          -

                          Neo-Quenya: As mentioned above, most Neo-Quenya authors recommend using the joining vowel -e- with the suffix -li for consonantal nouns, using the assimilated forms only in a few cases. Thorsten Renk suggested using an assimilated form only for nouns ending in -l or -r, where Tamas Ferencz suggested doing so for -n as well. I think using either an assimilated form or a joining vowel would be fine for Neo-Quenya. I personally would only used an assimilated form for nouns ending in l and maybe r to avoid too much confusion. I think atanéli “some men” sounds better than atalli, but either could be correct; likewise ataréli “some fathers” may be preferable to atalli. As indicated by these examples, the added -e- would often be subject to prosodic lengthening.

                          +

                          Neo-Quenya: As mentioned above, most Neo-Quenya authors recommend using the joining vowel -e- with the suffix -li for consonantal nouns, using the assimilated forms only in a few cases. Thorsten Renk suggested using an assimilated form only for nouns ending in -l or -r, where Tamas Ferencz suggested doing so for -n as well. I think using either an assimilated form or a joining vowel would be fine for Neo-Quenya. I personally using assimilated form for nouns ending in a single consonant, however, since these are all that are attested.

                          As indicated above, another possibility is that the stem vowel of the noun is used to join the suffix to the noun, so that the partitive plural would be atanáli; this fits the phonological history of the Quenya, where syllabic l often copied the preceding vowel. A strong argument (suggested to me by Shihali in a Discord chat from November 2019) can be made that the joining vowel should be -i- rather than -e-, based on general-plural examples like elenillor (MC/222): ataníli. Both of these are an interesting ideas, but until we get clearer evidence, I personally recommend sticking with the established Neo-Quenya convention of -e- for now.

                          Regarding the “size” of a partitive plural group, it is clear that in Elvish, singular < dual < partitive plural (some/many) < general plural, and thus in theory, the suffix -li can be used for any subgroup in between “two” and “all” of the group in question. The closest equivalent English word is “some”, but in English absent other qualifiers, “some” tends to imply the minority of the group, more towards “two” than towards “all”. I think the reverse is true in Elvish, where absent other qualifiers, -li leans more towards “all” than towards “two”. This is based on (a) the origin of this suffix in the root √LI “many” and (b) the gloss “many waves” in the phrase i falmalinnar imbe met “on the many waves between us” (LotR/377; RGEO/59).

                          Furthermore, in the 1964 letter mentioned above, Tolkien glossed Eldali as “some Elves, a lot of Elves” implying a larger rather than smaller group (PE17/135). Thus Eldali matir massa doesn’t quite mean the same thing as English “some Elves eat bread”, since in English “some” implies (but does not require) the minority, whereas in Elvish -li implies (but does not require) the majority.

                          ]]>                           @@ -188616,7 +188896,7 @@ so Eldar “Elves as a kind or people, or all the Elves concerned”; show-glosses="true" show-element-of="true"/> - + @@ -188689,7 +188969,7 @@ so Eldar “Elves as a kind or people, or all the Elves concerned”; - The Quenya passive participle resembles the English past participle: matina “eaten”. When a passive participle is used as an adjective (i matina massa “the eaten bread”), the modified noun functions like the object of the verbal action (“the eaten bread” is thing that was eaten). The basic suffix for passive participles is -ina (< ✶-inā), and is related to the common adjective suffix ✶-nā (PE22/136). It also competes with another suffix -nwa, strictly speaking a “perfective adjective”. Tolkien described these suffixes in several places:

                          vanwa, adj. “gone, past, lost”, irregular in having -nwa, usually a passive suffix (from Notes on Galadriel’s Song, NGS, late 1950s or early 1960s, PE17/63).
                          @@ -188729,7 +189009,7 @@ so Eldar “Elves as a kind or people, or all the Elves concerned”;

                        Of these, only the past/perfect passive participle kárienwa reappears in Tolkien’s later writing (PE17/68), but the other forms might remain valid since we know the active participle could still be inflected with various verb tenses into the 1960s (PE22/154-155). In QVS the imperfect passive participles for derived verbs ending in -a added the suffix -ina directly to the stem, even with half-strong and a-verbs: istaina, nahtaina (PE22/108), sulpaina (PE22/115), faraina (PE22/116). This means that weak verbs like orta- could not distinguish between their normal and imperfect passive participles: they would both have the form ortaina (PE22/107, 108). The imperfect passive participle for u-verbs isn’t attested, but it might be liruina with or without a lengthened base vowel and -ina added to the stem (or alternately, just liruna).

                        Finally, it is not certain whether passive participles used as adjectives would be declined in the plural to agree with the noun they modify, but unlike the active participle, the general consensus among Neo-Quenya writers is that they probably do. The passive participle strongly resembles common adjectives like those ending in -na which all show plural agreement, and this would probably pull passive participles into the same pattern. There is one example that might illustrate such an agreement: rakine tengwi “stripped signs” (VT39/6), which might be the plural form of a passive participle rakina “stripped”.

                        -

                        Other views: There are one or two passive participles in the Markirya poem of the 1960s that break the patterns described above: rak- → rákina “broken”, and possibly also rúkina “confused, shattered, disordered” (MC/223). Another example ᴹQ. nótina “counted” appeared in the poem Fíriel’s Song from the 1930s (LR/72). Prior to the mid-2000s this list made up the majority of published passive participles, and some older Neo-Quenya Courses concluded that the passive participle for basic verbs lengthened the stem vowel, including the courses of Helge Fauskanger and Thorsten Renk. These courses predate the publication of Parma Eldalamberon #22 (PE22) which describes passive participles in great detail. Based on PE22, I think the Markirya participles represent a transient variation in passive participle formation.

                        +

                        Other views: There are one or two passive participles in the Markirya poem of the 1960s that break the patterns described above: rak- → rákina “broken”, and possibly also rúkina “confused, shattered, disordered” (MC/223). Another example ᴹQ. nótina “counted” appeared in the poem Fíriel’s Song from the 1930s (LR/72). Prior to the mid-2000s this list made up the majority of published passive participles, and some older Neo-Quenya Courses concluded that the passive participle for basic verbs lengthened the base vowel, including the courses of Helge Fauskanger and Thorsten Renk. These courses predate the publication of Parma Eldalamberon #22 (PE22) which describes passive participles in great detail. Based on PE22, I think the Markirya participles represent a transient variation in passive participle formation.

                        Furthermore, the suffix -na without an i is very common as an adjectival suffix. It appears with number of verbal stems, such as ᴹQ. harna “wounded” < ᴹ✶skarnā (Ety/SKAR) or melda “beloved” < ✶melnā (PE17/41). Earlier Neo-Quenya courses guessed that some of these were actually passive participles representative of their verb classes, but with the publication of PE22 it became clear that these were simply ancient adjectives, not part of verb conjugation:

                        -nā, -nwā. Whether this is ancient or due to the influence of the n as infix and in nē, these suffixes, as applied to verbs had usually an implication of past or complete process. They were thus specially used to form passive participles; though the fact that they could be applied anciently to intransitive stems shows that [they] were not in origin specifically passive. So kalinā “bright”. nā was anciently added to the bare stem, or to the aorist stem (whence came the very frequent ending inā). Owing to the many consonant changes caused by the addition of nā to other consonants the older forms, without intervening vowel, did not survive in any recorded language as part of regular conjugation [emphasis added]; but they all preserve many isolated adjectival forms of this form: as matnā “eaten”: Q matta “food” (Common Eldarin: Verb Structure, early 1950s, PE22/136).

                        Using the passive participle: Almost all of our usage examples for the passive participle have it as an adjective formed from a transitive verb:

                        @@ -188779,7 +189059,7 @@ passive tŭlĭna; pass[ive past] tulinwa (tulīna).

                        The variant passive participles in the Markirya with vowel lengthening like rákina “broken” might represent a distinct paradigm, but I would not use this pattern of passive participle formation for Neo-Quenya anymore given the preponderance of examples where this lengthening does not occur (most from PE22).

                        ]]> - @@ -188796,7 +189076,7 @@ passive tŭlĭna; pass[ive past] tulinwa (tulīna).
                                                 - + The Quenya past tense is, like in most languages, used to refer to events occurring in the past: i atan mante, manten “the man ate, I ate”. Of all the Quenya tenses, the past is the most complex in its formation.

                        Origins of the Past Tense: The Quenya past tense originated from two competing ancient patterns: (1) nasal infixion (mat- → mantē) and (2) the past tense suffix -nē (kar- → karnē). Tolkien described these ancient past forms in numerous places:

                        On the other hand n-infixion and n-suffixion remained concurrently in use, and often performed identical functions: as in the strong past tenses formed with either n-infix + suffix ē, yē, or with suffix nē, nyē, as √KAT pa.t. *ka-n-tē beside √KAR pa.t. *kar-nē (Tengwesta Qenderinwa 1, late 1930s, PE18/46).
                        @@ -189151,7 +189431,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare

                      By the 1930s and 40s ya-verb pasts were mostly replaced by weak or half-strong forms (sirya → sirinye). However, there is at least one example of an “Early Qenya style” past form of a ya-verb in Tolkien’s later writing: lelya- “attract” → past lēline (PE17/151).

                      The past tenses in the Quenya Lexicon end in -e, consistent with the past forms in The Qenya Verb Forms also written around this time (PE14/28). In the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, however, past tenses of basic verbs ended in -ie, though weak pasts still showed final -ne (PE14/57-58). As Tolkien described it:

                      -
                      The past stem is obtained by the suffix -ye, (i̯ie >) -ie, or -ne; but -ie (the commonest) is normally accompanied by stem strengthening consisting of (1) a-infixion, (2) n-infixion, (3) vowel lengthening (this last perhaps largely an analogical extension from the ā resulting in many stems). The stems that apparently have an original stem vowel ḷ, ṛ, ṇ (ṣ) thus often show a kind of vowel gradation between il, ul &c., the product in the normal stems, and al &c., the product (either by nasal infixion or a ?) in the past.
                      +
                      The past stem is obtained by the suffix -ye, (i̯ie >) -ie, or -ne; but -ie (the commonest) is normally accompanied by stem strengthening consisting of (1) a-infixion, (2) n-infixion, (3) vowel lengthening (this last perhaps largely an analogical extension from the ā resulting in many stems). The stems that apparently have an original base vowel ḷ, ṛ, ṇ (ṣ) thus often show a kind of vowel gradation between il, ul &c., the product in the normal stems, and al &c., the product (either by nasal infixion or a ?) in the past.

                      There are no obvious examples of past tenses involving a-infixion in the 1920s, but attested pasts of basic verbs from the 1920s show the same competition between nasal-infixion and vowel lengthening seen in the 1910s, the main change being that the strong past tenses now ended in -ie, sometimes triggering various phonetic changes like ti > tsi > si:

                      • ᴱQ. kala- “shine” → past kálie (PE14/46) or kallie [< *kanlie] (PE16/75) vs. earlier kāle (QL/44).
                        • @@ -189273,7 +189553,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare - + @@ -189760,6 +190040,16 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare + + + + + @@ -190703,7 +190993,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare mark="!"> - + The perfect tense in Quenya indicates an action that has been completed before the present time. In English, the perfect tense is usually expressed with an auxiliary verb “has” or “have”, as in (past) “ate” vs. (perfect) “has eaten” from the verb “to eat”. In Quenya, the perfect tense has its own verbal conjugation: past mante vs. perfect amátie from the verb mat- (PE17/13): i atan amátie, amátien “the man has eaten, I have eaten”. As Tolkien described its use in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) written in the early 1950s:

                        Perfect. This described an action or process that was completed in the immediate past, but the effects of which are still present. It is not certain whether this tense was completely differentiated from the next (Past) in Common Eldarin, or there were simply two similar competing methods of forming a “past tense”, the functions of which were not yet clearly fixed (PE22/130).

                        A nearly identical description appeared in Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure (EVS1) from the late 1940s (PE22/95-96). Like English, the Quenya perfect is used when the effects of the completed action are still felt in the present time, as distinct from the past tense, where the action simply occurred at some point in the past. For example, if you say “the man lived in the city (for many years)”, you only know that at some point in the past the man was in the city. If, however, you say “the man has lived in the city (for many years)”, you imply that he has lived in it up to the present day.

                        @@ -190938,7 +191228,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare - + @@ -190955,7 +191245,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare                         - In addition to the active participle (-(i)la) and the passive participle (-ina), Tolkien discussed a third suffix -nwa, which he variously labeled a “passive suffix”, a “perfective adjective” or a “perfective participle”.

                        The perfective participle. This was formed with -nwa. It originally was not passive or active but denoted the completion of the action denoted by the verb. It is found in words outside the verbal system, as from stem vā- “go”: vanwa “gone for good, departed (dead, lost)”. Added to the aorist stem, or in weak verbs the aorist-present, it retains this function: karinwa “made, finished, done, completed”; tulinwa “arrived, come, now at hand”; alanwa “full-grown, mature, adult”; istanwa “known, acknowledged, certain”.* [In a footnote: No confusion arises between “weak presents” and similarly formed causatives since where the forms coalesce so do the senses: ortanwa < órt(a) “rise”, ortanwa < ortā́ “raise” = “having risen on high/upraised on high” = “exalted”] With a {past >>} perfect stem -nwa forms the perf. part. passive. This is not used as part of verbal system (Quenya Verbal System, late 1940s, PE22/106).
                        @@ -190972,7 +191262,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare

                        I think all these forms can coexist, however, with slightly different connotations. In particular, with -nwa having a specific “perfective” sense of a completed action or process, and being used only adjectivally, not participially.

                        ]]>                         - @@ -191069,12 +191359,12 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare - + - + @@ -192566,7 +192856,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare                         - + Like most languages, Quenya distinguishes between singular (one) and plural (multiple) nouns. Quenya has two special plural forms, the dual (for pairs) and the partitive plural (for portions of groups = “some”). This entry discusses the general plural, which is used for all the other forms of noun plurality.

                        Forming the plural: Quenya has two general plural suffixes: -i used after consonantal nouns and -r used after (most) vocalic nouns. Of the two plural noun suffixes, the i-plural is the most ancient:

                        Plural. The most used sign was ī appearing especially between the stem and other affixes, but also finally in the uninflected or “acc.” pl. form (PE21/56, Primitive Quendian Final Consonants, 1936).
                        @@ -192786,7 +193076,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare - + @@ -193537,7 +193827,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare                         - + The Quenya possessive case is formed with the suffix -va (or -wa) and is somewhat equivalent to English’s possessive suffix denoted by an apostrophe-s (’s). One of its main functions is to indicate possession: róma Oroméva “Orome’s horn” indicates a horn that (currently) belongs to Orome, whereas a genitive róma Oromeo “horn of Orome” would indicate a horn that originated from Orome but is not necessarily currently one of his possessions (WJ/368).

                        This was not the only function of the “possessive” case. It was sometimes used in adjective formation, and this was its original function. For example, Eruva can serve as a possessive “God’s” but it also means “divine” (VT44/18). Thus the “possessive” also has an attributive function: alcar Oroméva “Orome’s glory” indicates this glory that is a permanent attribute Orome, whereas alcar Oromeo “glory of Orome” would indicate glory originating from Orome in a specific moment only. Genitive aran Eldaron would have the connotation “king of the Elves, the one among the Elves who is king” whereas aran Eldava would mean “Elvish king, the king who is Elvish” (WJ/369, 407).

                        Tolkien discussed the use of the possessive suffix in his Quendi and Eldar essay from around 1960, where he labeled it the “possessive-adjectival” case. The relevant quote (WJ/368-369) appears in full in the entry on the genitive. Tolkien also discussed its original function in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s:

                        @@ -193569,7 +193859,7 @@ Where the base was verbal a strong form without present affix frequently appeare PossessivesSg.Du.Part. Pl.Pl. vocalic: ciryaciryava*ciryatwaciryalívaciryaiva e-noun: lasselasseva*lassetwalasselíva*lassíva -consonantal: atanatanwa*atanúva*atanelíva*ataníva +consonantal: atanatanwa*atanúva*atallíva*ataníva

                        Forms marked with a * are unattested in the 1950s and 60s, though as noted above, forms like lassíva and atanúva appeared in the 1920s and 30s.

                        As the chart above indicates, the possessive suffix would often trigger prosodic lengthening, and did so universally when added to trisyllabic or longer nouns ending in two light syllable such as -ie: Eldaliéva (S/59), tyaliéva (PE21/80), Oroméva (WJ/368). The possessive suffix was abnormal in that it sometimes triggered prosodic lengthening even for nouns with only two syllables: táríva (PE17/76; PE21/14), Ulmóva (PE19/60; PE21/80), Huinéva (Ety/PHUY). There are more examples of disyllabic possessives where lengthening did not happen (ciryava). One possible explanation appears in notes from the 1930s:

                        @@ -193625,7 +193915,7 @@ kándāvā̀                         > kandava, aided also by fact that the two coalesced - + @@ -193648,7 +193938,7 @@ kándāvā̀                         > kandava, aided also by fact that the two coalesced - Quenya expresses possession with suffixes. For ordinary nouns, Quenya uses the possessive noun case -va, but possessive pronouns have their own set of suffixes. For the most part, the possessive suffixes are the same as the long subject suffix, with the e changed to a: -nye “I” vs. -nya “my”. Most Neo-Quenya writers use a possessive paradigm similar to the one presented on VT49/16 from the late 1960s. For the most part this is:

                        @@ -193721,6 +194011,12 @@ kándāvā̀ > kandava, aided also by fact that the two coalesced

                      The independent forms seem to be the independent pronouns + -nya, so that other forms would be *lyenya “your (polite)”, *venya “our (inclusive)”, etc. The forms ninya and menya match emphatic possessive forms from the Early Qenya Grammar (PE14/54), so perhaps these independent possessives were also emphatic in Tolkien’s later writing. Where they appear, they are used as adjectives, and in some examples they are declined like adjectives to agree in number with the noun: menye rohtar “*our trespasses” (VT43/19).

                      It has also become established Neo-Quenya practice to allow the use of these long possessives as pronouns, equivalent to English “mine, yours, theirs” and so forth: sina ninya, tana lyenya “this is mine, that is yours”. I believe this usage was first suggested in Helge Fauskanger’s Quenya Course (HFQC/Lesson 19). In this usage, presumably the possessive pronouns would be declined like nouns instead of adjectives.

                      +

                      There were a different set of independent possessive pronouns in the Quenya Verbal System of 1948:

                      +
                        +
                      • ᴹQ. inya “*mine” (PE22/123).
                        • +
                      • ᴹQ. etta “his” (PE22/119).
                        • +
                      • ᴹQ. ella “of you, for you” (PE22/119, 120).
                        • +

                      Conceptual Development: There was a full possessive pronoun paradigm in the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) from the 1920s, but they were prefixes instead of suffixes. Tolkien also gave a set of “emphatic” (longer) possessive adjectives, which functioned as adjectives following the noun (PE14/54):

                      @@ -193789,7 +194085,7 @@ kándāvā̀ > kandava, aided also by fact that the two coalesced - @@ -193837,7 +194133,7 @@ kándāvā̀ > kandava, aided also by fact that the two coalesced - + Like most head-initial languages, Quenya uses prepositions to express various relationships between words: i falmalinnar imbe met “on the foaming waves between us” (LotR/377), or ilye mahalmar “above all thrones” (UT/305), ve maiwi yaimie “like gulls wailing” (MC/222). The preposition appears at the beginning of the expression, followed by the noun, pronoun or noun phrase it modifies.

                      Prepositions and Noun Cases: In English, this type of relationship is expressed almost exclusively through prepositions, but Quenya also has a system of noun cases that serve a similar function, as in falma-li-nna-r “on the foaming waves = waves-(many)-(allative)-(plural)”. It is not always clear when you should use a noun case over a preposition, but for the most part noun cases are preferred. Many noun cases have a prepositional equivalent of similar origin, but these prepositions are generally archaic:

                        @@ -193873,17 +194169,17 @@ kándāvā̀ > kandava, aided also by fact that the two coalesced

                      In the last example, Tolkien revised pell’ >> han in the next version of the prayer. In some notes on the Namárië poem written between the 1st and second edition of LotR (late 1950s or early 1960s) Tolkien said pella was an “adverb and quasi-preposition = beyond, here in poetic order placed after noun”. This seems to indicate its position is abnormal, but in the prose version of Namárië from The Road Goes Ever On published in 1967, it is still Andúne pella (RGEO/58). However, I suspect Tolkien did not intend to introduce post-positions into Quenya, and this word placement is either abnormal or adverbial.

                      Neo-Quenya: I recommend against using agglutinated pronouns with prepositions, since the syntax is unclear. I also recommend favoring noun cases over prepositions, as described above. Beyond that, the use of prepositions is quite similar to English, with the exception of prepositions combining with noun case endings. Thus most of the usage rules fall under the individual prepositions themselves, which is more a question of vocabulary than grammar.

                      ]]>                       - + - + The present tense is used to describe ongoing actions occurring in the present moment: “the man is eating, I am eating”, i atan máta, mátan. Anything occurring in the present moment is generally an ongoing action, and the Quenya present tense can be more accurately labeled the present continuous or the present imperfect. As Tolkien described it in Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure (EVS1) from the late 1940s and Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s:

                      Present. This is a genuine “tense”, can only be used of what is happening “now” — or of course what is regarded as “now” in narrative or supposition; and usually also implies a fairly continued action (that began before the immediate moment and is likely to continue for some time) (EVS1, PE22/95).
                      -
                      Present. This is a genuine tense, and can only be used of what is happening now, or of what is regarded as “now” in narrative or supposition. This tense also as a rule describes a fairly continuous action or event or process (that began before the immediate moment and is likely to go on for some time) (EVS2, PE22/129).
                      +
                      Present. This is a genuine tense, and can only be used of what is happening now, or of what is regarded as “now” in narrative or supposition. This tense also as a rule describes a fairly continuous action or event or process (that began before the immediate moment and is likely to go on for some time) (EVS2, PE22/130).

                      Contrast this with the Quenya aorist tense, which is not tied to any particular time and is used for habitual or timeless actions, much like the English simple present: “I eat eggs daily [habitual = aorist], it is good that you eat eggs [timeless = aorist], I am eating eggs now [present]”: matin ohti ilaurea, nás mára i matilye ohti, mátan ohti sí. The Quenya present tense (such as síla) can generally be translated using the English present continuous construction (“is/am/are shining”), but Tolkien sometimes translated it as the English simple present where that was more natural:

                      -

                      Forming the Present: For basic and u-verbs, the present tense is formed by lengthening the stem vowel and adding an -a: cen- → i atan céna, cénan “the man is seeing, I am seeing”, liru- → i atan lírua, líruan “the man is singing, I am singing”. For derived verbs ending in a the rules are more complex, but the most common pattern is to lengthen the stem vowel if possible (not in diphthongs or before consonant clusters) and change the final a to ea: laita- → laitea “is praising”, henta- → hentea “is reading”, fara- → fárea “is hunting”. This basis for the present tense dates back to Common Eldarin:

                      +

                      Forming the Present: For basic and u-verbs, the present tense is formed by lengthening the base vowel and adding an -a: cen- → i atan céna, cénan “the man is seeing, I am seeing”, liru- → i atan lírua, líruan “the man is singing, I am singing”. For derived verbs ending in a the rules are more complex, but the most common pattern is to lengthen the base vowel if possible (not in diphthongs or before consonant clusters) and change the final a to ea: laita- → laitea “is praising”, henta- → hentea “is reading”, fara- → fárea “is hunting”. This basis for the present tense dates back to Common Eldarin:

                      The suffix of this tense is [ā]. The stem was in Eldarin made in various ways. One feature was lengthening or fortification of the base: so māt-ā; tūlā or taulā = “am eating”; “am coming” (EVS1, late 1940s, PE22/95).
                      Basic form kā́rā (i.e. the ending ā only appears as long when final in dissyllables in OQ or in polysyllables where separated from the initial syllable by an unstressed syllable: see Phonology). Q kāra “be doing”; ōla “is becoming”; nēma “is appearing”; māta “be eating” etc. (Quenya Verbal System, QVS, late 1940s, PE22/100).
                      The tense-vowel in this case is ā. The stem was in Eldarin constructed in various ways. One feature was the lengthening or fortification of the base-vowel: thus mātā, tūla/taula = “is eating, is coming” (EVS2, early 1950s, PE22/130).
                      @@ -193940,8 +194236,8 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya

                      A similar set of conjugations appear in the 1969 Late Notes on Verb Structure: stem talat-, aorist taltan, (archaic?) present talatan with a note below stating: “fall is taltaya > taltea” (PE22/164). Thus the 1964 talat-stem paradigm seems to have remained more or less the same in 1969.

                      To summarize:

                        -
                      • Basic and u-verbs form their present by lengthening the stem vowel and adding a: cen- → céna, liru- → lírua.
                        • -
                      • Verb stems ending in a form their present by changing the final a to ea and lengthening the stem vowel if possible (not in a diphthong or before a consonant cluster): laita- → laitea, henta- → hentea, fara- → fárea.
                        • +
                      • Basic and u-verbs form their present by lengthening the base vowel and adding a: cen- → céna, liru- → lírua.
                        • +
                      • Verb stems ending in a form their present by changing the final a to ea and lengthening the base vowel if possible (not in a diphthong or before a consonant cluster): laita- → laitea, henta- → hentea, fara- → fárea.
                      • In 1969, tă and yă formatives changed the final a to -ia instead: caita- → caitia, orya- → ória.
                      • Sometimes ya-verbs lost y, and sometimes didn’t: melya- → melyea versus orya- → órea in 1964; by 1969 this may have depended on whether the verb was a yā-causative (tulya- → tulyea) versus a yă-formative (sirya- → síria).
                      • For Neo-Quenya, I’d ignore the ia-presents (treating them as either experimental or archaic), and I would likewise retain the y in ya-verb present tenses: forms like oryea are just as common and are easier to parse than forms like órea (both from orya-).
                        • @@ -193961,7 +194257,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya speech="vb"/> - + @@ -193976,7 +194272,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya - + Quenya uses pronouns as most languages do: as a noun replacement for either a participant in the discourse (“I, you, we”) or someone referenced in the discourse (“he, she, they”). Quenya has a set of pronouns similar to English, but makes some distinctions that English does not:

                        • It distinguishes between singular “you” (lye) and plural “you” (le) as in slang English “y’all”.
                          • @@ -194104,7 +194400,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya - + @@ -194167,7 +194463,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya - It has long been known that, under some conditions, the final vowel in Quenya words might lengthen when a suffix is added. One notable example is the phrase a vanimar, vanimálion nostari “O beautiful ones, parents of beautiful children” (Let/308, 448; LotR/981): why is the a short at the end of vanimar but long in vanimálion? I’ve seen this topic discussed in several different Quenya courses (including those of Helge Fauskanger, Thorsten Renk and Tamas Ferencz), but I don’t think those descriptions adequately capture the true nature of the phenomenon. In particular, while these descriptions address how the word changes, they don’t discuss why. I think this phenomenon can be best understood as at least partially a morphological one (based on how grammatical elements are assembled) rather than an exclusively phonological one (based only on how words are pronounced).

                          I called this phenomenon “prosodic lengthening”, a term that I believe (but have not confirmed) was first used by Alexander Zapragajev. The basic rule is simple: in long compounds (of four or more syllables), the stress “wants” to fall on the last syllable of the first element of the combination, to better mark the boundary between the two elements (or morphemes). This rule applies to grammatical suffixes as well, provided they consist of at least one syllable.

                          @@ -194183,7 +194479,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya
                        • A single consonant separates the word stem from the suffix.

                          • In this circumstance, the vowel in the last syllable of the original word stem is lengthened, to attract the stress and better mark the boundary between the word stem and the suffix.

                          -

                          Certain noun suffixes are much more likely to induce prosodic lengthening than others. In particular, the partitive-plural suffix -li, the instrumental suffix -nen and the possessive suffix -va all begin with a single consonant, and thus frequently trigger prosodic lengthening when added to a trisyllabic word: lintiénen “with swiftness” (PE17/59), Oroméva “Orome’s” (WJ/368). The possessive suffix is a bit of a special case: there are examples of this suffix triggering prosodic lengthening even in cases of disyllables: Ulmóva (PE19/60; PE21/80), taríva (PE17/76; PE21/14), huinéva (Ety/PHUY). This is not a pattern Tolkien followed consistently, however: forms like Eldava and lasseva also appear.

                          +

                          Certain noun suffixes are much more likely to induce prosodic lengthening than others. In particular, the partitive-plural suffix -li, the instrumental suffix -nen and the possessive suffix -va all begin with a single consonant, and thus frequently trigger prosodic lengthening when added to a trisyllabic word: lintiénen “with swiftness” (PE17/59), Oroméva “Orome’s” (WJ/368). The possessive suffix is a bit of a special case: there are examples of this suffix triggering prosodic lengthening even in cases of disyllables: Ulmóva (PE19/60; PE21/80), taríva (PE17/76; PE21/14), huinéva (Ety/PHUY). This is not a pattern Tolkien followed consistently, however: forms like Ingoldova and lasseva also appear. There may be something special about the diphthong ui, given the example Uinéniel = Uinen + -iel (UT/182).

                          The partitive-plural suffix also has some distinct behavior: when added to a disyllabic word, the result is a trisyllable that can take further suffixes. This new trisyllable is also subject to prosodic lengthening: ciryali “some ships” becomes (instrumental) ciryalínen and (possessive) ciryalíva (Plotz). Another interesting set of examples come from the genitive partitive-plural suffix -lion, which is a disyllabic suffix that also triggers prosodic lengthening: vanimálion “of beautiful ones” (LotR/981), malinornélion “of yellow trees” (LotR/467; PE17/80). Similar behavior is seen in the genitive plural suffix -ion: Atanatárion “of the Fathers of Men” (MR/373).

                          These examples demonstrate that it is not really the “last syllable of the first element” that gets the stress, but rather the “last syllable of the second-to-last morpheme”: the morpheme break down of ciryalíva is cirya + -li + -va. As further suffixes are added to the word, the stress continues to shift toward the end. Thus we would expect:

                            @@ -194204,7 +194500,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya
                            Sg. tantare, ondo ... Pl. tantarēli, ondoli (PE14/44).

                            It seems likely Tolkien introduced the idea of prosodic lengthening very early, and kept it as part of Quenya throughout his life. It is a reasonable compromise between the rigid stress system of Quenya and basic pronounceablity.

                            ]]> - ‘ea                            . sirya, sírea. sirya The word ᴱQ. pulko “body, trunk, bole of tree” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√PULU “swell” (QL/75). The form ᴱQ. pulka appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as a cognate of G. baul “body, trunk” (GL/22).

                            -

                            Neo-Quenya: I think this word is worth retaining as ᴺQ. pulco for purposes of Neo-Quenya, but when applied to humans I would use it more with the sense “*torso” (the main portion of the body) as opposed to the entire body, which would be Q. hroa.

                            ]]>                             +

                            Neo-Quenya: I think this word is worth retaining as ᴺQ. pulco for purposes of Neo-Quenya, but when applied to humans I would use it more with the sense “*torso” (the main portion of the body) as opposed to the entire body, which would be Q. hröa.

                            ]]> @@ -194658,7 +194954,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya                             - + @@ -195668,7 +195964,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya - + @@ -196078,9 +196374,9 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya - + - + @@ -197013,13 +197309,13 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya - + - + @@ -197581,7 +197877,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya @@ -197933,7 +198229,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya @@ -200118,6 +200414,12 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya + + + + + @@ -200660,6 +200962,15 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya + + + + + ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya + + + + + @@ -201178,7 +201497,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya - + A reflexive formation is one in which the subject and object of the verb are the same. In English, reflexive pronouns are formed with the suffix “-self” as in “the man washed himself”. Quenya has a similar set of reflexive pronouns from with the prefix im- or in- (VT47/37) that presumably would be used the same way: i atan sove inse.

                      @@ -201200,13 +201519,13 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya

                      All of these early reflexives seem to be part of similar paradigms with reflexives based on the suffix -k(t)o, with variants due to phonetic changes or combination with plural or gender indicators.

                      The 1964 reflexive suffix -kse could be the last iteration of these reflexive suffixes: -ko/-to >> -sta/-kto >> -kto >> -kse. If it is part of this continuum, perhaps -kse = k + se, with k being the ancient reflexive marker (hat tip to Shihali for suggesting this). It is not clear whether -kse could coexist with the im-/in- reflexive pronouns, or were replaced by them.

                      Neo-Quenya: Most Neo-Quenya writers stick with the late 1960s independent reflexive pronouns in im-, in-. It is conceivable that the suffix -kse (-xe) could coexist with these pronouns, and Thorsten Renk went so far as to suggest (Quetin i Lambe Eldaiva p. 48) that it was a general reflexive marker that could be combined with pronominal suffixes, as in sovixenye “I wash myself” (vs. sovinye imni). Personally I would stick with the better known independent reflexive pronouns, however.

                      ]]> - + - Quenya has a set of reflexive pronouns similar in function to English “myself, yourself, theirselves”. These pronouns are given in a chart written in the late 1960s (VT47/37), and are formed from the (primitive) independent pronouns with the prefix im- along with various appropriate phonetic adjustments.

                      @@ -201239,7 +201558,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya
                      ending -kto (sg.), -lko (plural) for reflexive accusative, -ktor, -lkor dative.

                      These might be precursors of the 1964 -kse, -kset, -kser verbal suffixes mentioned above (PE17/75), but without any attested forms from the intervening years, I’d hesitate to make any claims. For example, in Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure from the 1940s Tolkien said “Another notable point was the absence of a reflexive form, but the employment of two third person pronouns: so called ‘near’ and ‘remoter’ (PE22/94)”. This quote refers to Common Eldarin and not Quenya, but there may have been points in its conceptual development where reflexive pronouns were dropped from Quenya.

                      Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya writing, I would use the independent reflexive pronouns given in the table above, but avoid the reflexive verb suffixes -kse, -kset, -kser, which are a bit more obscure in function and from an earlier paradigm. The alternate reflexive verb suffixes -sse, -tte are also problematic, in that they clash with other pronominal verbal suffixes: 3rd. sg. and dual.

                      ]]> - @@ -201309,7 +201628,7 @@ the[?] present contin[uous] us[es?] ‘ea. sirya, sírea. sirya - + The basis for most relative pronouns is the root √YA. However, the most common relative pronoun is i, which is probably related to the definite article. The word i is frequently used to introduce a subordinate clause:

                      Both i and ya continued to appear thereafter, ya declined and i not, with the caveat that in the 1940s, i became in before vowels: “A clause in such cases is introduced by i, before vowels in (PE22/118)”. The personal form ye only appeared in Tolkien’s very late writings, and probably developed only after Tolkien abandoned masculine and feminine pronouns and switched to a distinction between animate (personal) and inanimate (neuter).

                      ]]>                       - @@ -202961,7 +203280,7 @@ that rel. imp. ya - + A word for “dog” appearing in 1968 notes on monosyllabic primitive Elvish nouns (VT47/35). Of the primitive forms, Tolkien first gave ✶wā(w) “dog” and ✶grā “bear”, but ✶wā(w) was struck through and the gloss of ✶grā was changed to “dog”, after which Tolkien wrote Q. roa “dog” (VT47/36). He seems to have been disatisfied with this derivation, however, going on to write a number of primitive animal roots in the upper margin, including ✶yarr- “dog”.

                      Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. roa “a wild beast” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶raw̯a under the early root ᴱ√RAVA or ᴱ√RAẆA (QL/79).

                      Neo-Quenya: Giving Tolkien’s vacillations on these 1968 forms, I’d stick to the better known ᴹQ. huo as the common word for “dog” in (Neo) Quenya, which is the word used in Helge Fauskanger’s Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT).

                      ]]>                       @@ -202975,9 +203294,9 @@ that rel. imp. ya - + - + @@ -204482,7 +204801,7 @@ that rel. imp. ya                       - @@ -205129,8 +205448,12 @@ Note that most vegetable objects (esp. trees) are rarely classed as neuter or + + + + @@ -205918,7 +206241,8 @@ Note that most vegetable objects (esp. trees) are rarely classed as neuter or                       - - + Most of the Quenya declensions described in the Plotz letter are fairly well understood, but there is one that has long puzzled researchers. There is an unlabeled inflection using the suffix -s, appearing immediately below the locative inflection: ciryas below ciryasse and lasses below lassesse (Plotz). In the same letter, Tolkien also placed the dative inflection (unlabeled) beneath the allative inflection: ciryan below ciryanna and lassen below lassenna:

                      @@ -207926,7 +208250,7 @@ Note that most vegetable objects (esp. trees) are rarely classed as neuter or

                      Some people use the term “short locative” for the s-case (including Tolkien in the quote from Notes for Qenya Declensions above), but I prefer to reserve that term for the reduced locative suffix -se.

                      ]]> - + @@ -209040,6 +209364,7 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel + @@ -210072,7 +210397,7 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel - + This noun case is one that Tolkien (probably) abandoned in his later writings. In the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) he called it the “Manner” case (PE14/46, 78), but in declension tables from the late 1920s through 1930s he often labeled it the “Adverb” case (PE16/113; PE21/4, 53) and in a couple places he called it the “Comparative” case (PE21/42, 46). Elsewhere, though, Tolkien used the term “adverbial cases” to collectively refer to the allative, ablative, locative cases. I use the term “similative” (as in “something that is similar to another thing”) as the label for this noun case to avoid confusion with other grammatical functions, but Tolkien himself never used this term.

                      This case was used to form “an adverb of manner - a Q. formation, it is also employed as an indeclinable adj. = like” (PE21/3, item #10). It was formed with the suffix -ndon, such as:

                        @@ -210130,7 +210455,7 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel

                        Neo-Quenya: I recommend against using this noun case in Neo-Quenya. Its function can be replaced by the preposition ve “as, like, similar, after the manner [of]”.

                        ]]> - + @@ -210825,8 +211150,9 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel - - + + + @@ -211058,14 +211384,15 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel - - - + + + + @@ -211603,6 +211930,9 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel + + + @@ -211710,12 +212040,12 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel - The most common Quenya word for “river”, derived from the root √SIR “flow”.

                        -

                        Conceptual Development: This word first appeared as ᴱQ. sīre “stream” as a derivative of ᴱ√SIŘI [SIÐI] (QL/84), and this form and gloss also appeared in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/84). The form ᴹQ. siri- “river” appeared in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/10), and sīre “river” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√SIR “flow” (Ety/SIR; EtyAC/SIR). In several notes from the mid-1960s, it appeared in monosyllabic form sír (PE17/65) or sīr (VT49/17), but its dual from siryat from the late 1960s implies a stem form of siri- (VT47/11).

                        +

                        Conceptual Development: This word first appeared as ᴱQ. sīre “stream” as a derivative of ᴱ√SIŘI [SIÐI] (QL/84), and this form and gloss also appeared in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/84). The form ᴹQ. siri- “river” appeared in the Declension of Nouns (DN) from the early 1930s, along with uninflected sire with short i and various inflected forms with siry- (PE21/10). The form sīre “river” with long ī appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√SIR “flow” (Ety/SIR; EtyAC/SIR). In several notes from the mid-1960s, it appeared in monosyllabic form sír (PE17/65) or sīr (VT49/17), but it had dual form siryat from the late 1960s implying a stem form of sirĭ- and a development similar to that of DN from the early 1930s (VT47/11).

                        Neo-Eldarin: Its form síre is probably better known and more commonly used in Neo-Quenya. For example this is the typical form in Helge Fauskanger’s Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT).

                        ]]>                         @@ -211724,7 +212054,7 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel - @@ -212371,7 +212701,7 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel                         - + @@ -213242,14 +213572,14 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel - - + sel @@ -213835,7 +214165,7 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel - + In ᴹQ. Fíriel’s Song from the 1930s there are signs of a “stative” verb inflection, though I don’t know who coined this term for this particular Quenya construction. This song has nouns and adjectives with the verb “to be” directly attached in the form of the suffix -ie (LR/72):

                        • ᴹQ. mannar Valion: númessier “the hands of the Lords: they are in the West”; núme-sse-ie-r = “west-(locative)-is-(plural)”.
                          • @@ -213851,7 +214181,7 @@ Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel Sg. 1. nie or ní; 2a. kie, b. lie; 3a. ie, b. thie ... (PE22/123 note #130).

                          These examples are the pronoun + ye, also with plural forms (mier = me + ye + r), past forms (níne = ni + ne) and future forms (níva = ni + va). But this entire section was rejected when Tolkien changed the “to be” verb from ye- to ea- (PE22/122). It is hard to be sure if these are properly “statives”, since in QVS pronominal subject prefixes were the norm. There is no sign of the stative after this.

                          Neo-Quenya: Both the verb ye- and this specific construction were abandoned in later writing, make this inflection inappropriate for Neo-Quenya.

                          ]]> - + @@ -214101,14 +214431,14 @@ Cf. holmo < khomlō “from the heart” us[ed] as adverb: sinc - To understand stress in Quenya you need to know the difference between “heavy” syllables and “light” syllables; Tolkien often called these “long” syllables and “short” syllables. A “light” syllable is one that contains a single short vowel and is followed by zero or one consonant: ta or tan. A “heavy” syllable is one that is not light, that either (a) contains a long vowel or diphthong or (b) is followed by two or more consonants: tán, tain, tand. Only true diphthongs (ai, oi, ui; iu, eu, au) make up a heavy syllable. Two vowels in hiatus make up a pair of light syllables, not one heavy syllable: tie (or tië) has two syllables: ti-e.

                          + To understand stress in Quenya you need to know the difference between “heavy” syllables and “light” syllables; Tolkien often called these “long” syllables and “short” syllables. A “light” syllable is one that contains a single short vowel and is followed by zero or one consonant: ta or tan. A “heavy” syllable is one that is not light, that either (a) contains a long vowel or diphthong or (b) is followed by two or more consonants: tán, tain, tand. Only true diphthongs (ai, oi, ui; iu, eu, au) make up a heavy syllable. Two vowels in hiatus make up a pair of light syllables, not one heavy syllable: tie (or tië) has two syllables: ti.e.

                          As a general rule, stress in Quenya words must fall on the heavy syllable closest to the end of the word, except (a) it cannot fall on the last syllable if there is more than one and (b) it cannot be further back than the third-to-last syllable. If there are no heavy syllables towards the end of the word, stress falls on the first syllable, or on the third-to-last syllable for longer words. Thus:

                            -
                          • In disyllables the stress is on the first syllable: LAS-se “leaf” (lassë).
                            • -
                          • In trisyllables the stress is on the second syllable if it is heavy: ni-QUES-se “snowflake” (niquessë).
                            • -
                          • Otherwise the stress is on the first syllable: TYA-li-e “play” (tyalië).
                            • +
                          • In disyllables the stress is on the first syllable: LAS.se “leaf” (lassë).
                            • +
                          • In trisyllables the stress is on the second syllable if it is heavy: ni.QUES.se “snowflake” (niquessë).
                            • +
                          • Otherwise the stress is on the first syllable: TYA.li.e “play” (tyalië).
                          -

                          Longer words are stressed like trisyllables, except that syllables before the last three don’t factor in. Thus the stress is on the second-to-last syllable (if it is heavy) or the one before it (if the second-to-last is light): las-se-LAN-ta “autumn” (lasselanta) vs. a-LAI-ti-en “I have praised” (alaitien). As this last example shows, inflected forms typically follow the same stress rules as uninflected forms, but see the entry on prosodic lengthening for some extra complications for inflected forms.

                          +

                          Longer words are stressed like trisyllables, except that syllables before the last three don’t factor in. Thus the stress is on the second-to-last syllable (if it is heavy) or the one before it (if the second-to-last is light): las.se.LAN.ta “autumn” (lasselanta) vs. a.LAI.ti.en “I have praised” (alaitien). As this last example shows, inflected forms typically follow the same stress rules as uninflected forms, but see the entry on prosodic lengthening for some extra complications for inflected forms.

                          The stress rules described here are identical to those appearing in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1116), but more detailed descriptions appear elsewhere in Tolkien’s body of work. In more phonetic writing, Tolkien used a macron to mark long vowels: ī, ē, ā, ō, ū. This freed him to use the accent to mark stress. He used acute accent (´) to mark primary stress and a grave accent (`) to mark secondary stress. I generally use the same conventions when discussing Elvish word-stress to avoid switching notations. Tolkien described stress in some detail in his analysis of the Namárië poem (Galadriel’s Lament) in the book of songs The Road Goes Ever On (RGEO) he published in collaboration with Donald Swann (here accents mark stress, not length):

                          The stresses employed metrically were those used in the normal pronunciation of Quenya. The main (high-toned) stress was originally on the first syllable of all words, but in words of 3 or more syllables it had been moved forward to fall on the penultimate syllable [second-to-last], if that were long; if it were short, it fell on the antepenult [third-to-last] irrespective of length, (as in éleni) (RGEO/60).

                          This note indicates stress coincides with higher intonation in Quenya, much as it does in English. These notes are of particular interest because Tolkien also addressed the placement of the secondary stress:

                          @@ -214150,6 +214480,7 @@ Cf. holmo < khomlō “from the heart” us[ed] as adverb: sinc
                          In Tarquesta pronunciation the highest tone-pitch also accompanies as a rule the main stress in words pronounced “normally”, sc. in isolation, or in circumstances where no special significant tonal modifications were required. An exception to this rule is provided by long words, especially compounds, in which a very strong secondary accent fell on the initial syllable, while the actual main stress fell later (often on a derivative syllable). In such cases the initial secondary was in normal circumstances higher in pitch than the succeeding main stress: e.g. kà¹rpalimái²te, Vā̀¹linṓ²re (PE19/61).

                          Again, this is essentially the same system described for the Late Quenya conceptual period of the 1950s and 60s, with the added information that the secondary stress on the initial element of a compound could have a higher pitch than the second element with the main stress.

                          ]]>                           + @@ -214170,6 +214501,7 @@ Cf. holmo < khomlō “from the heart” us[ed] as adverb: sinc + @@ -214177,6 +214509,8 @@ Cf. holmo < khomlō “from the heart” us[ed] as adverb: sinc + + @@ -214236,7 +214570,7 @@ Cf. holmo < khomlō “from the heart” us[ed] as adverb: sinc - + As a general rule, the subject precedes the verb in Quenya: i atan cenne “the man saw”. The biggest exception is when the subject is a pronoun, in which case the pronoun is attached to the verb as a suffix: cennenye “I saw” = cen-ne-nye “see-(past)-I” or “see-(past)-1sg”. This is not strictly speaking subject-verb agreement, a feature of many European languages. The Quenya pronominal subject suffix doesn’t “agree” with the subject, it is the subject.

                          The subject suffixes resemble but do not match the forms of independent pronouns. Quenya Pronominal Elements (QPE) written in 1968 gives a complete set of pronominal suffixes (VT49/51), and most Neo-Quenya writers use this document as the basis for the Quenya pronoun paradigm. Many of these forms, especially in the singular, exist in long (-nye) and short (-n) variants, often represented as -n(ye). The short forms are used more frequently than the long forms, except when there is an object suffix in which case the long form is required. The full set of Quenya pronominal subject suffixes is as follows:

                          @@ -214334,17 +214668,19 @@ Cf. holmo < khomlō “from the heart” us[ed] as adverb: sinc
                        • nitúviet (draft); ni-túvie-t = “I-found-(perfect)-it”.
                        • útuvienyes (published); útuvie-nye-s = found-(perfect)-I-it”.
                        -

                        @@@ 5th 1959 paradigm on PE17/190 and 6th 1962 paradigm on PE17/132 @@@ We currently have four complete pronominal paradigms for Quenya verbs from the 1950s and 60s, three of which were published in VT49 and one more in PE17; one of the VT49 paradigms was republished in PE17 as well. These paradigms are [1] from the late 50s or early 60s (PE17/57), [2] from 1964 (PE17/75; VT49/48), [3] Jan. 1968 (VT49/16) and [4] later (maybe?) in 1968 (VT49/51). Using 1a/1b for 1st person exclusive/inclusive and 2a/2b for 2nd person familiar/polite, these paradigms in their probable chronological order are:

                        +

                        We currently have four complete pronominal paradigms for Quenya verbs from the 1950s and 60s, three of which were published in VT49 and three more in PE17; one of the VT49 paradigms was republished in PE17 as well. These paradigms are [1] from 1959 (PE17/190), [2] from the late 50s or early 60s (PE17/57), [3] from 1962 (PE17/132), [4] from 1964 (PE17/75; VT49/48), [5] Jan. 1968 (VT49/16) and [6] later (maybe?) in 1968 (VT49/51). Using 1a/1b for 1st person exclusive/inclusive and 2a/2b for 2nd person familiar/polite, these paradigms in rough chronological order are:

                      - - - - + + + + + +
                      1sg.2a-sg.2b-sg.3sg.1a-pl.1b-pl.2pl.3pl.
                      [1] PE17/57-n(ye)-tye-lye-s(te)-mme-lme-lde/-lle-nte
                      [2] PE17/75-n(ye)-t(ye)-l(ye)-s-mme-lme-lle-lte
                      [3] VT49/16-n(ye)-tye-l(ye)-s-lme-lwe-lde-lte
                      [4] VT49/51-n(ye)-tye-l(ye)-s(e)-lme-lve-lde-lte
                      [1] PE17/190-n(ye)—-l(ye)-s-mme-lme-lde/-lle-lte/-nte
                      [2] PE17/57-n(ye)-tye-lye-s(te)-mme-lme-lde/-lle-nte
                      [3] PE17/132-n(ye)—-l(ye)-s(se)-mbe-lme-lle-nte
                      [4] PE17/75-n(ye)-t(ye)-l(ye)-s-mme-lme-lle-lte
                      [5] VT49/16-n(ye)-tye-l(ye)-s-lme-lwe-lde-lte
                      [6] VT49/51-n(ye)-tye-l(ye)-s(e)-lme-lve-lde-lte
                      -

                      The first two paradigms [1] and [2] were composed before the second edition of The Lord of the Rings was published, the last two [3] and [4] were composed after. One notable change between the two editions is Frodo’s greeting to Gildor, “a star shines on the hour of our [inclusive] meeting”:

                      +

                      Paradigms [2-3] also mention an “honorific” suffix -tar that seems to have displaced polite -lye, which itself seems to have become familiar after -tye became archaic (this idea seems to have been abandoned by 1964 after which -tye was restored). The first four paradigms [1-4] were composed before the second edition of The Lord of the Rings was published, the last two [5-6] were composed after. One notable change between the two editions is Frodo’s greeting to Gildor, “a star shines on the hour of our [inclusive] meeting”:

                      • elen síla lúmenn’ omentielmo (first edition)
                      • elen síla lúmenn’ omentielvo (second edition)
                        • @@ -214385,7 +214721,7 @@ Cf. holmo < khomlō “from the heart” us[ed] as adverb: sinc - + holmo                         < khomlō “from the heart” us[ed] as adverb: sinc - + The subjunctive mood is used for various “unreal” (conditional or hypothetical) statements: things where the speaker is uncertain whether or not they are true. These are slightly different from the optative (things the speaker hopes or wishes were true) and the imperative (actions the speaker demands be done). The various “unreal” formations in Quenya are indicated by particles rather than verbal inflections, a concept Tolkien introduced in Early Qenya and mostly stuck with thereafter:

                        The conditional or subjunctive. This is not expressed inflectionally but by particles, nai and {ke >>} ki, of which nai represents remoter possibility (“might”), ki (nearer) “may” ... “If” is expressed by mai (Early Qenya Grammar, 1920s, PE14/59).
                        @@ -214626,7 +214962,7 @@ The particles and conjunctions chiefly used in Quenya were qe “if”; < - + @@ -214649,7 +214985,7 @@ The particles and conjunctions chiefly used in Quenya were qe “if”; <                         - A subordinate or dependent clause is one that is not a sentence on its own, but modifies the larger context in which it appears: “the man who came here yesterday was very angry”. Many subordinate clauses begin with relative pronouns, as in the previous example: “who”. In English relative pronouns are the same as question words, but Quenya question words (based on ma) are distinct from relative pronouns, which are based on i or ya.

                        Indeclinable i: Most attested relative clauses are formed with the pronoun i:

                        @@ -214697,14 +215033,14 @@ The particles and conjunctions chiefly used in Quenya were qe “if”; <
                      • sí ar lúmesse ya firuvamme: násie “now and at the hour of our death [lit. that we die]: Amen” (VT43/28).

                      In the prior version of this sentence, the relative pronoun was yá with long á (VT43/27), so it is possible that rather than relative pronoun ya “what”, this was the subordinate conjunction yá “when” (lit. “when we die”), also seen in yá hríve mene, ringa ná “when winter comes, it is cold” (VT49/23). It seems likely that short ya is used as a (neuter) relative pronoun, whereas long yá functions as subordinate conjunction “when” vs. the more generic subordinate conjunction i “that”.

                      -

                      In addition to neuter ya, Quenya also has a personal/animate relative pronoun ye “who(m)” which can likewise be inflected into noun cases: genitive yeo, allative yenna, ablative yello (VT47/21). Compare inanimate ya “what”/animate ye “who” with inanimate sa “it”/animate se “he, she”. Interestingly, this “inflectable who” ye had a plural form of i:

                      +

                      In addition to neuter ya, Quenya also has a personal/animate relative pronoun ye “who(m)” which can likewise be inflected into noun cases: genitive yeo, allative yenna, ablative yello (VT47/21). Compare inanimate ya “what”/animate ye “who” with inanimate sa “it”/animate se “he, she”. Note that ya may still be applied to persons, as in the examples above, so it seems ye is optional and can be used to emphasize that the referent is a person. Interestingly, this “inflectable who” ye had a plural form of i:

                      who rel. per[sonal] ye, pl. i
                      that rel. imp[personal] ya
                      yenna leltanelyes “to which [?whom] you sent him”
                      yeo / yello / ion / illon camnelyes “from whom you received it” (VT47/21).
                      -

                      This plural form of ye may have influenced the function of the indeclinable relative pronoun i. Unlike indeclinable i, both ya and ye are inflected for noun case and number. Indeed, where they appear in example sentences from Tolkien’s later writing, they are inflected for noun case (not so in Early Qenya, see below). This may be the distinction between indeclinable i and declinable ya/ye: the latter are used where case inflection is required.

                      +

                      Unlike indeclinable i, both ya and ye are inflected for noun case and number. Indeed, where they appear in example sentences from Tolkien’s later writing, they are always inflected for noun case (not so in Early Qenya, see below). This may be the distinction between indeclinable i and declinable ya/ye: the latter are used where case inflection is required. Tolkien does not give a plural form of ya, but it might be *yai; compare ta vs. tai (VT49/32). However, with adverbial cases (-sse, -nna, -llo) it seems the plural suffix is added directly to ya: ya-ssen tintilar i eleni “wherein the stars tremble”, referring to the vaults (telumar) of Varda.

                      Origins of ya and i: Tolkien discussed the origins of ya in notes associated with Galadriel’s song (NGS) written in the late 1950s or early 1960s:

                      ya-, used in Quenya as stem of relatives, being originally a demonstrative referring back to something behind, or previous in time (PE17/66).

                      Indeed, the root ᴹ√YA appears in The Etymologies from the 1930s with the gloss “there, over there; (of time) back, ago”, and is also the basis for words like yára “old”. As a relative pronoun, it may have originally meant “that thing previously referred to”. The use of ya as a relative pronoun dates all the way back to the Early Quenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s, though at this earlier stage it was indeclinable:

                      @@ -214721,7 +215057,7 @@ that rel. imp[personal] ya

              These notes indicate the sometimes-inceptive nature of u-verbs. QVS is also the source of the most complete conjugational paradigm of u-verbs, as discussed above. In QVS Tolkien mentioned u-verbs sometimes had strong past tenses derived directly from the root (PE22/117), but this does not seem to be the norm. The last detailed discussion of u-verbs in the published corpus appears in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the 1950s (see the quote above), but individual u-verbs continued to appear in the 1960s.

              Neo-Quenya: Absent more information, I would assume that the 1940s conjugational paradigm remains valid for u-verbs. It mostly remains phonologically plausible. The only possible exception is the perfect form ilírie which (a) looks too much like a basic verb and (b) contradicts the statement that “the u-addition was thus normally (or very frequently) present throughout the conjugation” (EVS2, 1950s, PE22/135). I would not be surprised to see distinctive u-verb perfect forms like ilíruye or ilírwie appear in some future publication resembling the past form kelwie from the 1920s, or perhaps weak perfects like ilirunie. Unless and until such forms are published, though, I’d stick with the attested pattern.

              ]]>               - + @@ -240269,43 +240604,6 @@ cause to smoke; smoke at pipe” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, deriv               - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -wa after consonants]]> @@ -241718,7 +242016,7 @@ cause to smoke; smoke at pipe” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, deriv - + Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, deriv - + @@ -245751,7 +246049,7 @@ enfolding the world within the Ilurambar”, a derivative of ᴹ√ - + Aside from participles, there are a number of other common mechanisms for forming adjectives from verbs, but these were not part of formal conjugation and unlike participles could not interact with the system of tenses.

              -ima: Probably the best known of the verbal adjective suffixes, -ima is used to express possibility, and is roughly equivalent to English “-able, -ible”: cen- “see” → cénima “visible, able to be seen”. Tolkien discussed this suffix in several places, including the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of the late 1940s, Common Eldarin: Verb Structures (EVS2) of the early 1950s and Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969:

              Adjectives expressing possibility: “able to be done”, like “-able, ible”, are formed with -imā, always in simple verbs preceded by a stem strengthened, either by doubling of the final base medial (usual in case of p, t, k), or by lengthening of base vowel, or by nasal intrusion. Thus: mattima “edible”; qettima “utterable”, alqettima “unutterable”; alkárima “impossible to make”; kénima “visible”; alistima “unknowable, secret”. Verbs in -ā drop this: alfárima “impossible to pursue”. Those in u usually keep it: lī̆ruima “able to be sung”. Weak verbs show ălima [from ´ālimā́]: ortalima “able to be raised”; alaniñkwitálima “that cannot be made white (again)”. So istalima “knowable, ascertainable” (QVS, PE22/110).
              @@ -245759,7 +246057,7 @@ enfolding the world within the Ilurambar”, a derivative of ᴹ√Ex. of ima. tírima “able to be watched, observable”; kénima “visible”; kárima, ”feasible, possible (to do)”, ankárima “very doable, easy”; mátima “edible”; nótima “countable, limited in number (weight or measure)” ... kólima “bearable, light (of burdens and things comparable, troubles, labour, afflictions)”; púlima “pourable, liquid”; yúlima “drinkable”; túvima “discoverable”; kúvima “concealable”. These adjectives were made chiefly from transitive verbal stems (LVS, PE22/155).

            All these documents agree on the essential meaning of -ima, but Tolkien’s ideas for how these adjectives were formed seems to have evolved over time. In QVS, the stem of basic verbs was “strengthened” in some way via either vowel lengthening or doubling the final consonant (mattima). In EVS2 consonant doubling seems to be abandoned, but a variant suffix -tima was sometimes used with basic verb (mat+timā > mastima). In LVS vowel lengthening seems to be the only mechanism for strengthening the stem (mátima).

            In QVS u-verbs added the suffix -ima directly to the stem (líruima “singable”) but the final a was replaced in half-strong and a-verbs like istima “knowable” and fárima “pursuable”, with vowel lengthening if possible. In QVS transitive and weak verbs use the suffix -lima (ortalima “raisable”) but in LVS it seems the extra l was abandoned and the result was forms like tultaima “fetchable” (PE22/156).

            -

            Mostly -ima “-able” is added to transitive verbs, and had a passive sense, but in EVS2 Tolkien said it could be added to intransitive verbs as well where it took on the sense of “able to” as in cálima “able to shine”. However, in LVS Tolkien clarified that there was a separate adjective suffix -ima that did not involve lengthening of the stem vowel, and served to form more generic adjectives:

            +

            Mostly -ima “-able” is added to transitive verbs, and had a passive sense, but in EVS2 Tolkien said it could be added to intransitive verbs as well where it took on the sense of “able to” as in cálima “able to shine”. However, in LVS Tolkien clarified that there was a separate adjective suffix -ima that did not involve lengthening of the base vowel, and served to form more generic adjectives:

            -ima adjs. Only the adjs. in -ima found with long stem vowel were adjs. of possibility. -ima was frequently used with stems (verbal, adj[ectival] or nominal) with a short vowel, and the sense possessing to a high degree (at all times & by nature) the property mention[ed]. So kalima “luminous” (by nature always), vanima “beautiful, norima “running, swiftly a course[?]”, kelima “fluent”, istima “wise (in sense of knowing much), knowledgeable, very well informed”, melima “loving, very affectionate” — but lamélima “unlovable” (PE22/156).

            Since the form in The Lord of the Rings was calima with short ă (LotR/720), it seems Tolkien abandoned the idea that such adjectives were connected to -ima “-able”. Indeed, the use of -ima as a general adjective suffix dates all the way back to Early Qenya and probably predates its use as a suffix of possibility: ᴱQ. korima “round”, ᴱQ. oilima “last”, ᴱQ. qolima “sickly, ailing”, etc.

            -ite: The suffix -ite was used to describe a habit or intrinsic characteristic related to a verbal action such as: tirila “watching (something)” vs. tiríte “watchful, vigilant”; carila “doing, making (something)” vs. caraite “active, busy”.

            @@ -245781,7 +246079,7 @@ enfolding the world within the Ilurambar”, a derivative of ᴹ√Adjectives in ū̆la (in which the ū̆ is possibly related to the ū̆ seen in the futures) express likelihood, aptitude: similar to Latin “-āx”: nyárula “apt to talk, or relate”; kúvula “flexible, pliant” (QVS, PE22/111).
            ū̆lā usually expressed likelihood or aptitude (in what would be the subject of the verb): matulā “edacious” (EVS2, PE22/137).

            Distinguishing between -ite and -ula is a bit tricky, especially since -ula is not described in LVS, but it seems -ite refers to habitual (current or previous) activity as opposed to -ula that refers to potential (future) activity. In practice there is probably a fair about of ambiguity between the various suffixes, especially with intransitive verbs: “flexible” was given as both kúvula and kúvima (from the verb kuv- “bow”).

            -

            In QVS it seems that -ula requires lengthening of the stem vowel, much like -ima. This seems not be true in the one example given in EVS2, but that may well be an archaic (Common Eldarin) form. For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would assume -ula follows rules similar to -ima.

            ]]>             +

            In QVS it seems that -ula requires lengthening of the base vowel, much like -ima. This seems not be true in the one example given in EVS2, but that may well be an archaic (Common Eldarin) form. For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would assume -ula follows rules similar to -ima.

            ]]> @@ -245791,7 +246089,7 @@ enfolding the world within the Ilurambar”, a derivative of ᴹ√ - @@ -245800,7 +246098,7 @@ enfolding the world within the Ilurambar”, a derivative of ᴹ√             - + Modality is a linguistic concept having to do with the possibility, necessity or permissibility of an action. English expresses modality through a set of special auxiliary verbs called the “modal verbs”, followed by the verbal action:

            Unfortunately, there is a fair amount of variation in these forms. In those pasts with vowel lengthening, two lack the expected vowel change: aval, aðag (from bal-, dag-). In one case the initial consonant does not mutate: edíw (from dew-). In one case the vowel augment is different from the base vowel eniðen (√NID); perhaps this is by analogy with verbs whose base vowel is e such edíw. The vowel augment is a bit less obvious for aw (from sav-), since the initial consonant s vanished medially: asāmē > ahauv(e) > auv > aw.

            -

            For those pasts with nasal infixion, some have a vowel augment but others do not: cawn, pent, gwanu/gwawn (from √KAW, √KWET, √WAW). The lack of an augment in echant is probably due to its verbal prefix; Tolkien considered but deleted a past form with an augment between the prefix and the verb: edagant. Most of the roots with nasal infixion originally ended in voiceless stop, though a couple ended in w instead; the verb caw- “taste” has past tense forms both with and without nasals (cawn vs. agowen).

            +

            For those pasts with nasal infixion, some have a vowel augment but others do not: cawn, pent (from √KAW, √KWET). The lack of an augment in echant is probably due to its verbal prefix; Tolkien considered but deleted a past form with an augment between the prefix and the verb: edagant. Most of the roots with nasal infixion originally ended in voiceless stop, though a couple ended in w instead; the verb caw- “taste” has past tense forms both with and without nasals (cawn vs. agowen).

            Despite these variations, the most common pattern adheres to the one described in Q&E: in the ancient past the base vowel was added as a vocalic augment and also the base vowel was lengthened. As the sounds changed in Sindarin, the consonant after the augment underwent soft mutation, while the lengthened base vowel underwent its usual changes: ē > ī, ō > ū, ā > au. Finally, the lengthened vowel shortened in final syllables, resulting in the mutations e, o, a → i, u, o, though in the last case aw remained if the result was a monosyllable: aw past of sav- (see above) and aul as the strong past of gala- (see below). Although we only have a couple of examples, it seems the vowel remained short even when pronominal suffixes were added, as in: agowen, enidhen; the suffixes were probably added to the uninflected form.

            It is not entirely clear what the augment would be for verbs with base vowels i and (very rare) u, but based on enidhen (from √NID) it seems possible that the augment would be e and o by analogy with those verbs having base vowels e and o. So perhaps the past tense of tir- “watch” would be *edir, and the past tense of tol- “come” (from √TUL) would be *odul.

            Nasal-infixed pasts mostly appear with verbs whose ancient roots ended in p, t, k. These became b, d, g in the verb stem, but in past forms the original voiceless stop was preserved (or restored) as they usually were when they appeared after nasals at the end of words, so that b, d, g → mp, nt, nc: *agamp “leapt” from cab-, √KAP; echant “made” from echad-, √KAT; adhanc “slayed” from dag-, √DAK (perhaps *annanc from √NDAK).

            @@ -366971,6 +367352,17 @@ Back to ú
                         + + + + + + A Gondorian city at the mouth of the (LotR/789), translated “Garth of Royal Ships” (RC/535), a combination of “fenced field”, the prefix “royal” and the lenited form of the plural cîr of “ship” (RC/625).

            @@ -369699,7 +370091,7 @@ Back to ú
             The Sindarin simple present tense seems to be based on the ancient Common Eldarin aorist tense. We have relatively few examples of its uses, so its exact function is hard to determine, but many Neo-Sindarin writers assume it functions more or less like the English simple present, but can also function like the present continuous/imperfect as well: the phrase tôl achar(n) was in different places glossed as either “vengeance comes (tôl)” (WJ/254) or “vengeance is coming” (PE17/166).

            -

            For derived verbs, the present tense is simply the unadorned verb stem: gala “grow” (gala-). For monosyllabic basic verbs, the stem vowel is lengthened as is often the case in monosyllables: câr “do, make” (car-). Unlike the past tense, the lengthened vowel does not change in quality, since this lengthening was quite late. Thus the present tense of tol- “come” is tôl (though in one place Tolkien did write tûl, WJ/301). Presumably vowel lengthening would not occur if the basic verb stem was polysyllablic, such as *echad “shape” for the verb echad-. There are no attested examples of this in Sindarin, but several such examples appear in Early Noldorin and Noldorin of the 1920s and 30s (see Conceptual Development below).

            +

            For derived verbs, the present tense is simply the unadorned verb stem: gala “grow” (gala-). For monosyllabic basic verbs, the base vowel is lengthened as is often the case in monosyllables: câr “do, make” (car-). Unlike the past tense, the lengthened vowel does not change in quality, since this lengthening was quite late. Thus the present tense of tol- “come” is tôl (though in one place Tolkien did write tûl, WJ/301). Presumably vowel lengthening would not occur if the basic verb stem was polysyllablic, such as *echad “shape” for the verb echad-. There are no attested examples of this in Sindarin, but several such examples appear in Early Noldorin and Noldorin of the 1920s and 30s (see Conceptual Development below).

            Things become more complex when pronominal suffixes are added. In the case of derived verbs, a pronominal suffix usually means the final a of the verb changes to o as in galon “I grow” (gala-), but in some cases the a is preserved: before -r and pronominal suffixes that were clusters; see verb inflections for further discussion. In the case of basic verbs, the ancient aorist suffix i is preserved, and causes internal i-affection of the base vowel: cerin “I do” (car-); see the discussion in vowel mutations for the origin of this sound change. The net result is that for many basic verbs, the vowel becomes e in an inflected present tense:

            In all cases, it seems these words would have the (Noldorin or Sindarin) plural mutations that would normally occur in final syllables: -a → -ai (N. -ei), -e → -i, -o/u → -y (N. -ei/-y). In the example of S. thôl with plural thely, Tolkien gave another plural thuil, probably a reformation to the normal plural pattern for ô-monosyllables. Thus, in those cases where the newly-final vowel was also lost, I think there would be a tendency for the word to reform to normal plural patterns. However, in cases where the vowel survived after weak consonant losses, I think the plural mutation would be basically the same as those in final syllables of polysyllables ending in single consonants.

            Plurals of monosyllables ending in vowels: There are relatively few Sindarin monosyllabic nouns ending in vowels, but they could result from (extremely rare) Common Eldarin monosyllabic nouns that either ended in a vowel or nouns which became monosyllables after the loss of an ancient weak consonant. Unfortunately, we have very few examples of such nouns, so their possible plural patterns are unclear. The only potential example is fui “paths” a plural of otherwise unattested S. fû (or ?fô).

            -

            It is possible the plurals of ancient monosyllables would follow the developments of more ancient diphthongs, so that ai > ae; ei > ī; oi, ui > ui. In the case of ê, ô, û monosyllables, these would be supported by the plural patterns of other words, so that the plurals of [N.] tê “line” is very likely *tî “lines” and (h)lô “flood” very likely has plural *(h)lui “floods”. In the case of â, however, any plurals with ae would be incredibly rare (possible non-existent), and I suspect they would reform to ai by analogy with more common monosyllabic plurals resulting from lost weak consonants. A hypothetical example:

            +

            It is possible the plurals of ancient monosyllables would follow the developments of more ancient diphthongs, so that ai > ae; ei > ī; oi, ui > ui. In the case of ê, ô, û monosyllables, these would be supported by the plural patterns of other words, so that the plurals of [N.] tê “line” is very likely *tî “lines” and l(h)ô “flood” very likely has plural *(h)lui “floods”. In the case of â, however, any plurals with ae would be incredibly rare (possible non-existent), and I suspect they would reform to ai by analogy with more common monosyllabic plurals resulting from lost weak consonants. A hypothetical example:

            • *yagī > yaʒi > yeʒi > yei(ʒ) > yai written *iai; the most probable plural of iâ “chasm” < yagā.
            diff --git a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/categories-index.xq b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/categories-index.xq index 6dda852d30..ffef7f0b8f 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/categories-index.xq +++ b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/categories-index.xq @@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ declare variable $lang-name := $lang/@name/string(); - diff --git a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/deprecation-index.xq b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/deprecation-index.xq index 38a06a6232..9e3773ddb5 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/deprecation-index.xq +++ b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/deprecation-index.xq @@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ declare variable $lang-name := $lang/@name/string(); - diff --git a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/neologism-index.xq b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/neologism-index.xq index 9b5c6fcbde..30b7b595fc 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/neologism-index.xq +++ b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/neologism-index.xq @@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ declare variable $lang-name := $lang/@name/string(); - diff --git a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/root-index.xq b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/root-index.xq index c54993f0d9..13c63ab9ba 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/root-index.xq +++ b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/root-index.xq @@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ declare variable $secondary-word := ; - diff --git a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/vocabulary-index.xq b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/vocabulary-index.xq index e41d44eaa3..81f2df28cb 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/vocabulary-index.xq +++ b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/vocabulary-index.xq @@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ declare variable $lang-name := $lang/@name/string(); - diff --git a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/word-index.xq b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/word-index.xq index ce6d603eba..1d94fe30f6 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/word-index.xq +++ b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/word-index.xq @@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ declare variable $lang-name := $lang/@name/string(); - diff --git a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/word-page.xq b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/word-page.xq index c43429c436..74cc4eda49 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/word-page.xq +++ b/src/main/webapp/config/query-configs/word-page.xq @@ -320,7 +320,6 @@ declare variable $allow-neo-nav := - diff --git a/src/main/webapp/css/global.css b/src/main/webapp/css/global.css index 07e3c94506..183e533f11 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/css/global.css +++ b/src/main/webapp/css/global.css @@ -112,3 +112,5 @@ hr { border: none; height: 1px; color: #000; background-color: #000; } .advanced-topic { background-color: #CCCCCC } + +.advanced-topic blockquote { margin-left: 0.75em; margin-right: 0em; padding-left: 0.50em; border-left: 0.25em solid #999; } diff --git a/src/main/webapp/general/version-history.html b/src/main/webapp/general/version-history.html index e9278494ea..d91fdc0c00 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/general/version-history.html +++ b/src/main/webapp/general/version-history.html @@ -10,7 +10,13 @@

            [Home]

            Version History

            -

            v0.8.4.1

            +

            v0.8.4.2

            +
              +
            • Minor release as I worked on Eldamo Introductory Quenya Chapters 1-6.
              • +
            • Updated grammar entries to reflect my new preference for assimilative partitive plurals: atanéli >> atalli.
              • +
            • Upgraded to Glaemscribe 1.3.1.
              • +
            +

            v0.8.4.1 (October 14, 2022)

            • Minor release to fix a build issue.
            • Introduced spelling convention öa to make pronunciation clearer.
              • diff --git a/src/main/webapp/js/glaemscribe.min.js b/src/main/webapp/js/glaemscribe.min.js index 145a561a92..e10f8b6363 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/js/glaemscribe.min.js +++ b/src/main/webapp/js/glaemscribe.min.js @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ the transcription of texts between writing systems, and more specifically dedicated to the transcription of J.R.R. Tolkien's invented languages to some of his devised writing systems. -Copyright (C) 2015 Benjamin Babut (Talagan). +Copyright (C) 2017 Benjamin Babut (Talagan). This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by @@ -19,8 +19,9 @@ GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program. If not, see . -Version : 1.0.19 +Version : 1.3.1 */ -function stringListToCleanArray(e,r){return e.split(r).map(function(e){return e.trim()}).filter(function(e){return""!=e})}String.fromCodePoint||!function(){var e=function(){try{var e={},r=Object.defineProperty,s=r(e,e,e)&&r}catch(t){}return s}(),r=String.fromCharCode,s=Math.floor,t=function(){var e,t,a=16384,o=[],i=-1,n=arguments.length;if(!n)return"";for(var l="";++ic||c>1114111||s(c)!=c)throw RangeError("Invalid code point: "+c);65535>=c?o.push(c):(c-=65536,e=(c>>10)+55296,t=c%1024+56320,o.push(e,t)),(i+1==n||o.length>a)&&(l+=r.apply(null,o),o.length=0)}return l};e?e(String,"fromCodePoint",{value:t,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):String.fromCodePoint=t}(),Function.prototype.inheritsFrom=function(e){return e.constructor==Function?(this.prototype=new e,this.prototype.constructor=this,this.prototype.parent=e.prototype):(this.prototype=e,this.prototype.constructor=this,this.prototype.parent=e),this},Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype,"productize",{enumerable:!1,value:function(e){for(var r=this,s=new Array(r.length*e.length),t=0;tr;r++)if(this[r]instanceof Array&&e[r]instanceof Array){if(!this[r].equals(e[r]))return!1}else if(this[r]!=e[r])return!1;return!0}}),Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype,"unique",{enumerable:!1,value:function(){var e=function(e,r,s){return s.indexOf(e)===r};return this.filter(e)}}),Object.defineProperty(Object.prototype,"glaem_each",{enumerable:!1,value:function(e){for(var r in this)if(this.hasOwnProperty(r)){var s=e(r,this[r]);if(0==s)break}}}),Object.defineProperty(Object.prototype,"glaem_merge",{enumerable:!1,value:function(e){var r={};for(var s in this)this.hasOwnProperty(s)&&(r[s]=this[s]);for(var s in e)e.hasOwnProperty(s)&&(r[s]=e[s]);return r}});var Glaemscribe={};Glaemscribe.WORD_BREAKER="|",Glaemscribe.WORD_BOUNDARY="_",Glaemscribe.UNKNOWN_CHAR_OUTPUT="\u2620",Glaemscribe.VIRTUAL_CHAR_OUTPUT="\u2622",Glaemscribe.ResourceManager=function(){return this.raw_modes={},this.raw_charsets={},this.loaded_modes={},this.loaded_charsets={},this.pre_processor_operator_classes={},this.post_processor_operator_classes={},this},Glaemscribe.ResourceManager.prototype.load_charsets=function(e){null==e&&(e=Object.keys(this.raw_charsets)),("string"==typeof e||e instanceof String)&&(e=[e]);for(var r=0;r0)return s.errors=t.errors,s;for(var a=t.root_node.gpath("char"),o=0;o0)return t.errors=a.errors,t;if(this.verify_mode_glaeml(a),t.errors.length>0)return t;t.language=a.root_node.gpath("language")[0].args[0],t.writing=a.root_node.gpath("writing")[0].args[0],t.human_name=a.root_node.gpath("mode")[0].args[0],t.authors=a.root_node.gpath("authors")[0].args[0],t.version=a.root_node.gpath("version")[0].args[0];for(var o=a.root_node.gpath("options.option"),i=0;i0){for(var g=0;g0)for(var r=0;r0)for(var r=0;r0)for(var r=0;r\s+(.+?)\s*$/,Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.CROSS_RULE_REGEXP=/^\s*(.*?)\s+-->\s+([\s0-9,]+)\s+-->\s+(.+?)\s*$/,Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.prototype.finalize_rule=function(e,r,s,t){var a=this.apply_vars(e,r),o=this.apply_vars(e,s);if(null!=a&&null!=o){var i=new Glaemscribe.Rule(e,this);i.src_sheaf_chain=new Glaemscribe.SheafChain(i,a,!0),i.dst_sheaf_chain=new Glaemscribe.SheafChain(i,o,!1),i.finalize(t),this.rules.push(i)}},Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.prototype.finalize_code_line=function(e){var r=this.mode;if(exp=Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.VAR_DECL_REGEXP.exec(e.expression)){var s=exp[1],t=exp[2],a=this.apply_vars(e.line,t);if(null==a)return void r.errors.push(new Glaemscribe.Glaeml.Error(e.line,"Thus, variable {"+s+"} could not be declared."));this.add_var(s,a)}else if(exp=Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.CROSS_RULE_REGEXP.exec(e.expression)){var o=exp[1],i=exp[2],n=exp[3];this.finalize_rule(e.line,o,n,i)}else if(exp=Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.RULE_REGEXP.exec(e.expression)){var o=exp[1],n=exp[2];this.finalize_rule(e.line,o,n)}else""==e.expression||r.errors.push(new Glaemscribe.Glaeml.Error(e.line,": Cannot understand '"+e.expression+"'."))},Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.prototype.finalize=function(e){var r=this;this.vars={},this.in_charset={},this.rules=[],this.add_var("NULL",""),this.descend_if_tree(this.root_code_block,e),r.in_charset={};for(var s=0;so;o++)t.push(o+1);var i=null;if(null!=r){i=r.split(",").map(function(e){return parseInt(e)});var n=i.length;n!=a&&s.errors.push(a+" sheaves found in right predicate, but "+n+" elements in cross rule.");var l=i.slice(0);t.equals(l.sort())||s.errors.push("Cross rule should contain each element of "+t+" once and only once.")}else i=t;this.cross_array=i},Glaemscribe.SheafChainIterator.prototype.proto=function(){for(var e=this,r=e.sizes.slice(0),s=e.sizes.slice(0),t=0;t=e.sizes[s]))return!0;e.iterators[s]=0,r+=1}return!1},Glaemscribe.IfTree={},Glaemscribe.IfTree.IfCond=function(e,r,s){return this.line=e,this.parent_if_term=r,this.expression=s,this},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term=function(e){return this.parent_code_block=e,this},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.prototype.is_code_lines=function(){return!1},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.prototype.is_pre_post_processor_operators=function(){return!1},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.prototype.name=function(){return"TERM"},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.prototype.dump=function(e){for(var r="",s=0;e>s;s++)r+=" ";r+="|-"+this.name(),console.log(r)},Glaemscribe.IfTree.IfTerm=function(e){return Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.call(this,e),this.if_conds=[],this},Glaemscribe.IfTree.IfTerm.inheritsFrom(Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term),Glaemscribe.IfTree.IfTerm.prototype.name=function(){return"IF_TERM"},Glaemscribe.IfTree.IfTerm.prototype.dump=function(e){this.parent.dump.call(this,e)},Glaemscribe.IfTree.CodeLine=function(e,r){return this.expression=e,this.line=r,this},Glaemscribe.IfTree.PrePostProcessorOperatorsTerm=function(e){return Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.call(this,e),this.operators=[],this},Glaemscribe.IfTree.PrePostProcessorOperatorsTerm.inheritsFrom(Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term),Glaemscribe.IfTree.PrePostProcessorOperatorsTerm.prototype.name=function(){return"OP_TERM"},Glaemscribe.IfTree.PrePostProcessorOperatorsTerm.prototype.is_pre_post_processor_operators=function(){return!0},Glaemscribe.IfTree.CodeLinesTerm=function(e){return Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.call(this,e),this.code_lines=[],this},Glaemscribe.IfTree.CodeLinesTerm.inheritsFrom(Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term),Glaemscribe.IfTree.CodeLinesTerm.prototype.name=function(){return"CL_TERM"},Glaemscribe.IfTree.CodeLinesTerm.prototype.is_code_lines=function(){return!0},Glaemscribe.IfTree.CodeBlock=function(e){return this.parent_if_cond=e,this.terms=[],this},Glaemscribe.IfTree.CodeBlock.prototype.dump=function(e){for(var r="",s=0;e>s;s++)r+=" ";r+="|-BLOCK",console.log(r);for(var t=0;t="),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("cond_sup",">"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("cond_eq","=="),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("cond_not_eq","!="),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("add_plus","+"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("add_minus","-"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("mult_times","*"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("mult_div","/"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("mult_modulo","%"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_not","!"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_lparen","("),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_rparen",")"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_string",/^'[^']*'/),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_string",/^"[^"]*"/),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_const",/^[a-zA-Z0-9_.]+/)],Glaemscribe.Eval.Lexer.prototype.TOKEN_END=new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_end",""),Glaemscribe.Eval.Lexer.prototype.advance=function(){if(this.exp=this.exp.trim(),1==this.retain_last)return this.retain_last=!1,this.token_chain[this.token_chain.length-1];if(this.exp==Glaemscribe.Eval.Lexer.prototype.TOKEN_END.expression){var e=Glaemscribe.Eval.Lexer.prototype.TOKEN_END.clone("");return this.token_chain.push(e),e}for(var e=0;e=this.explore_add();break;case"cond_sup":e=e>this.explore_add();break;case"cond_eq":e=e==this.explore_add();break;case"cond_not_eq":e=e!=this.explore_add();break;default: -r=!0}return this.lexer.uneat(),e},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.explore_add=function(){for(var e=this.explore_mult(),r=!1;!r;)switch(this.lexer.advance().name){case"add_plus":e+=this.explore_mult();break;case"add_minus":e-=this.explore_mult();break;default:r=!0}return this.lexer.uneat(),e},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.explore_mult=function(){for(var e=this.explore_primary(),r=!1;!r;)switch(this.lexer.advance().name){case"mult_times":e*=this.explore_primary();break;case"mult_div":e/=this.explore_primary();break;case"mult_modulo":e%=this.explore_primary();break;default:r=!0}return this.lexer.uneat(),e},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.explore_primary=function(){var e=this.lexer.advance(),r=null;switch(e.name){case"prim_const":r=this.cast_constant(e.value);break;case"add_minus":r=-this.explore_primary();break;case"prim_not":r=!this.explore_primary();break;case"prim_lparen":r=this.parse_top_level();var s=this.lexer.advance();if("prim_rparen"!=s.name)throw"Missing right parenthesis.";break;default:throw"Cannot understand: "+e.value+"."}return r},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.constant_is_float=function(e){return isNaN(e)?!1:Number(e)%1!==0},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.constant_is_int=function(e){return isNaN(e)?!1:Number(e)%1===0},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.constant_is_string=function(e){if(e.length<2)return!1;var r=e[0],s=e[e.length-1];return r==s&&("'"==s||'"'==s)},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.cast_constant=function(e){var r=null;if(this.constant_is_int(e))return parseInt(e);if(this.constant_is_float(e))return parseFloat(e);if(r=e.match(/^\'(.*)\'$/))return r[0];if(r=e.match(/^\"(.*)\"$/))return r[0];if("true"==e)return!0;if("false"==e)return!1;if("nil"==e)return null;if(null!=this.vars[e])return this.vars[e];throw"Cannot understand constant '"+e+"'."},Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode=function(e,r,s){var t=this;t.character=e,t.replacement=r,t.path=s,t.siblings={}},Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode.prototype.is_effective=function(){return null!=this.replacement},Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode.prototype.add_subpath=function(e,r,s){if(null!=e&&""!=e){var t=this,a=e[0],o=t.siblings[a],i=(s||"")+a;null==o&&(o=new Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode(a,null,i)),t.siblings[a]=o,1==e.length?o.replacement=r:o.add_subpath(e.substring(1),r,i)}},Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode.prototype.transcribe=function(e,r){if(null==r&&(r=[]),r.push(this),""!=e){var s=e[0],t=this.siblings[s];if(t)return t.transcribe(e.substring(1),r)}for(;r.length>1;){var a=r.pop();if(a.is_effective())return[a.replacement,r.length]}return[["*UNKNOWN"],1]},Glaemscribe.PrePostProcessorOperator=function(e){return this.glaeml_element=e,this},Glaemscribe.PrePostProcessorOperator.prototype.apply=function(){throw"Pure virtual method, should be overloaded."},Glaemscribe.PrePostProcessorOperator.prototype.eval_arg=function(e,r){if(null==e)return null;var s=null;return(s=e.match(/^\\eval\s/))?(to_eval=e.substring(s[0].length),(new Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser).parse(to_eval,r)):e},Glaemscribe.PrePostProcessorOperator.prototype.finalize_glaeml_element=function(e,r){for(var s=this,t=0;t=0;o--)a+=r[o];else a=r;return a})},Glaemscribe.resource_manager.register_pre_processor_class("elvish_numbers",Glaemscribe.ElvishNumbersPreProcessorOperator),Glaemscribe.ReversePostProcessorOperator=function(e){return Glaemscribe.PostProcessorOperator.call(this,e),this},Glaemscribe.ReversePostProcessorOperator.inheritsFrom(Glaemscribe.PostProcessorOperator),Glaemscribe.ReversePostProcessorOperator.prototype.apply=function(e){return e.reverse()},Glaemscribe.resource_manager.register_post_processor_class("reverse",Glaemscribe.ReversePostProcessorOperator),Glaemscribe.ResolveVirtualsPostProcessorOperator=function(e){return Glaemscribe.PostProcessorOperator.call(this,e),this},Glaemscribe.ResolveVirtualsPostProcessorOperator.inheritsFrom(Glaemscribe.PostProcessorOperator),Glaemscribe.ResolveVirtualsPostProcessorOperator.prototype.finalize=function(e){Glaemscribe.PostProcessorOperator.prototype.finalize.call(this,e),this.last_triggers={}},Glaemscribe.ResolveVirtualsPostProcessorOperator.prototype.reset_trigger_states=function(e){var r=this;e.virtual_chars.glaem_each(function(e,s){s.object_reference=e,r.last_triggers[s.object_reference]=null})},Glaemscribe.ResolveVirtualsPostProcessorOperator.prototype.apply=function(e,r){var s=this;return s.reset_trigger_states(r),e.glaem_each(function(t,a){if("*SPACE"==a)return s.reset_trigger_states(r),!0;var o=r.n2c(a);if(null==o)return!0;if(o.is_virtual()){var i=s.last_triggers[o.object_reference];null!=i&&(e[t]=i.names[0])}else r.virtual_chars.glaem_each(function(e,r){var t=r.n2c(a);null!=t&&(s.last_triggers[r.object_reference]=t)})}),e},Glaemscribe.resource_manager.register_post_processor_class("resolve_virtuals",Glaemscribe.ResolveVirtualsPostProcessorOperator),function(e){if("object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module)module.exports=e();else if("function"==typeof define&&define.amd)define([],e);else{var r;r="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:this,r.shellwords=e()}}(function(){return function e(r,s,t){function a(i,n){if(!s[i]){if(!r[i]){var l="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!n&&l)return l(i,!0);if(o)return o(i,!0);var c=new Error("Cannot find module '"+i+"'");throw c.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",c}var p=s[i]={exports:{}};r[i][0].call(p.exports,function(e){var s=r[i][1][e];return a(s?s:e)},p,p.exports,e,r,s,t)}return s[i].exports}for(var o="function"==typeof require&&require,i=0;i0;)t=e.match(r),t?(a+=e.slice(0,t.index),a+=s(t),e=e.slice(t.index+t[0].length)):(a+=e,e="");return a},s.split=function(r){var s,t;return null==r&&(r=""),t=[],s="",e(r,/\s*(?:([^\s\\\'\"]+)|'((?:[^\'\\]|\\.)*)'|"((?:[^\"\\]|\\.)*)"|(\\.?)|(\S))(\s|$)?/,function(e){var r,a,o,i,n,l,c;if(i=e[0],c=e[1],l=e[2],r=e[3],a=e[4],o=e[5],n=e[6],null!=o)throw new Error("Unmatched quote");return s+=c||(l||r||a).replace(/\\(?=.)/,""),null!=n?(t.push(s),s=""):void 0}),s&&t.push(s),t},s.escape=function(e){return null==e&&(e=""),null==e?"''":e.replace(/([^A-Za-z0-9_\-.,:\/@\n])/g,"\\$1").replace(/\n/g,"'\n'")}}).call(this)},{}]},{},[1])(1)}); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";function stringListToCleanArray(e,r){return e.split(r).map(function(e){return e.trim()}).filter(function(e){return""!=e})}function productizeArray(e,r){for(var t=new Array(e.length*r.length),s=0;s>10),r=i%1024+56320,s.push(e,r)),(a+1==o||s.length>t)&&(n+=l.apply(null,s),s.length=0)}return n};e?e(String,"fromCodePoint",{value:r,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):String.fromCodePoint=r}(),Function.prototype.inheritsFrom=function(e){return e.constructor==Function?(this.prototype=new e,(this.prototype.constructor=this).prototype.parent=e.prototype):(this.prototype=e,(this.prototype.constructor=this).prototype.parent=e),this};var Glaemscribe={WORD_BREAKER:"|",WORD_BOUNDARY_LANG:"_",WORD_BOUNDARY_TREE:"\0",UNKNOWN_CHAR_OUTPUT:"\u2620",VIRTUAL_CHAR_OUTPUT:"\u2622",ResourceManager:function(){return this.raw_modes={},this.raw_charsets={},this.loaded_modes={},this.loaded_charsets={},this.pre_processor_operator_classes={},this.post_processor_operator_classes={},this}};Glaemscribe.ResourceManager.prototype.load_charsets=function(e){null==e&&(e=Object.keys(this.raw_charsets)),("string"==typeof e||e instanceof String)&&(e=[e]);for(var r=0;r\s+(.+?)\s*$/,Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.UNICODE_VAR_NAME_REGEXP_IN=/^UNI_([0-9A-F]+)$/,Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.UNICODE_VAR_NAME_REGEXP_OUT=/{UNI_([0-9A-F]+)}/,Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.RULE_REGEXP=/^\s*(.*?)\s+-->\s+(.+?)\s*$/,Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.CROSS_SCHEMA_REGEXP=/[0-9]+(\s*,\s*[0-9]+)*/,Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.CROSS_RULE_REGEXP=/^\s*(.*?)\s+-->\s+([0-9]+(\s*,\s*[0-9]+)*|{([0-9A-Z_]+)}|identity)\s+-->\s+(.+?)\s*$/,Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.prototype.add_var=function(e,r,t){ +this.vars[e]=new Glaemscribe.RuleGroupVar(e,r,t)},Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.prototype.apply_vars=function(o,n,i){for(var l=this,c=this.mode,p=!1,e=n,u=!0,r=0;u;){if(u=!1,e=e.replace(Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.VAR_NAME_REGEXP,function(e,r){var t=r,s=l.vars[t],a=null;if(null==s){if(!Glaemscribe.RuleGroup.UNICODE_VAR_NAME_REGEXP_IN.exec(t))return c.errors.push(new Glaemscribe.Glaeml.Error(o,"In expression: "+n+": failed to evaluate variable: "+e+".")),p=!0,"";if(!i)return c.errors.push(new Glaemscribe.Glaeml.Error(o,"In expression: "+n+": making wrong use of unicode variable: "+e+". Unicode vars can only be used in source members of a rule or in the definition of another variable.")),p=!0,"";a=e}else a=s.value,u=!0;return a}),p)return null;if(r+=1,!u)break;if(16> Macro backtrace : "+n.macro.name);o.errors.push(l);var c=[];glaemEach(n.macro.arg_names,function(e,r){var t=null;if(a.vars[r])o.errors.push(new Glaemscribe.Glaeml.Error(n.line,"Local variable "+r+" hinders a variable with the same name in this context. Use only local variable names in macros!"));else{var s=n.arg_value_expressions[e];null==(t=a.apply_vars(n.line,s,!0))&&o.errors.push(new Glaemscribe.Glaeml.Error(n.line,"Thus, variable "+var_name+" could not be declared."))}c.push({name:r,val:t})}),glaemEach(c,function(e,r){null!=r.val&&a.add_var(r.name,r.val,!1)}),a.descend_if_tree(n.macro.root_code_block,r),glaemEach(c,function(e,r){null!=r.val&&(a.vars[r.name]=null)}),o.errors[o.errors.length-1]==l?o.errors.pop():o.errors.push(new Glaemscribe.Glaeml.Error(n.line,"<< Macro backtrace : "+n.macro.name))}else for(var p=0;p=e.sizes[t]))return!0;e.iterators[t]=0,r+=1}return!1},Glaemscribe.IfTree={},Glaemscribe.IfTree.IfCond=function(e,r,t){return this.line=e,this.parent_if_term=r,this.expression=t,this},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term=function(e){return this.parent_code_block=e,this},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.prototype.is_code_lines=function(){return!1},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.prototype.is_macro_deploy=function(){return!1},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.prototype.is_pre_post_processor_operators=function(){return!1},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.prototype.name=function(){return"TERM"},Glaemscribe.IfTree.Term.prototype.dump=function(e){for(var r="",t=0;t="),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("cond_sup",">"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("cond_eq","=="),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("cond_not_eq","!="),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("add_plus","+"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("add_minus","-"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("mult_times","*"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("mult_div","/"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("mult_modulo","%"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_not","!"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_lparen","("),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_rparen",")"),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_string",/^'[^']*'/),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_string",/^"[^"]*"/),new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_const",/^[a-zA-Z0-9_.]+/)],Glaemscribe.Eval.Lexer.prototype.TOKEN_END=new Glaemscribe.Eval.Token("prim_end",""),Glaemscribe.Eval.Lexer.prototype.advance=function(){if(this.exp=this.exp.trim(),1==this.retain_last)return this.retain_last=!1,this.token_chain[this.token_chain.length-1];if(this.exp==Glaemscribe.Eval.Lexer.prototype.TOKEN_END.expression){var e=Glaemscribe.Eval.Lexer.prototype.TOKEN_END.clone("");return this.token_chain.push(e),e}for(e=0;e=this.explore_add();break;case"cond_sup":e=e>this.explore_add();break;case"cond_eq":e=e==this.explore_add();break;case"cond_not_eq":e=e!=this.explore_add();break;default:r=!0}return this.lexer.uneat(),e},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.explore_add=function(){for(var e=this.explore_mult(),r=!1;!r;)switch(this.lexer.advance().name){case"add_plus":e+=this.explore_mult();break;case"add_minus":e-=this.explore_mult();break;default:r=!0}return this.lexer.uneat(),e},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.explore_mult=function(){for(var e=this.explore_primary(),r=!1;!r;)switch(this.lexer.advance().name){case"mult_times":e*=this.explore_primary();break;case"mult_div":e/=this.explore_primary();break;case"mult_modulo":e%=this.explore_primary();break;default:r=!0}return this.lexer.uneat(),e},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.explore_primary=function(){var e=this.lexer.advance(),r=null;switch(e.name){case"prim_const":r=this.cast_constant(e.value);break;case"add_minus":r=-this.explore_primary();break;case"prim_not":r=!this.explore_primary();break;case"prim_lparen":if(r=this.parse_top_level(),"prim_rparen"!=this.lexer.advance().name)throw"Missing right parenthesis.";break;default:throw"Cannot understand: "+e.value+"."}return r},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.constant_is_float=function(e){return!isNaN(e)&&Number(e)%1!=0},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.constant_is_int=function(e){return!isNaN(e)&&Number(e)%1==0},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.constant_is_string=function(e){if(e.length<2)return!1;var r=e[0],t=e[e.length-1];return r==t&&("'"==t||'"'==t)},Glaemscribe.Eval.Parser.prototype.cast_constant=function(e){var r=null;if(this.constant_is_int(e))return parseInt(e);if(this.constant_is_float(e))return parseFloat(e);if(r=e.match(/^\'(.*)\'$/))return r[0];if(r=e.match(/^\"(.*)\"$/))return r[0];if("true"==e)return!0;if("false"==e)return!1;if("nil"==e)return null;if(null!=this.vars[e])return this.vars[e];throw"Cannot understand constant '"+e+"'."},Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode=function(e,r,t){var s=this;s.character=e,s.replacement=r,s.path=t,s.siblings={}},Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode.prototype.is_effective=function(){return null!=this.replacement},Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode.prototype.add_subpath=function(e,r,t){if(null!=e&&""!=e){var s=this,a=e[0],o=s.siblings[a],n=(t||"")+a;null==o&&(o=new Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode(a,null,n)),s.siblings[a]=o,1==e.length?o.replacement=r:o.add_subpath(e.substring(1),r,n)}},Glaemscribe.TranscriptionTreeNode.prototype.transcribe=function(e,r){if(null==r&&(r=[]),r.push(this),""!=e){var t=e[0],s=this.siblings[t];if(s)return s.transcribe(e.substring(1),r)}for(;1\u2264\u2265$|"'}},Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations["en-tengwar"]=Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations["en-tengwar"],Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations["en-tengwar-rp"]=Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations["en-tengwar"],Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations["en-tengwar-gb"]=Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations["en-tengwar"],Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations["en-tengwar-us"]=Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations["en-tengwar"],Glaemscribe.TTS.voice_list=function(){return Object.keys(Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations)},Glaemscribe.TTS.option_name_to_voice=function(e){return e?e.toLowerCase().replace(/^espeak_voice_/,"").replace(/_/g,"-"):null},Glaemscribe.TTS.prototype.make_char_checker=function(e){for(var r={},t=0;t=e.length-1)&&t.isSpace(e[r+1])},Glaemscribe.TTS.prototype.escape_special_blocks=function(e,r,a){var o=Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations[e],t=a?/(\s*)({{[\s\S]*?}}|\b[0-9][0-9\s]*\b)(\s*)/g:/(\s*)({{[\s\S]*?}})(\s*)/g,n=[];return[r.replace(t,function(e,r,t,s){return n.push(e),a?r+o.block_token+s:" "}),n]},Glaemscribe.TTS.prototype.ipa_instrument_punct=function(e,r){for(var t=this,s=Glaemscribe.TTS.ipa_configurations[e],a=t.make_char_checker(s.clauseaffecting_punctuation),o=t.make_char_checker(s.clauseunaffecting_punctuation),n="",i=[],l=null,c=0;c TELCO [{_TEHTAR_}] \\** Replace isolated short vowels **\\\n \\if implicit_a\n [{LVOWELS}] --> TELCO {A_SHAPE} * ARA E_TEHTA * ARA I_TEHTA * ARA {O_LOOP} * ARA {U_LOOP}\n \\else\n [{LVOWELS}] --> [{_LTEHTAR_}] \\** Replace long vowels **\\\n \\endif\n\n \\if !split_diphthongs\n [{DIPHTHONGS}] --> [{_DIPHTHONGS_}] \\** Replace diphthongs **\\\n \\endif\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 1ST LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L1} === t * p * {K} * q\n {_L1_} === TINCO * PARMA * CALMA * QUESSE\n\n \\** GEMINATED **\\\n {L1_1_GEMS} === tt * pp * {K}{K}\n {_L1_1_GEMS_} === TINCO GEMINATE_SIGN * PARMA GEMINATE_SIGN * CALMA GEMINATE_SIGN\n\n \\** NORMAL **\\\n [ {L1} * {L1_1_GEMS} ] {V_D_WN} --> [ {_L1_} * {_L1_1_GEMS_} ] {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** OTHERS **\\\n ty{V_D_WN} --> TINCO PALATAL_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n py{V_D_WN} --> PARMA PALATAL_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n ts{V_D_WN} --> TINCO {_V_D_WN_} ALVEOLAR_SIGN\n ps{V_D_WN} --> PARMA {_V_D_WN_} ALVEOLAR_SIGN\n {K}s{V_D_WN} --> CALMA ALVEOLAR_SIGN {_V_D_WN_} \n x{V_D_WN} --> CALMA ALVEOLAR_SIGN {_V_D_WN_} \\** render ks for x **\\\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 2ND LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L2} === nd * mb * ng * ngw\n {_L2_} === ANDO * UMBAR * ANGA * UNGWE\n\n \\** STANDARD **\\\n [{L2}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** Palatalized **\\\n ndy{V_D_WN} --> ANDO PALATAL_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** Have some rules for d,b,g,gw although there are not theoritically possible, aldudénie e.g needs it **\\\n {L2_UN} === d * b * g * gw\n\n \\if \"voiced_plosives_treatment == VOICED_PLOSIVES_AS_NASALIZED\"\n [{L2_UN}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_}] {_V_D_WN_}\n \\elsif \"voiced_plosives_treatment == VOICED_PLOSIVES_WITH_STROKE\"\n [{L2_UN}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_}] THINF_STROKE_XL {_V_D_WN_}\n \\else\n {_L2_UN_} === TW_EXT_21 * TW_EXT_22 * TW_EXT_23 * TW_EXT_24\n [{L2_UN}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_UN_}] {_V_D_WN_}\n \\endif\n\n \\if \"st_pt_ht == ST_PT_HT_WITH_XTD\"\n {L2_ALVEOLARIZED} === st * pt * ht\n {_L2_ALVEOLARIZED_} === TW_EXT_11 * TW_EXT_12 * TW_EXT_13\n\n [{L2_ALVEOLARIZED}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_ALVEOLARIZED_}] {_V_D_WN_}\n \\endif\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 3RD LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L3} === (th,þ) * f * (h,χ) * hw\n {_L3_} === SULE * FORMEN * AHA * HWESTA\n\n \\** NORMAL **\\\n [{L3}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L3_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** OTHERS **\\\n hy{V_D_WN} --> HYARMEN PALATAL_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** Override h with vowels (descendent of hy) **\\\n _h{V_D} --> HYARMEN {_V_D_}\n _h[{LVOWELS}] --> HYARMEN [{_LTEHTAR_}]\n\n (h,χ) --> AHA\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 4TH LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L4} === nt * mp * nc * nq \\** Not nqu, due to preprocessor **\\\n {_L4_} === ANTO * AMPA * ANCA * UNQUE\n\n \\** NORMAL **\\\n [{L4}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L4_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n \\** OTHERS **\\\n nty{V_D_WN} --> ANTO PALATAL_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 5TH LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L5} === n * m * ñ * ñw * _nw\n {_L5_} === NUMEN * MALTA * NOLDO * NWALME * NWALME\n\n [{L5}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L5_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n ny{V_D_WN} --> NUMEN PALATAL_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n nn{V_D_WN} --> NUMEN GEMINATE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n my{V_D_WN} --> MALTA PALATAL_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n mm{V_D_WN} --> MALTA GEMINATE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 6TH LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n\n {_LONE_R_} === ORE \\** TODO: Add dot for full unutixe, don\'t add dot for lazy unutixe **\\\n \\if always_use_romen_for_r\n \\** Override lone r if option is on **\\\n {_LONE_R_} === ROMEN {_NVOWEL_} \n \\endif\n\n {L6} === r * v * y * w\n {_L6_} === ROMEN * VALA * ANNA PALATAL_SIGN * VILYA\n\n [{L6}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L6_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** r before long vowels is voiced **\\\n r[{LVOWELS}] --> ROMEN [{_LTEHTAR_}]\n\n \\** Override rule r + null **\\\n r --> {_LONE_R_}\n\n rr{V_D_WN} --> ROMEN GEMINATE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n ry{V_D_WN} --> ROMEN PALATAL_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n rd{V_D_WN} --> ARDA {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** L LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {LINE_L} === l * ld * ll\n {_LINE_L_} === LAMBE * ALDA * LAMBE LAMBE_MARK_TILD\n\n [{LINE_L}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_LINE_L_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n ly{V_D_WN} --> LAMBE PALATAL_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n hl{V_D_WN} --> HALLA LAMBE {_V_D_WN_}\n hr{V_D_WN} --> HALLA ROMEN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** S/Z LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L8} === s * {SS}\n {_L8_} === SILME_NUQUERNA * ESSE_NUQUERNA\n\n [{L8}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L8_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** Override lonely s / ss / before consonant **\\\n s --> SILME\n s[{LVOWELS}] --> SILME [{_LTEHTAR_}]\n {SS} --> ESSE\n {SS}[{LVOWELS}] --> ESSE [{_LTEHTAR_}]\n\n \\if implicit_a\n sá --> SILME_NUQUERNA {A_SHAPE}\n {SS}á --> ESSE_NUQUERNA {A_SHAPE}\n \\endif\n\n \\end\n\n \\beg rules punctuation\n . --> PUNCT_DDOT\n .. --> PUNCT_DOT PUNCT_DDOT PUNCT_DOT\n … --> PUNCT_TILD\n ... --> PUNCT_TILD\n .... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ..... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ...... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ....... --> PUNCT_TILD\n\n , --> PUNCT_DOT\n : --> PUNCT_DOT\n ; --> PUNCT_DOT\n ! --> PUNCT_EXCLAM\n ? --> PUNCT_INTERR\n · --> PUNCT_DOT\n\n \\** Apostrophe **\\\n\n \' --> {NULL}\n ’ --> {NULL}\n\n \\** Quotes **\\\n\n “ --> DQUOT_OPEN\n ” --> DQUOT_CLOSE\n « --> DQUOT_OPEN\n » --> DQUOT_CLOSE\n\n - --> {NULL}\n – --> PUNCT_TILD\n — --> PUNCT_TILD\n\n [ --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ] --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n ( --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ) --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n { --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n } --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n < --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n > --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n\n \\** Not universal between fonts ... **\\\n $ --> BOOKMARK_SIGN\n ≤ --> RING_MARK_L \\** Ring inscription left beautiful stuff **\\\n ≥ --> RING_MARK_R \\** Ring inscription right beautiful stuff **\\\n\n \\end\n\n \\beg rules numbers\n 0 --> NUM_0\n 1 --> NUM_1\n 2 --> NUM_2\n 3 --> NUM_3\n 4 --> NUM_4\n 5 --> NUM_5\n 6 --> NUM_6\n 7 --> NUM_7\n 8 --> NUM_8\n 9 --> NUM_9\n A --> NUM_10\n B --> NUM_11\n \\end\n\n\\end\n\n\\beg postprocessor\n \\resolve_virtuals\n\\end\n\n" \ No newline at end of file +Glaemscribe.resource_manager.raw_modes["quenya"] = "\\**\n\nGlǽmscribe (also written Glaemscribe) is a software dedicated to\nthe transcription of texts between writing systems, and more\nspecifically dedicated to the transcription of J.R.R. Tolkien\'s\ninvented languages to some of his devised writing systems.\n\nCopyright (C) 2015 Benjamin Babut (Talagan).\n\nThis program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\nit under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by\nthe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\nany later version.\n\nThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\nbut WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\nMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\nGNU Affero General Public License for more details.\n\nYou should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\nalong with this program. If not, see .\n\n**\\\n\n\\**\n TODO : Option for dot or not in \'a implicit\' option before long vowels ?\n TODO : bb, dd etc ? (for noobs)\n**\\\n\n\\beg changelog\n \\entry \"0.0.2\" \"added χ for the word χarina, correcting ts/ps sequences to work better with eldamar\"\n \\entry \"0.0.3\" \"added o/u curl option\"\n \\entry \"0.0.4\" \"added voiced plosives corner cases treatment and option to chose method\"\n \\entry \"0.0.5\" \"fixing h+long vowel medially\"\n \\entry \"0.0.6\" \"adding option for alveolarized consonants st (t+t), pt (p+t), ht (c+t)\"\n \\entry \"0.0.7\" \"Fixing rb/lb, to be treated as r+mb and l+mb\"\n \\entry \"0.0.8\" \"Correcting double dot version for ry (aesthetics)\"\n \\entry \"0.0.9\" \"Adding \'implicit a\' option.\"\n \\entry \"0.1.0\" \"Simplified diacritic use by using new post-processor directive\"\n \\entry \"0.1.1\" \"Added default option for voiced plosives : use mb, nd, ng, ngw\"\n \\entry \"0.1.2\" \"Added a tehta shape selection\"\n \\entry \"0.1.3\" \"Fixing ks, ps, ts. Fixing dot under ore, romen in implicit a mode.\"\n \\entry \"0.1.4\" \"Conforming to the new csub format. Cleaning with new csub classes.\"\n \\entry \"0.1.5\" \"csub removed. Now using virtual chars defined in charsets.\"\n \\entry \"0.1.6\" \"Removing unutixe under óre for coherency in implicit a submode.\"\n \\entry \"0.9.0\" \"Adding double tehtar support\"\n \\entry \"0.9.1\" \"Added support for the FreeMonoTengwar font\"\n \\entry \"0.9.2\" \"Added support for the Tengwar Elfica font\"\n \\entry \"0.9.4\" \"Adding Vanyarin ldy, rdy, lg, rg, ff\"\n \\entry \"0.9.5\" \"Added support for inlined raw tengwar\"\n \\entry \"0.9.6\" \"Added support for non-breaking spaces\" \n \\entry \"0.9.7\" \"Correcting visibility options to conform to new glaeml args strict syntax\"\n \\entry \"0.9.8\" \"Adding palatalized geminates (requested)\"\n \\entry \"0.9.9\" \"Hotfix on 0.9.8\"\n \\entry \"0.9.10\" \"Removing option on palatalized geminates (always accumulate)\"\n \\entry \"0.9.11\" \"Added support for new unicode charsets\"\n \\entry \"0.9.12\" \"Added support for the Tengwar Telcontar font\"\n\\end\n\\version \"0.9.12\"\n\n\\language \"Quenya\"\n\\writing \"Tengwar\"\n\\mode \"Quenya Tengwar - Classical\"\n\\authors \"J.R.R. Tolkien, impl. Talagan (Benjamin Babut)\"\n\n\\world arda\n\\invention jrrt\n\n\\charset tengwar_ds_sindarin true\n\\charset tengwar_ds_parmaite false\n\\charset tengwar_ds_eldamar false\n\\charset tengwar_ds_annatar false\n\\charset tengwar_ds_elfica false\n\n\\charset tengwar_guni_sindarin false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_parmaite false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_eldamar false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_annatar false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_elfica false\n\n\\charset tengwar_freemono false\n\\charset tengwar_telcontar false\n\n\\raw_mode \"raw-tengwar\"\n\n\\beg options\n \\option implicit_a false\n \n \\beg option a_tetha_shape A_SHAPE_THREE_DOTS\n \\value A_SHAPE_THREE_DOTS 1\n \\value A_SHAPE_CIRCUMFLEX 2\n \\end\n \\beg option reverse_o_u_tehtar U_UP_O_DOWN\n \\value O_UP_U_DOWN 1\n \\value U_UP_O_DOWN 2\n \\end\n \\beg option long_vowels_format LONG_VOWELS_USE_LONG_CARRIER\n \\value LONG_VOWELS_USE_LONG_CARRIER 1\n \\value LONG_VOWELS_USE_DOUBLE_TEHTAR 2\n \\end \n \n \\** REMOVED BECAUSE UNATTESTED\n \\beg option double_tehta_a false\n \\visible_when \"long_vowels_format == LONG_VOWELS_USE_DOUBLE_TEHTAR\"\n \\end\n **\\\n \\beg option double_tehta_e false\n \\visible_when \"long_vowels_format == LONG_VOWELS_USE_DOUBLE_TEHTAR\"\n \\end\n \\beg option double_tehta_i false\n \\visible_when \"long_vowels_format == LONG_VOWELS_USE_DOUBLE_TEHTAR\"\n \\end\n \\beg option double_tehta_o true\n \\visible_when \"long_vowels_format == LONG_VOWELS_USE_DOUBLE_TEHTAR\"\n \\end\n \\beg option double_tehta_u true\n \\visible_when \"long_vowels_format == LONG_VOWELS_USE_DOUBLE_TEHTAR\"\n \\end\n \n \\option split_diphthongs false\n \\option always_use_romen_for_r false\n \n \\beg option voiced_plosives_treatment VOICED_PLOSIVES_AS_NASALIZED\n \\value VOICED_PLOSIVES_AS_NASALIZED 0\n \\value VOICED_PLOSIVES_WITH_STROKE 1\n \\value VOICED_PLOSIVES_WITH_XTD 2\n \\end\n \\beg option st_pt_ht ST_PT_HT_SEPARATED\n \\value ST_PT_HT_SEPARATED 1\n \\value ST_PT_HT_WITH_XTD 2\n \\end\n \n \\beg option consonant_modification_style CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_BAR\n \\value CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_WAVE 0\n \\value CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_BAR 1\n \\end\n \n \\option reverse_numbers true\n \\beg option numbers_base BASE_12\n \\value BASE_10 10\n \\value BASE_12 12\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg preprocessor\n \\** Work exclusively downcase **\\\n \\downcase\n\n \\** Simplify trema vowels **\\\n \\substitute ä a\n \\substitute ë e\n \\substitute ï i\n \\substitute ö o\n \\substitute ü u\n \\substitute ÿ y\n\n \\** Dis-ambiguate long vowels **\\\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ā|â|aa)\" \"á\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ē|ê|ee)\" \"é\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ī|î|ii)\" \"í\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ō|ô|oo)\" \"ó\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ū|û|uu)\" \"ú\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ȳ|ŷ|yy)\" \"ý\"\n\n \\** Dis-ambiguate qu **\\\n \\substitute \"qu\" \"q\" \n \n \\elvish_numbers \"\\\\eval numbers_base\" \"\\\\eval reverse_numbers\"\n\\end\n\n\n\\beg processor\n\n \\beg rules litteral\n \n {K} === (c,k)\n {SS} === (z,ss)\n \n \\if \"consonant_modification_style == CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_WAVE\"\n {GEMINATE} === GEMINATE_SIGN_TILD\n \\else\n {GEMINATE} === GEMINATE_SIGN\n \\endif\n \n {PALATAL} === PALATAL_SIGN\n\n {VOWELS} === a * e * i * o * u\n {LVOWELS} === á * é * í * ó * ú\n\n \\if \"reverse_o_u_tehtar == U_UP_O_DOWN\"\n {O_LOOP} === O_TEHTA\n {O_LOOP_DOUBLE} === O_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n {U_LOOP} === U_TEHTA\n {U_LOOP_DOUBLE} === U_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\else\n {O_LOOP} === U_TEHTA\n {O_LOOP_DOUBLE} === U_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n {U_LOOP} === O_TEHTA\n {U_LOOP_DOUBLE} === O_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\endif\n\n \\if \"a_tetha_shape == A_SHAPE_THREE_DOTS\"\n {A_SHAPE} === A_TEHTA\n \\else\n {A_SHAPE} === A_TEHTA_CIRCUM\n \\endif\n\n \\if implicit_a\n {_A_} === {NULL}\n {_NVOWEL_} === NO_VOWEL_DOT\n \\else\n {_A_} === {A_SHAPE}\n {_NVOWEL_} === {NULL}\n \\endif\n\n {_TEHTAR_} === {_A_} * E_TEHTA * I_TEHTA * {O_LOOP} * {U_LOOP}\n\n \\if split_diphthongs\n {WDIPHTHONGS} === {NULL}\n {_WDIPHTHONGS_} === {NULL}\n \\else\n {DIPHTHONGS} === ai * au * eu * iu * oi * ui\n {_DIPHTHONGS_} === YANTA {_A_} * URE {_A_} * URE E_TEHTA * URE I_TEHTA * YANTA {O_LOOP} * YANTA {U_LOOP}\n {WDIPHTHONGS} === * {DIPHTHONGS} \\** groovy! **\\\n {_WDIPHTHONGS_} === * {_DIPHTHONGS_} \\** same thing **\\\n \\endif\n \n {_LONG_A_} === ARA {A_SHAPE}\n {_LONG_E_} === ARA E_TEHTA \n {_LONG_I_} === ARA I_TEHTA\n {_LONG_O_} === ARA {O_LOOP} \n {_LONG_U_} === ARA {U_LOOP}\n {_LONE_LONG_A_} === {_LONG_A_}\n {_LONE_LONG_E_} === {_LONG_E_}\n {_LONE_LONG_I_} === {_LONG_I_}\n {_LONE_LONG_O_} === {_LONG_O_}\n {_LONE_LONG_U_} === {_LONG_U_}\n \n {LTEHTAR} === {NULL}\n {_LTEHTAR_} === {NULL} \n \n \\if implicit_a\n {_LONG_A_} === {A_SHAPE} \\** Eat the long a **\\\n {_LONE_LONG_A_} === TELCO {A_SHAPE} \\** Eat the long a **\\\n {LTEHTAR} === {LTEHTAR} * á\n {_LTEHTAR_} === {_LTEHTAR_} * {_LONG_A_}\n \\endif\n \n \\if \"long_vowels_format == LONG_VOWELS_USE_DOUBLE_TEHTAR\"\n \\** REMOVED BECAUSE UNATTESTED\n \\if \"double_tehta_a && !implicit_a\"\n {_LONG_A_} === A_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n {_LONE_LONG_A_} === TELCO {_LONG_A_}\n {LTEHTAR} === {LTEHTAR} * á\n {_LTEHTAR_} === {_LTEHTAR_} * {_LONG_A_}\n \\endif \n **\\\n \\if double_tehta_e\n {_LONG_E_} === E_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n {_LONE_LONG_E_} === TELCO {_LONG_E_}\n {LTEHTAR} === {LTEHTAR} * é\n {_LTEHTAR_} === {_LTEHTAR_} * {_LONG_E_}\n \\endif\n \\if double_tehta_i\n {_LONG_I_} === I_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n {_LONE_LONG_I_} === TELCO {_LONG_I_}\n {LTEHTAR} === {LTEHTAR} * í\n {_LTEHTAR_} === {_LTEHTAR_} * {_LONG_I_}\n \\endif\n \\if double_tehta_o\n {_LONG_O_} === {O_LOOP_DOUBLE}\n {_LONE_LONG_O_} === TELCO {_LONG_O_}\n {LTEHTAR} === {LTEHTAR} * ó\n {_LTEHTAR_} === {_LTEHTAR_} * {_LONG_O_}\n \\endif\n \\if double_tehta_u\n {_LONG_U_} === {U_LOOP_DOUBLE}\n {_LONE_LONG_U_} === TELCO {_LONG_U_}\n {LTEHTAR} === {LTEHTAR} * ú\n {_LTEHTAR_} === {_LTEHTAR_} * {_LONG_U_}\n \\endif\n \\endif \n \n \\** images of long vowels, either tehtar or ara versions **\\\n {_LVOWELS_} === {_LONG_A_} * {_LONG_E_} * {_LONG_I_} * {_LONG_O_} * {_LONG_U_} \n\n {WLONG} === * {LVOWELS} \n {_WLONG_} === * {_LVOWELS_}\n\n {V_D} === [ {VOWELS} {WLONG} {WDIPHTHONGS} ]\n {V_D_WN} === [ {VOWELS} {WLONG} {WDIPHTHONGS} * {NULL} ]\n\n {_V_D_} === [ {_TEHTAR_} {_WLONG_} {_WDIPHTHONGS_} ]\n {_V_D_WN_} === [ {_TEHTAR_} {_WLONG_} {_WDIPHTHONGS_} * {_NVOWEL_} ]\n \n \\** LONE SHORT VOWELS **\\\n [{VOWELS}] --> TELCO [{_TEHTAR_}] \\** Replace isolated short vowels **\\\n \n \\** LONE LONG VOWELS **\\ \n [{LVOWELS}] --> [{_LONE_LONG_A_} * {_LONE_LONG_E_} * {_LONE_LONG_I_} * {_LONE_LONG_O_} * {_LONE_LONG_U_}]\n\n \\if !split_diphthongs\n [{DIPHTHONGS}] --> [{_DIPHTHONGS_}] \\** Replace diphthongs **\\\n \\endif\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 1ST LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L1} === t * p * {K} * q\n {_L1_} === TINCO * PARMA * CALMA * QUESSE\n\n \\** GEMINATED **\\\n {L1_1_GEMS} === tt * pp * {K}{K}\n {_L1_1_GEMS_} === TINCO {GEMINATE} * PARMA {GEMINATE} * CALMA {GEMINATE}\n\n \\** NORMAL **\\\n [ {L1} * {L1_1_GEMS} ] {V_D_WN} --> [ {_L1_} * {_L1_1_GEMS_} ] {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** PALATAL **\\\n [t * p * {K}] y {V_D_WN} --> [TINCO * PARMA * CALMA] {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** PALATAL GEMINATES **\\\n [tt * pp * {K}{K}] y {V_D_WN} --> [TINCO * PARMA * CALMA] {GEMINATE} {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n \n \\** For alveolarized consonants, we must put the SARINCE just after the tengwa\n because else, FreeMonoTengwar will not handle well the ligature. Anyway, this is\n more logical, but the tehta placement will not be perfect for older fonts **\\\n ts{V_D_WN} --> TINCO SARINCE {_V_D_WN_} \n ps{V_D_WN} --> PARMA SARINCE {_V_D_WN_} \n {K}s{V_D_WN} --> CALMA SARINCE {_V_D_WN_} \n x{V_D_WN} --> CALMA SARINCE {_V_D_WN_} \\** render ks for x **\\\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 2ND LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L2} === nd * mb * ng * ngw\n {_L2_} === ANDO * UMBAR * ANGA * UNGWE\n\n \\** STANDARD **\\\n [{L2}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** Palatalized **\\\n ndy{V_D_WN} --> ANDO {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** PALATAL GEMINATES **\\\n [nnd] y {V_D_WN} --> [ANDO] {GEMINATE} {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** Have some rules for d,b,g,gw although there are not theoritically possible, aldudénie e.g needs it **\\\n {L2_UN} === d * b * g * gw\n\n \\if \"voiced_plosives_treatment == VOICED_PLOSIVES_AS_NASALIZED\"\n [{L2_UN}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_}] {_V_D_WN_}\n \\elsif \"voiced_plosives_treatment == VOICED_PLOSIVES_WITH_STROKE\"\n [{L2_UN}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_}] THINF_STROKE {_V_D_WN_}\n \\else\n {_L2_UN_} === TW_EXT_21 * TW_EXT_22 * TW_EXT_23 * TW_EXT_24\n [{L2_UN}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_UN_}] {_V_D_WN_}\n \\endif\n\n \\if \"st_pt_ht == ST_PT_HT_WITH_XTD\"\n {L2_ALVEOLARIZED} === st * pt * ht\n {_L2_ALVEOLARIZED_} === TW_EXT_11 * TW_EXT_12 * TW_EXT_13\n\n [{L2_ALVEOLARIZED}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L2_ALVEOLARIZED_}] {_V_D_WN_}\n \\endif\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 3RD LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L3} === (th,þ) * f * (h,χ) * hw\n {_L3_} === SULE * FORMEN * AHA * HWESTA\n\n {L3_GEMS} === ff\n {_L3_GEMS_} === FORMEN {GEMINATE}\n\n \\** NORMAL **\\\n [{L3}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L3_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n [{L3_GEMS}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L3_GEMS_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** OTHERS **\\\n hy{V_D_WN} --> HYARMEN {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** Override h with vowels (descendent of hy) **\\\n _h{V_D} --> HYARMEN {_V_D_}\n \\** Starting voiced h before long vowels **\\\n _h[{LVOWELS}] --> HYARMEN [{_LVOWELS_}]\n\n (h,χ) --> AHA\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 4TH LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L4} === nt * mp * nc * nq \\** Not nqu, due to preprocessor **\\\n {_L4_} === ANTO * AMPA * ANCA * UNQUE\n\n \\** NORMAL **\\\n [{L4}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L4_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** PALATAL **\\\n nty {V_D_WN} --> ANTO {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** PALATAL GEMINATES **\\\n [nnt] y {V_D_WN} --> [ANTO] {GEMINATE} {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 5TH LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {L5} === n * m * ñ * ñw * _nw\n {_L5_} === NUMEN * MALTA * NOLDO * NWALME * NWALME\n\n [{L5}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L5_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n nn{V_D_WN} --> NUMEN {GEMINATE} {_V_D_WN_}\n mm{V_D_WN} --> MALTA {GEMINATE} {_V_D_WN_}\n \n ny{V_D_WN} --> NUMEN {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n my{V_D_WN} --> MALTA {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** PALATAL GEMINATES **\\\n [nn * mm] y {V_D_WN} --> [NUMEN * MALTA] {GEMINATE} {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** 6TH LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n\n {_LONE_R_} === ORE \\** TODO: Add dot for full unutixe, don\'t add dot for lazy unutixe **\\\n \\if always_use_romen_for_r\n \\** Override lone r if option is on **\\\n {_LONE_R_} === ROMEN {_NVOWEL_} \n \\endif\n\n {L6} === r * v * y * w\n {_L6_} === ROMEN * VALA * ANNA {PALATAL} * VILYA\n \n \\** PE19:94 **\\\n {L6} === {L6} * rg * lg\n {_L6_} === {_L6_} * {_LONE_R_} NOLDO * LAMBE NOLDO\n \n [{L6}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_L6_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** Override rule r + null **\\\n r --> {_LONE_R_}\n \n rd{V_D_WN} --> ARDA {_V_D_WN_}\n \n rr{V_D_WN} --> ROMEN {GEMINATE} {_V_D_WN_}\n rrd{V_D_WN} --> ARDA {GEMINATE} {_V_D_WN_}\n \n ry{V_D_WN} --> ROMEN {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n rdy{V_D_WN} --> ARDA {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n \n \\** PALATAL GEMINATES **\\\n [rr * rrd] y {V_D_WN} --> [ROMEN * ARDA] {GEMINATE} {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** L LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n {LINE_L} === l * ld * ll * lld\n {_LINE_L_} === LAMBE * ALDA * LAMBE {GEMINATE} * ALDA {GEMINATE}\n\n [{LINE_L}]{V_D_WN} --> [{_LINE_L_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n ly{V_D_WN} --> LAMBE {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n ldy{V_D_WN} --> ALDA {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n \n \\** PALATAL GEMINATES **\\\n [ll * lld] y {V_D_WN} --> [LAMBE * ALDA] {GEMINATE} {PALATAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n \n hl{V_D_WN} --> HALLA LAMBE {_V_D_WN_}\n hr{V_D_WN} --> HALLA ROMEN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \\** S/Z LINE RULES **\\\n \\** ===================== **\\\n \n \\** SILME is a bit tricky : the shape is not linked to voicing but to a tehta presence or not **\\\n {L8} === s * {SS}\n {_L8_TEHTAR_} === SILME_NUQUERNA * ESSE_NUQUERNA\n {_L8_NO_TEHTAR_} === SILME * ESSE\n\n [{L8}][{VOWELS}] --> [{_L8_TEHTAR_}][{_TEHTAR_}]\n [{L8}][{LTEHTAR}] --> [{_L8_TEHTAR_}][{_LTEHTAR_}]\n \n {L8} --> {_L8_NO_TEHTAR_}\n {L8}[{DIPHTHONGS}] --> {_L8_NO_TEHTAR_}[{_DIPHTHONGS_}]\n \n \\end\n\n \\beg rules punctuation\n . --> PUNCT_DDOT\n .. --> PUNCT_DOT PUNCT_DDOT PUNCT_DOT\n … --> PUNCT_TILD\n ... --> PUNCT_TILD\n .... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ..... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ...... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ....... --> PUNCT_TILD\n\n , --> PUNCT_DOT\n : --> PUNCT_DOT\n ; --> PUNCT_DOT\n ! --> PUNCT_EXCLAM\n ? --> PUNCT_INTERR\n · --> PUNCT_DOT\n\n \\** Apostrophe **\\\n\n \' --> {NULL}\n ’ --> {NULL}\n \n \\** NBSP **\\\n {NBSP} --> NBSP\n \n \\** Quotes **\\\n\n “ --> DQUOT_OPEN\n ” --> DQUOT_CLOSE\n « --> DQUOT_OPEN\n » --> DQUOT_CLOSE\n\n - --> {NULL}\n – --> PUNCT_TILD\n — --> PUNCT_TILD\n\n [ --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ] --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n ( --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ) --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n { --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n } --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n < --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n > --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n\n \\** Not universal between fonts ... **\\\n $ --> ELVISH_PAREN\n ≤ --> RING_MARK_L \\** Ring inscription left beautiful stuff **\\\n ≥ --> RING_MARK_R \\** Ring inscription right beautiful stuff **\\\n\n \\end\n\n \\beg rules numbers\n 0 --> NUM_0\n 1 --> NUM_1\n 2 --> NUM_2\n 3 --> NUM_3\n 4 --> NUM_4\n 5 --> NUM_5\n 6 --> NUM_6\n 7 --> NUM_7\n 8 --> NUM_8\n 9 --> NUM_9\n A --> NUM_10\n B --> NUM_11\n \\end\n\n\\end\n\n\\beg postprocessor\n \\resolve_virtuals\n\\end\n\n" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/main/webapp/js/sindarin-beleriand.glaem.js b/src/main/webapp/js/sindarin-beleriand.glaem.js index b77a028b27..1bbc492c3d 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/js/sindarin-beleriand.glaem.js +++ b/src/main/webapp/js/sindarin-beleriand.glaem.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -Glaemscribe.resource_manager.raw_modes["sindarin-beleriand"] = "\\**\n\nGlǽmscribe (also written Glaemscribe) is a software dedicated to\nthe transcription of texts between writing systems, and more \nspecifically dedicated to the transcription of J.R.R. Tolkien\'s \ninvented languages to some of his devised writing systems.\n\nCopyright (C) 2015 Benjamin Babut (Talagan).\n\nThis program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\nit under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by\nthe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\nany later version.\n\nThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\nbut WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\nMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\nGNU Affero General Public License for more details.\n\nYou should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\nalong with this program. If not, see .\n\n**\\\n\n\\** Sindarin Beleriand mode for glaemscribe (MAY BE INCOMPLETE) **\\\n\\beg changelog\n \\entry 0.0.2 \"Added lw\"\n \\entry 0.0.3 \"Added thorn as equivalent for th\"\n \\entry 0.0.4 \"Porting to virtual chars to simplify and beautify\"\n\\end\n\n\\language \"Sindarin\"\n\\writing \"Tengwar\"\n\\mode \"Beleriand\"\n\\version \"0.0.4\"\n\\authors \"Talagan (Benjamin Babut)\"\n\n\\charset tengwar_ds true\n\\charset tengwar_ds_eldamar false\n\n\\beg options\n \\option reverse_numbers true\n \\beg option numbers_base BASE_12\n \\value BASE_10 10\n \\value BASE_12 12\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg preprocessor\n \\** Work exclusively downcase **\\\n \\downcase\n \n \\** Simplify trema vowels **\\\n \\substitute ä a\n \\substitute ë e\n \\substitute ï i\n \\substitute ö o\n \\substitute ü u\n \\substitute ÿ y\n\n \\** We should do better for that one (todo) **\\\n \\substitute œ e\n\n \\** Dis-ambiguate long vowels **\\\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ā|â|aa)\" \"á\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ē|ê|ee)\" \"é\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ī|î|ii)\" \"í\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ō|ô|oo)\" \"ó\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ū|û|uu)\" \"ú\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ȳ|ŷ|yy)\" \"ý\"\n \n \\** Special case of starting \'i\' before vowels, replace i by j **\\ \n \\rxsubstitute \"\\\\bi([aeouyáāâéēêíīîóōôúūûýȳŷ])\" \"j\\\\1\"\n \n \\** Preprocess numbers **\\\n \\elvish_numbers \"\\\\eval numbers_base\" \"\\\\eval reverse_numbers\"\n\\end\n\n\\beg processor\n\n \\beg rules litteral\n {A} === a\n {AA} === á\n {E} === e\n {EE} === é\n {I} === i\n {II} === í\n {O} === o\n {OO} === ó\n {U} === u\n {UU} === ú\n {Y} === y\n {YY} === ý\n \n {AE} === {A}{E}\n {AI} === {A}{I}\n {AU} === {A}{U}\n {AW} === {A}w\n {EI} === {E}{I}\n {UI} === {U}{I}\n {OE} === {O}{E}\n \n {K} === (c,k)\n\n \\** RULES **\\\n {A} --> OSSE\n {E} --> YANTA\n {I} --> TELCO\n {O} --> ANNA\n {U} --> URE\n \n {Y} --> SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n\n {AA} --> OSSE E_TEHTA\n {EE} --> YANTA E_TEHTA\n {II} --> TELCO E_TEHTA\n {OO} --> ANNA E_TEHTA\n {UU} --> URE E_TEHTA\n {YY} --> SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT E_TEHTA\n\n {AE} --> OSSE YANTA \\** Should chose between OSSE YANTA and OSSE THSUP_TICK_INV_L. Old tengscribe had second one, amanye tenceli has first one. **\\ \n {AI} --> OSSE Y_TEHTA\n {AU} --> OSSE SEV_TEHTA \n {AW} --> OSSE SEV_TEHTA\n {EI} --> YANTA Y_TEHTA\n {UI} --> URE Y_TEHTA\n {OE} --> ANNA YANTA\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 1ST LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L1} === t * p * {K}\n {_L1_} === TINCO * PARMA * CALMA\n\n [{L1}] --> [{_L1_}]\n \n nt --> TINCO NASALIZE_SIGN\n mp --> PARMA NASALIZE_SIGN\n n{K} --> CALMA NASALIZE_SIGN\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 2ND LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L2} === d * b * g \n {_L2_} === ANDO * UMBAR * ANGA \n\n [{L2}] --> [{_L2_}]\n\n mb --> UMBAR NASALIZE_SIGN\n nd --> ANDO NASALIZE_SIGN\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 3RD LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L3} === (þ,th) * (f,ph,ff) * ch\n {_L3_} === SULE * FORMEN * AHA\n \n [{L3}] --> [{_L3_}]\n\n nth --> SULE NASALIZE_SIGN\n mph --> FORMEN NASALIZE_SIGN\n nf --> FORMEN NASALIZE_SIGN\n nch --> AHA NASALIZE_SIGN\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 4TH LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L4} === (đ,ð,ðh,dh) * (v,bh,f_) \n {_L4_} === ANTO * AMPA \n\n [{L4}] --> [{_L4_}]\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 5TH LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L5} === nn * mm * ng\n {_L5_} === NUMEN * MALTA * NOLDO \n\n [{L5}] --> [{_L5_}]\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 6TH LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L6} === n * m * w * _mh \n {_L6_} === ORE * VALA * VILYA * MALTA_W_HOOK \n\n [{L6}] --> [{_L6_}]\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** R/L LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L_LINE} === r * _rh * l * _lh\n {_L_LINE_} === ROMEN * ARDA * LAMBE * ALDA \n\n [{L_LINE}] --> [{_L_LINE_}]\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** S/Z LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {S_LINE} === s\n {_S_LINE_} === SILME \n\n [{S_LINE}] --> [{_S_LINE_}]\n\n ns --> SILME_NUQUERNA NASALIZE_SIGN\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** OTHERS **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n\n j --> ARA\n\n h --> HYARMEN\n\n hw --> HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n\n \\** labialized consonants **\\\n dw --> ANDO SEV_TEHTA\n gw --> ANGA SEV_TEHTA\n lw --> LAMBE SEV_TEHTA\n nw --> ORE SEV_TEHTA\n rw --> ROMEN SEV_TEHTA \n\n \\end\n \n \\beg rules punctuation\n . --> PUNCT_DDOT\n .. --> PUNCT_DOT PUNCT_DDOT PUNCT_DOT\n ... --> PUNCT_TILD\n … --> PUNCT_TILD\n .... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ..... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ...... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ....... --> PUNCT_TILD\n\n , --> PUNCT_DOT\n : --> PUNCT_DOT\n ; --> PUNCT_DOT\n ! --> PUNCT_EXCLAM\n ? --> PUNCT_INTERR\n · --> {NULL}\n\n - --> {NULL}\n – --> PUNCT_TILD \n — --> PUNCT_TILD\n\n \\** Apostrophe **\\\n\n \' --> {NULL}\n ’ --> {NULL}\n\n \\** Quotes **\\\n\n “ --> DQUOT_OPEN\n ” --> DQUOT_CLOSE\n « --> DQUOT_OPEN \n » --> DQUOT_CLOSE \n\n [ --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ] --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n ( --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ) --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n { --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n } --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n < --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n > --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n\n \\** Not universal between fonts ... **\\\n $ --> BOOKMARK_SIGN\n ≤ --> RING_MARK_L \\** Ring inscription left beautiful stuff **\\\n ≥ --> RING_MARK_R \\** Ring inscription right beautiful stuff **\\\n \\end\n\n \\beg rules numbers\n 0 --> NUM_0\n 1 --> NUM_1\n 2 --> NUM_2\n 3 --> NUM_3\n 4 --> NUM_4\n 5 --> NUM_5\n 6 --> NUM_6\n 7 --> NUM_7\n 8 --> NUM_8\n 9 --> NUM_9\n A --> NUM_10\n B --> NUM_11 \n \\end\n \n\\end\n\n\\beg postprocessor\n \\resolve_virtuals\n\\end\n" \ No newline at end of file +Glaemscribe.resource_manager.raw_modes["sindarin-beleriand"] = "\\**\n\nGlǽmscribe (also written Glaemscribe) is a software dedicated to\nthe transcription of texts between writing systems, and more \nspecifically dedicated to the transcription of J.R.R. Tolkien\'s \ninvented languages to some of his devised writing systems.\n\nCopyright (C) 2015 Benjamin Babut (Talagan).\n\nThis program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\nit under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by\nthe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\nany later version.\n\nThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\nbut WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\nMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\nGNU Affero General Public License for more details.\n\nYou should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\nalong with this program. If not, see .\n\n**\\\n\n\\** Sindarin Beleriand mode for glaemscribe (MAY BE INCOMPLETE) **\\\n\\beg changelog\n \\entry \"0.0.2\" \"Added lw\"\n \\entry \"0.0.3\" \"Added thorn as equivalent for th\"\n \\entry \"0.0.4\" \"Porting to virtual chars to simplify and beautify\"\n \\entry \"0.0.5\" \"Added charset support for Annatar\"\n \\entry \"0.0.6\" \"Added support for the FreeMonoTengwar font\"\n \\entry \"0.1.0\" \"Added support for the Tengwar Elfica font\"\n \\entry \"0.1.1\" \"Added support for inlined raw tengwar\"\n \\entry \"0.1.2\" \"Fine tuning handling of the aw diphthong (Thanks to Dmitry Kourmyshov!)\"\n \\entry \"0.1.3\" \"Merging au/aw\"\n \\entry \"0.1.4\" \"Added support for new unicode charsets\" \n \\entry \"0.1.5\" \"Added support for the Tengwar Telcontar font\"\n \\entry \"0.1.6\" \"Corrected use of silme_nuquerna in ns / y, added a few exotic combinations. Reworked median point behaviour, and ng.\"\n \\entry \"0.1.7\" \"Added variants with dot for short vowels, added gasdil.\"\n\\end\n\n\\language \"Sindarin\"\n\\writing \"Tengwar\"\n\\mode \"Sindarin Tengwar - Beleriand\"\n\\version \"0.1.6\"\n\\authors \"J.R.R. Tolkien, impl. Talagan (Benjamin Babut)\"\n\n\\world arda\n\\invention jrrt\n\n\\raw_mode \"raw-tengwar\"\n\n\\charset tengwar_ds_sindarin true\n\\charset tengwar_ds_parmaite false\n\\charset tengwar_ds_eldamar false\n\\charset tengwar_ds_annatar false\n\\charset tengwar_ds_elfica false\n\n\\charset tengwar_guni_sindarin false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_parmaite false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_eldamar false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_annatar false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_elfica false\n\n\\charset tengwar_freemono false\n\\charset tengwar_telcontar false\n\n\\beg options\n\n \\beg option short_a SHORT_A_WITHOUT_DOT\n \\radio\n \\value SHORT_A_WITHOUT_DOT 0\n \\value SHORT_A_WITH_DOT 1\n \\end\n \n \\beg option short_e SHORT_E_WITHOUT_DOT\n \\radio\n \\value SHORT_E_WITHOUT_DOT 0\n \\value SHORT_E_WITH_DOT 1\n \\end\n \n \\beg option short_i SHORT_I_WITHOUT_DOT\n \\radio\n \\value SHORT_I_WITHOUT_DOT 0\n \\value SHORT_I_WITH_DOT 1\n \\end\n \n \\beg option short_o SHORT_O_WITHOUT_DOT\n \\radio\n \\value SHORT_O_WITHOUT_DOT 0\n \\value SHORT_O_WITH_DOT 1\n \\end\n \n \\beg option short_u SHORT_U_WITHOUT_DOT\n \\radio\n \\value SHORT_U_WITHOUT_DOT 0\n \\value SHORT_U_WITH_DOT 1\n \\end\n \n \\beg option short_y SHORT_Y_WITHOUT_DOT\n \\radio\n \\value SHORT_Y_WITHOUT_DOT 0\n \\value SHORT_Y_WITH_DOT 1\n \\end \n \n \\beg option apostrophe APOSTROPHE_IGNORED\n \\value APOSTROPHE_IGNORED 0\n \\value APOSTROPHE_GASDIL 1\n \\end\n \n \\beg option hyphen HYPHEN_WORD_BREAKER\n \\value HYPHEN_WORD_BREAKER 0\n \\value HYPHEN_WORD_JOINER 1\n \\end\n\n \\beg option beleriand_aw_diphthong AW_VILYA_AT_ENDINGS_CURL_ELSE\n \\value AW_VILYA_AT_ENDINGS_CURL_ELSE 0\n \\value AW_ALWAYS_VILYA 1\n \\value AW_ALWAYS_CURL 2\n \\end\n\n \\beg option consonant_modification_style CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_BAR\n \\value CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_WAVE 0\n \\value CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_BAR 1\n \\end\n\n \\option reverse_numbers true\n \n \\beg option numbers_base BASE_12\n \\value BASE_10 10\n \\value BASE_12 12\n \\end\n \n\\end\n\n\\beg preprocessor\n \\** Work exclusively downcase **\\\n \\downcase\n \n \\if \"hyphen == HYPHEN_WORD_JOINER\"\n \\** Replace hyphen by median point **\\\n \\substitute \"-\" \"·\" \n \\else\n \\** Replace hyphen by glaemscribe\'s word breaker **\\\n \\substitute \"-\" \"|\"\n \\endif\n \n \\** Add keyboard friendly word joiner **\\\n \\substitute \"*\" \"·\"\n \n \\** Simplify trema vowels **\\\n \\substitute ä a\n \\substitute ë e\n \\substitute ï i\n \\substitute ö o\n \\substitute ü u\n \\substitute ÿ y\n\n \\** We should do better for that one (todo) **\\\n \\substitute œ e\n\n \\** Dis-ambiguate long vowels **\\\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ā|â|aa)\" \"á\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ē|ê|ee)\" \"é\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ī|î|ii)\" \"í\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ō|ô|oo)\" \"ó\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ū|û|uu)\" \"ú\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ȳ|ŷ|yy)\" \"ý\"\n \n \\** Special case of starting \'i\' before vowels, replace i by j **\\ \n \\rxsubstitute \"\\\\bi([aeouyáāâéēêíīîóōôúūûýȳŷ])\" \"j\\\\1\"\n \n \\** Special case of diphtong aw. Before vowels, do not treat \'aw\' as diphthong, \n since it seems more logical that aw would behave as a semi vowel **\\\n \\rxsubstitute \"aw([aeouyáāâéēêíīîóōôúūûýȳŷ])\" \"a|w\\\\1\"\n \n \\** Special case for ng : before the vast majority of consonnants, treat as ŋ **\\\n \\** Don\'t include r / l / lh / w **\\\n \\rxsubstitute \"ng([tpckbdfðvnmhs])\" \"ŋ\\\\1\"\n \n \\** Avoid mutated ng of being treated as strong middle word n|g (ex : i·ngelaidh [iŋɛlaið] ) **\\\n \\substitute \"·ng\" \"·ŋ\" \n \\** But avoid losing the strong g in nasal mutation of g (ex : in·Gelydh [iŋgɛlyð]] ) **\\\n \\substitute \"n·g\" \"·ŋg\"\n \\** Use median dot as word joiner **\\\n \\substitute \"·\" \"\"\n\n \\** Preprocess numbers **\\\n \\elvish_numbers \"\\\\eval numbers_base\" \"\\\\eval reverse_numbers\"\n\\end\n\n\\beg processor\n\n \\beg rules litteral\n \n \\if \"consonant_modification_style == CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_WAVE\"\n {GEMINATE} === GEMINATE_SIGN_TILD\n {NASAL} === NASALIZE_SIGN_TILD\n \\else\n {GEMINATE} === GEMINATE_SIGN\n {NASAL} === NASALIZE_SIGN\n \\endif\n \n {A} === a\n {AA} === á\n {E} === e\n {EE} === é\n {I} === i\n {II} === í\n {O} === o\n {OO} === ó\n {U} === u\n {UU} === ú\n {Y} === y\n {YY} === ý\n \n {AE} === {A}{E}\n {AI} === {A}{I}\n {AU} === {A}{U}\n {AW} === {A}w\n {EI} === {E}{I}\n {UI} === {U}{I}\n {OE} === {O}{E}\n \n {K} === (c,k)\n \n \\if \"short_a == SHORT_A_WITH_DOT\"\n {A} --> OSSE I_TEHTA\n \\else\n {A} --> OSSE\n \\endif\n \n \\if \"short_e == SHORT_E_WITH_DOT\"\n {E} --> YANTA I_TEHTA\n \\else\n {E} --> YANTA\n \\endif\n \n \\if \"short_i == SHORT_I_WITH_DOT\"\n {I} --> TELCO I_TEHTA\n \\else\n {I} --> TELCO\n \\endif\n \n \\if \"short_o == SHORT_O_WITH_DOT\"\n {O} --> ANNA I_TEHTA\n \\else\n {O} --> ANNA\n \\endif\n \n \\if \"short_u == SHORT_U_WITH_DOT\"\n {U} --> URE I_TEHTA\n \\else\n {U} --> URE\n \\endif\n\n \\if \"short_y == SHORT_Y_WITH_DOT\"\n {Y} --> SILME_NUQUERNA I_TEHTA\n \\else\n {Y} --> SILME_NUQUERNA\n \\endif\n\n {AA} --> OSSE E_TEHTA\n {EE} --> YANTA E_TEHTA\n {II} --> TELCO E_TEHTA\n {OO} --> ANNA E_TEHTA\n {UU} --> URE E_TEHTA\n {YY} --> SILME_NUQUERNA E_TEHTA\n\n \\** Should chose between OSSE YANTA and OSSE THSUP_TICK_INV. Old tengscribe had second one, amanye tenceli has first one. **\\ \n {AE} --> OSSE YANTA \n {AI} --> OSSE Y_TEHTA\n {AU} --> OSSE WA_TEHTA \n \n \\if \"beleriand_aw_diphthong == AW_VILYA_AT_ENDINGS_CURL_ELSE\"\n ({AU},{AW}) --> OSSE WA_TEHTA\n ({AU},{AW})_ --> OSSE VILYA\n \\elsif \"beleriand_aw_diphthong == AW_ALWAYS_VILYA\"\n ({AU},{AW}) --> OSSE VILYA\n \\elsif \"beleriand_aw_diphthong == AW_ALWAYS_CURL\"\n ({AU},{AW}) --> OSSE WA_TEHTA\n \\endif\n \n {EI} --> YANTA Y_TEHTA\n {UI} --> URE Y_TEHTA\n {OE} --> ANNA YANTA\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 1ST LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L1} === t * p * {K}\n {_L1_} === TINCO * PARMA * CALMA\n\n [{L1}] --> [{_L1_}]\n \n nt --> TINCO {NASAL}\n mp --> PARMA {NASAL}\n n{K} --> CALMA {NASAL}\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 2ND LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L2} === d * b * g \n {_L2_} === ANDO * UMBAR * ANGA \n\n [{L2}] --> [{_L2_}]\n\n mb --> UMBAR {NASAL}\n nd --> ANDO {NASAL}\n \n \\** /ŋg/ : this is ng in middle of words + might be found at word start on mutation.\n \\** See also final/initial ng_ / _ng below **\\\n (ng,ngg,ŋg,ñg) --> ANGA {NASAL} \n \n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 3RD LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L3} === (þ,th) * (f,ph,ff) * ch\n {_L3_} === SULE * FORMEN * AHA\n \n [{L3}] --> [{_L3_}]\n\n nth --> SULE {NASAL}\n mph --> FORMEN {NASAL}\n nf --> FORMEN {NASAL}\n nch --> AHA {NASAL}\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 4TH LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L4} === (đ,ð,ðh,dh) * (v,bh,f_) \n {_L4_} === ANTO * AMPA \n\n [{L4}] --> [{_L4_}]\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 5TH LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L5} === nn * mm * (ng_,_ng,ŋ,ñ)\n {_L5_} === NUMEN * MALTA * NOLDO \n\n [{L5}] --> [{_L5_}]\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** 6TH LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L6} === n * m * w * _mh \n {_L6_} === ORE * VALA * VILYA * MALTA_W_HOOK \n\n [{L6}] --> [{_L6_}]\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** R/L LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {L_LINE} === r * _rh * l * _lh\n {_L_LINE_} === ROMEN * ARDA * LAMBE * ALDA \n\n [{L_LINE}] --> [{_L_LINE_}]\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** S/Z LINE **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n {S_LINE} === s\n {_S_LINE_} === SILME \n\n [{S_LINE}] --> [{_S_LINE_}]\n\n \\** REMOVING NEXT ONE WHICH CLASHES WITH Y **\\\n \\** ns --> SILME_NUQUERNA {NASAL} **\\\n\n \\** ======== **\\\n \\** OTHERS **\\\n \\** ======== **\\\n\n j --> ARA\n\n h --> HYARMEN\n\n hw --> HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n\n \\** labialized consonants **\\\n bw --> UMBAR WA_TEHTA \\** Gnomish **\\\n dw --> ANDO WA_TEHTA\n gw --> ANGA WA_TEHTA\n lw --> LAMBE WA_TEHTA\n nw --> ORE WA_TEHTA\n rw --> ROMEN WA_TEHTA \n (ng,ngg,ŋg,ñg)w --> ANGA {NASAL} WA_TEHTA\n (_ng,ng_,ŋ,ñ)w --> NOLDO WA_TEHTA\n \n \\if \"apostrophe == APOSTROPHE_IGNORED\"\n \' --> {NULL}\n ’ --> {NULL}\n \\else\n \\** use gasdil **\\\n \' --> HALLA\n ’ --> HALLA\n \\endif\n \n \\** Forced gasdil **\\\n ° --> HALLA\n \\end\n \n \\beg rules punctuation\n . --> PUNCT_DDOT\n .. --> PUNCT_DOT PUNCT_DDOT PUNCT_DOT\n ... --> PUNCT_TILD\n … --> PUNCT_TILD\n .... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ..... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ...... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ....... --> PUNCT_TILD\n\n , --> PUNCT_DOT\n : --> PUNCT_DOT\n ; --> PUNCT_DOT\n ! --> PUNCT_EXCLAM\n ? --> PUNCT_INTERR\n · --> {NULL}\n\n - --> {NULL}\n – --> PUNCT_TILD \n — --> PUNCT_TILD\n\n \\** Apostrophe **\\\n\n\n \n \\** NBSP **\\\n {NBSP} --> NBSP\n \n \\** Quotes **\\\n\n “ --> DQUOT_OPEN\n ” --> DQUOT_CLOSE\n « --> DQUOT_OPEN \n » --> DQUOT_CLOSE \n\n [ --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ] --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n ( --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ) --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n { --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n } --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n < --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n > --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n\n \\** Not universal between fonts ... **\\\n $ --> ELVISH_PAREN\n ≤ --> RING_MARK_L \\** Ring inscription left beautiful stuff **\\\n ≥ --> RING_MARK_R \\** Ring inscription right beautiful stuff **\\\n \\end\n\n \\beg rules numbers\n 0 --> NUM_0\n 1 --> NUM_1\n 2 --> NUM_2\n 3 --> NUM_3\n 4 --> NUM_4\n 5 --> NUM_5\n 6 --> NUM_6\n 7 --> NUM_7\n 8 --> NUM_8\n 9 --> NUM_9\n A --> NUM_10\n B --> NUM_11 \n \\end\n \n\\end\n\n\\beg postprocessor\n \\resolve_virtuals\n\\end\n" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/main/webapp/js/sindarin-classical.glaem.js b/src/main/webapp/js/sindarin-classical.glaem.js index 7d9ea0e15e..e205e66817 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/js/sindarin-classical.glaem.js +++ b/src/main/webapp/js/sindarin-classical.glaem.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -Glaemscribe.resource_manager.raw_modes["sindarin-classical"] = "\\**\n\nGlǽmscribe (also written Glaemscribe) is a software dedicated to\nthe transcription of texts between writing systems, and more \nspecifically dedicated to the transcription of J.R.R. Tolkien\'s \ninvented languages to some of his devised writing systems.\n\nCopyright (C) 2015 Benjamin Babut (Talagan).\n\nThis program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\nit under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by\nthe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\nany later version.\n\nThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\nbut WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\nMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\nGNU Affero General Public License for more details.\n\nYou should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\nalong with this program. If not, see .\n\n**\\\n\n\\** Sindarin Classical mode for glaemscribe (MAY BE INCOMPLETE) **\\\n\n\\beg changelog\n \\entry 0.0.2 \"Fixed some tehtar versions which did not look quite nice for ch, dh, v, mb. Reworked the problem of labialized consonnants (+w), adding an option for treating the u-curl + tehta combination.\"\n \\entry 0.0.3 \"Extended the labialized consonnants option.\"\n \\entry 0.0.4 \"Fixed nw (BUG : was using ORE from the beleriand mode), added lw\"\n \\entry 0.0.5 \"Added thorn as equivalent for th\"\n \\entry 0.0.6 \"Porting to virtual chars to simplify and beautify\"\n\\end\n\n\n\\language \"Sindarin\"\n\\writing \"Tengwar\"\n\\mode \"Classical\"\n\\version \"0.0.6\"\n\\authors \"Talagan (Benjamin Babut)\"\n\n\\charset tengwar_ds true\n\\charset tengwar_ds_eldamar false\n\n\\beg options\n \\option reverse_numbers true\n \\beg option numbers_base BASE_12\n \\value BASE_10 10\n \\value BASE_12 12\n \\end\n \\beg option labialized_consonants_u_curl LABIALIZED_U_CURL_ALWAYS\n \\value LABIALIZED_U_CURL_NONE 1\n \\value LABIALIZED_U_CURL_NO_TEHTAR 2\n \\value LABIALIZED_U_CURL_ALWAYS 3\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg preprocessor\n \\** Work exclusively downcase **\\\n \\downcase\n \n \\** Simplify trema vowels **\\\n \\substitute ä a\n \\substitute ë e\n \\substitute ï i\n \\substitute ö o\n \\substitute ü u\n \\substitute ÿ y\n\n \\** We should do better for that one (todo) **\\\n \\substitute œ e\n \n \\** Dis-ambiguate long vowels **\\\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ā|â|aa)\" \"á\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ē|ê|ee)\" \"é\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ī|î|ii)\" \"í\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ō|ô|oo)\" \"ó\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ū|û|uu)\" \"ú\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ȳ|ŷ|yy)\" \"ý\"\n \n \\** Special case of starting \'i\' before vowels, replace i by j **\\ \n \\rxsubstitute \"\\\\bi([aeouyáāâéēêíīîóōôúūûýȳŷ])\" \"j\\\\1\"\n \n \\** Preprocess numbers **\\\n \\elvish_numbers \"\\\\eval numbers_base\" \"\\\\eval reverse_numbers\"\n\\end\n \n\\beg processor\n\n \\beg rules litteral\n \n \\** VOWELS **\\\n {A} === a\n {AA} === á\n {E} === e\n {EE} === é\n {I} === i\n {II} === í\n {O} === o\n {OO} === ó\n {U} === u\n {UU} === ú\n {Y} === y\n {YY} === ý\n\n {AE} === {A}{E}\n {AI} === {A}{I}\n {AU} === {A}{U}\n {AW} === {A}w\n {EI} === {E}{I}\n {OE} === {O}{E}\n {UI} === {U}{I}\n\n \\** CONSONANTS **\\\n {K} === (c,k)\n\n {VOWELS} === {A} * {E} * {I} * {O} * {U} * {Y} \n {LVOWELS} === {AA} * {EE} * {II} * {OO} * {UU} * {YY} \n\n {TEHTAR} === A_TEHTA * E_TEHTA * I_TEHTA * O_TEHTA * U_TEHTA * Y_TEHTA \n \n {_LTEHTAR_} === ARA A_TEHTA * ARA E_TEHTA * ARA I_TEHTA * ARA O_TEHTA * ARA U_TEHTA * ARA Y_TEHTA \n\n {DIPHTHONGS} === {AI} * {AU} * {AW} * {EI} * {UI} * {AE} * {OE} \n {_DIPHTHONGS_} === ANNA A_TEHTA * VALA A_TEHTA * VALA A_TEHTA * ANNA E_TEHTA * ANNA U_TEHTA * YANTA A_TEHTA * YANTA O_TEHTA \n\n \\** Consonants + Vowels, we will often need these ones **\\\n {V_D} === [ {VOWELS} ]\n {V_D_WN} === [ {VOWELS} * {NULL} ]\n\n {_V_D_} === [ {TEHTAR} ]\n {_V_D_WN_} === [ {TEHTAR} * {NULL} ]\n \n \\** Vowel rules **\\ \n [{VOWELS}] --> TELCO [{TEHTAR}] \\** Replace isolated short vowels **\\\n [{LVOWELS}] --> [{_LTEHTAR_}] \\** Replace long vowels **\\\n [{DIPHTHONGS}] --> [{_DIPHTHONGS_}] \\** Replace diphthongs **\\\n \n \\** 1ST LINE **\\\n {L1} === t * p * {K}\n {_L1_} === TINCO * PARMA * QUESSE\n \n {V_D_WN}[{L1}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L1_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n \n {V_D_WN}nt --> TINCO NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}mp --> PARMA NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}n{K} --> CALMA NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 2ND LINE **\\\n {L2} === d * b * g * ng \\** * g **\\\n {_L2_} === ANDO * UMBAR * UNGWE * UNGWE NASALIZE_SIGN \\** * s **\\\n\n {V_D_WN}[{L2}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L2_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n {V_D_WN}mb --> UMBAR NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}nd --> ANDO NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 3RD LINE **\\\n {L3} === (þ,th) * (f,ph,ff) * ch \n {_L3_} === SULE * FORMEN * HWESTA\n\n {V_D_WN}[{L3}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L3_}]{_V_D_WN_} \n \n {V_D_WN}nth --> SULE NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}mph --> FORMEN NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}nf --> FORMEN NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}nch --> HWESTA NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 4TH LINE **\\\n {L4} === (đ,ð,ðh,dh) * (v,bh,f_) \\** Some noldorin variants here ... **\\\n {_L4_} === ANTO * AMPA \n\n {V_D_WN}[{L4}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L4_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 5TH LINE **\\\n {L5} === n * m * _ng * _mh\n {_L5_} === NUMEN * MALTA * NWALME * MALTA_W_HOOK \n\n {V_D_WN}[{L5}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L5_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n {V_D_WN}nn --> NUMEN NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}mm --> MALTA NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 6TH LINE **\\\n\n \\** 7TH LINE **\\\n {L7} === r_ * r * l * ll * w \n {_L7_} === ORE * ROMEN * LAMBE * LAMBE LAMBE_MARK_TILD * VALA\n \n {V_D_WN}[{L7}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L7_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n \n _rh --> ARDA\n _lh --> ALDA\n\n \\** S/Z LINE **\\\n {L8} === s * y * ss\n {_L8_} === SILME_NUQUERNA * SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT * ESSE_NUQUERNA \n\n {V_D_WN}[{L8}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L8_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n {V_D_WN}ns --> SILME_NUQUERNA NASALIZE_SIGN {_V_D_WN_}\n\n s --> SILME\n\n \\** OTHERS **\\\n j --> YANTA\n\n {V_D_WN}h --> HYARMEN {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}hw --> HWESTA_SINDARINWA {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** \n Ok here come the labialized consonants which are really tricky\n The fonts generally do not handle well the u curl + tehtar, this should be one more argument for\n adopting open type anchors with which we can stack diacritics (see the sarati modes).\n For here, we cheat. Either we don\'t have any tehta on the tengwa, and it\'s easy.\n Or, we put the two signs in their small versions, side by side.\n We give an option not to use that trick, if the option is not set, we simply do not use\n the u-curl at all when there\'s a tehta on the tengwa.\n **\\\n \n \\if \"labialized_consonants_u_curl == LABIALIZED_U_CURL_NO_TEHTAR || labialized_consonants_u_curl == LABIALIZED_U_CURL_ALWAYS\"\n dw --> ANDO SEV_TEHTA \n gw --> UNGWE SEV_TEHTA \n lw --> LAMBE SEV_TEHTA\n nw --> NUMEN SEV_TEHTA \n rw --> ROMEN SEV_TEHTA \n \\endif\n\n \\if \"labialized_consonants_u_curl == LABIALIZED_U_CURL_ALWAYS\"\n {V_D}dw --> ANDO SEV_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n {V_D}gw --> UNGWE SEV_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n {V_D}lw --> LAMBE SEV_TEHTA {_V_D_} \n {V_D}nw --> NUMEN SEV_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n {V_D}rw --> ROMEN SEV_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n \\endif\n \\end\n \n \\beg rules punctuation\n . --> PUNCT_DDOT\n .. --> PUNCT_DOT PUNCT_DDOT PUNCT_DOT\n ... --> PUNCT_TILD\n … --> PUNCT_TILD\n .... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ..... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ...... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ....... --> PUNCT_TILD\n \n , --> PUNCT_DOT\n : --> PUNCT_DOT\n ; --> PUNCT_DOT\n ! --> PUNCT_EXCLAM\n ? --> PUNCT_INTERR\n · --> {NULL}\n\n - --> {NULL} \n – --> PUNCT_TILD \n — --> PUNCT_TILD\n\n \\** Apostrophe **\\\n\n \' --> {NULL}\n ’ --> {NULL}\n\n \\** Quotes **\\\n\n “ --> DQUOT_OPEN\n ” --> DQUOT_CLOSE\n « --> DQUOT_OPEN \n » --> DQUOT_CLOSE \n\n [ --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ] --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n ( --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ) --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n { --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n } --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n < --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n > --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n\n \\** Not universal between fonts ... **\\\n $ --> BOOKMARK_SIGN\n ≤ --> RING_MARK_L \\** Ring inscription left beautiful stuff **\\\n ≥ --> RING_MARK_R \\** Ring inscription right beautiful stuff **\\\n \\end\n\n \\beg rules numbers\n 0 --> NUM_0\n 1 --> NUM_1\n 2 --> NUM_2\n 3 --> NUM_3\n 4 --> NUM_4\n 5 --> NUM_5\n 6 --> NUM_6\n 7 --> NUM_7\n 8 --> NUM_8\n 9 --> NUM_9\n A --> NUM_10\n B --> NUM_11 \n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg postprocessor\n \\resolve_virtuals\n\\end\n" \ No newline at end of file +Glaemscribe.resource_manager.raw_modes["sindarin-classical"] = "\\**\n\nGlǽmscribe (also written Glaemscribe) is a software dedicated to\nthe transcription of texts between writing systems, and more \nspecifically dedicated to the transcription of J.R.R. Tolkien\'s \ninvented languages to some of his devised writing systems.\n\nCopyright (C) 2015 Benjamin Babut (Talagan).\n\nThis program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\nit under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by\nthe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\nany later version.\n\nThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\nbut WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\nMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\nGNU Affero General Public License for more details.\n\nYou should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\nalong with this program. If not, see .\n\n**\\\n\n\\** Sindarin Classical mode for glaemscribe (MAY BE INCOMPLETE) **\\\n\n\\beg changelog\n \\entry \"0.0.2\" \"Fixed some tehtar versions which did not look quite nice for ch, dh, v, mb. Reworked the problem of labialized consonnants (+w), adding an option for treating the u-curl + tehta combination.\"\n \\entry \"0.0.3\" \"Extended the labialized consonnants option.\"\n \\entry \"0.0.4\" \"Fixed nw (BUG : was using ORE from the beleriand mode), added lw\"\n \\entry \"0.0.5\" \"Added thorn as equivalent for th\"\n \\entry \"0.0.6\" \"Porting to virtual chars to simplify and beautify\"\n \\entry \"0.0.7\" \"Added charset support for Annatar\"\n \\entry \"0.0.8\" \"Added support for the FreeMonoTengwar font\" \n \\entry \"0.1.0\" \"Added support for the Tengwar Elfica font\"\n \\entry \"0.1.1\" \"Added support for inlined raw tengwar\" \n \\entry \"0.1.2\" \"Added support for non-breaking spaces\" \n \\entry \"0.1.3\" \"Added support for new unicode charsets\" \n \\entry \"0.1.4\" \"Added support for the Tengwar Telcontar font\"\n \\entry \"0.1.5\" \"Added a few labial exotic combinations. Reworked median point behaviour, and ng.\"\n \\entry \"0.1.6\" \"Added gasdil handling.\"\n\\end\n\n\\language \"Sindarin\"\n\\writing \"Tengwar\"\n\\mode \"Sindarin Tengwar - General Use\"\n\\version \"0.1.6\"\n\\authors \"J.R.R. Tolkien, impl. Talagan (Benjamin Babut)\"\n\n\\world arda\n\\invention jrrt\n\n\\charset tengwar_ds_sindarin true\n\\charset tengwar_ds_parmaite false\n\\charset tengwar_ds_eldamar false\n\\charset tengwar_ds_annatar false\n\\charset tengwar_ds_elfica false\n\n\\charset tengwar_guni_sindarin false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_parmaite false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_eldamar false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_annatar false\n\\charset tengwar_guni_elfica false\n\n\\charset tengwar_freemono false\n\\charset tengwar_telcontar false\n\n\\raw_mode \"raw-tengwar\"\n\n\\beg options\n\n \\beg option reverse_o_u_tehtar U_UP_O_DOWN\n \\value O_UP_U_DOWN 1\n \\value U_UP_O_DOWN 2\n \\end\n\n \\beg option apostrophe APOSTROPHE_IGNORED\n \\value APOSTROPHE_IGNORED 0\n \\value APOSTROPHE_GASDIL 1\n \\end\n \n \\beg option hyphen HYPHEN_WORD_BREAKER\n \\value HYPHEN_WORD_BREAKER 0\n \\value HYPHEN_WORD_JOINER 1\n \\end\n\n \\beg option consonant_modification_style CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_BAR\n \\value CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_WAVE 0\n \\value CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_BAR 1\n \\end\n\n \\beg option labialized_consonants_u_curl LABIALIZED_U_CURL_ALWAYS\n \\value LABIALIZED_U_CURL_NONE 1\n \\value LABIALIZED_U_CURL_NO_TEHTAR 2\n \\value LABIALIZED_U_CURL_ALWAYS 3\n \\end\n\n \\option reverse_numbers true\n \\beg option numbers_base BASE_12\n \\value BASE_10 10\n \\value BASE_12 12\n \\end\n\n\\end\n\n\\beg preprocessor\n \\** Work exclusively downcase **\\\n \\downcase\n \n \\if \"hyphen == HYPHEN_WORD_JOINER\"\n \\** Replace hyphen by median point **\\\n \\substitute \"-\" \"·\" \n \\else\n \\** Replace hyphen by glaemscribe\'s word breaker **\\\n \\substitute \"-\" \"|\"\n \\endif\n \n \\** Add keyboard friendly word joiner **\\\n \\substitute \"*\" \"·\"\n \n \\** Simplify trema vowels **\\\n \\substitute ä a\n \\substitute ë e\n \\substitute ï i\n \\substitute ö o\n \\substitute ü u\n \\substitute ÿ y\n\n \\** We should do better for that one (todo) **\\\n \\substitute œ e\n \n \\** Dis-ambiguate long vowels **\\\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ā|â|aa)\" \"á\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ē|ê|ee)\" \"é\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ī|î|ii)\" \"í\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ō|ô|oo)\" \"ó\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ū|û|uu)\" \"ú\"\n \\rxsubstitute \"(ȳ|ŷ|yy)\" \"ý\"\n \n \\** Special case of starting \'i\' before vowels, replace i by j **\\ \n \\rxsubstitute \"\\\\bi([aeouyáāâéēêíīîóōôúūûýȳŷ])\" \"j\\\\1\"\n \n \\** Special case for ng : before the vast majority of consonnants, treat as ŋ **\\\n \\** Don\'t include r / l / lh / w **\\\n \\rxsubstitute \"ng([tpckbdfðvnmhs])\" \"ŋ\\\\1\"\n \n \\** Avoid mutated ng of being treated as strong middle word n|g (ex : i·ngelaidh [iŋɛlaið] ) **\\\n \\substitute \"·ng\" \"·ŋ\" \n \\** But avoid losing the strong g in nasal mutation of g (ex : in·Gelydh [iŋgɛlyð]] ) **\\\n \\substitute \"n·g\" \"·ŋg\"\n \\** Use median dot as word joiner **\\\n \\substitute \"·\" \"\"\n \n \\** Preprocess numbers **\\\n \\elvish_numbers \"\\\\eval numbers_base\" \"\\\\eval reverse_numbers\"\n\\end\n \n\\beg processor\n\n \\beg rules litteral\n \n \\if \"consonant_modification_style == CONSONANT_MODIFICATION_STYLE_WAVE\"\n {GEMINATE} === GEMINATE_SIGN_TILD\n {NASAL} === NASALIZE_SIGN_TILD\n \\else\n {GEMINATE} === GEMINATE_SIGN\n {NASAL} === NASALIZE_SIGN\n \\endif\n \n \\if \"reverse_o_u_tehtar == U_UP_O_DOWN\"\n {O_LOOP} === O_TEHTA\n {U_LOOP} === U_TEHTA\n \\else\n {O_LOOP} === U_TEHTA\n {U_LOOP} === O_TEHTA\n \\endif\n \n \\** VOWELS **\\\n {A} === a\n {AA} === á\n {E} === e\n {EE} === é\n {I} === i\n {II} === í\n {O} === o\n {OO} === ó\n {U} === u\n {UU} === ú\n {Y} === y\n {YY} === ý\n\n {AE} === {A}{E}\n {AI} === {A}{I}\n {AU} === {A}{U}\n {AW} === {A}w\n {EI} === {E}{I}\n {OE} === {O}{E}\n {UI} === {U}{I}\n\n \\** CONSONANTS **\\\n {K} === (c,k)\n\n {VOWELS} === {A} * {E} * {I} * {O} * {U} * {Y} \n {LVOWELS} === {AA} * {EE} * {II} * {OO} * {UU} * {YY} \n\n {TEHTAR} === A_TEHTA * E_TEHTA * I_TEHTA * {O_LOOP} * {U_LOOP} * Y_TEHTA \n \n {_LTEHTAR_} === ARA A_TEHTA * ARA E_TEHTA * ARA I_TEHTA * ARA {O_LOOP} * ARA {U_LOOP} * ARA Y_TEHTA \n\n {DIPHTHONGS} === {AI} * {AU} * {AW} * {EI} * {UI} * {AE} * {OE} \n {_DIPHTHONGS_} === ANNA A_TEHTA * VALA A_TEHTA * VALA A_TEHTA * ANNA E_TEHTA * ANNA {U_LOOP} * YANTA A_TEHTA * YANTA {O_LOOP} \n\n \\** Consonants + Vowels, we will often need these ones **\\\n {V_D} === [ {VOWELS} ]\n {V_D_WN} === [ {VOWELS} * {NULL} ]\n\n {_V_D_} === [ {TEHTAR} ]\n {_V_D_WN_} === [ {TEHTAR} * {NULL} ]\n \n \\** Vowel rules **\\ \n [{VOWELS}] --> TELCO [{TEHTAR}] \\** Replace isolated short vowels **\\\n [{LVOWELS}] --> [{_LTEHTAR_}] \\** Replace long vowels **\\\n [{DIPHTHONGS}] --> [{_DIPHTHONGS_}] \\** Replace diphthongs **\\\n \n \\** 1ST LINE **\\\n {L1} === t * p * {K}\n {_L1_} === TINCO * PARMA * QUESSE\n \n {V_D_WN}[{L1}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L1_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n \n {V_D_WN}nt --> TINCO {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}mp --> PARMA {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}n{K} --> CALMA {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 2ND LINE **\\\n \\** \n /ŋg/ : this is ng in middle of words + might be found at word start. \n See also final/initial ng_ / _ng below \n **\\\n {L2} === d * b * g * (ng,ngg,ŋg,ñg) \n {_L2_} === ANDO * UMBAR * UNGWE * UNGWE {NASAL} \n\n {V_D_WN}[{L2}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L2_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n {V_D_WN}mb --> UMBAR {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}nd --> ANDO {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 3RD LINE **\\\n {L3} === (þ,th) * (f,ph,ff) * ch \n {_L3_} === SULE * FORMEN * HWESTA\n\n {V_D_WN}[{L3}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L3_}]{_V_D_WN_} \n \n {V_D_WN}nth --> SULE {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}mph --> FORMEN {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}nf --> FORMEN {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}nch --> HWESTA {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 4TH LINE **\\\n {L4} === (đ,ð,ðh,dh) * (v,bh,f_) \\** Some noldorin variants here ... **\\\n {_L4_} === ANTO * AMPA \n\n {V_D_WN}[{L4}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L4_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 5TH LINE **\\\n {L5} === n * m * (_ng,ng_,ŋ,ñ) * _mh \\** weak ng at initial and final **\\\n {_L5_} === NUMEN * MALTA * NWALME * MALTA_W_HOOK \n\n {V_D_WN}[{L5}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L5_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n {V_D_WN}nn --> NUMEN {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}mm --> MALTA {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** 6TH LINE **\\\n\n \\** 7TH LINE **\\\n {L7} === r_ * r * l * ll * w \n {_L7_} === ORE * ROMEN * LAMBE * LAMBE {GEMINATE} * VALA\n \n {V_D_WN}[{L7}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L7_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n \n _rh --> ARDA\n _lh --> ALDA\n\n \\** S/Z LINE **\\\n {L8} === s * y * ss\n {_L8_} === SILME_NUQUERNA * SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT * ESSE_NUQUERNA \n\n {V_D_WN}[{L8}] --> 2,1 --> [{_L8_}]{_V_D_WN_}\n\n {V_D_WN}ns --> SILME_NUQUERNA {NASAL} {_V_D_WN_}\n\n s --> SILME\n\n \\** OTHERS **\\\n j --> YANTA\n\n {V_D_WN}h --> HYARMEN {_V_D_WN_}\n {V_D_WN}hw --> HWESTA_SINDARINWA {_V_D_WN_}\n\n \\** \n Ok here come the labialized consonants which are really tricky\n The fonts generally do not handle well the wa-tehta curl + tehtar, this should be one more argument for\n adopting open type anchors with which we can stack diacritics (see the sarati modes).\n For here, we cheat. Either we don\'t have any tehta on the tengwa, and it\'s easy.\n Or, we put the two signs in their small versions, side by side.\n We give an option not to use that trick, if the option is not set, we simply do not use\n the wa-tehta curl at all when there\'s a tehta on the tengwa.\n **\\\n \n \\if \"labialized_consonants_u_curl == LABIALIZED_U_CURL_NO_TEHTAR || labialized_consonants_u_curl == LABIALIZED_U_CURL_ALWAYS\"\n bw --> UMBAR WA_TEHTA\n dw --> ANDO WA_TEHTA \n gw --> UNGWE WA_TEHTA \n lw --> LAMBE WA_TEHTA\n nw --> NUMEN WA_TEHTA \n rw --> ROMEN WA_TEHTA \n (ng,ngg,ŋg,ñg)w --> UNGWE {NASAL} WA_TEHTA\n (_ng,ng_,ŋ,ñ)w --> NWALME WA_TEHTA\n \\endif\n\n \\if \"labialized_consonants_u_curl == LABIALIZED_U_CURL_ALWAYS\" \n {V_D}bw --> UMBAR WA_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n {V_D}dw --> ANDO WA_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n {V_D}gw --> UNGWE WA_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n {V_D}lw --> LAMBE WA_TEHTA {_V_D_} \n {V_D}nw --> NUMEN WA_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n {V_D}rw --> ROMEN WA_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n {V_D}(ng,ngg,ŋg,ñg)w --> UNGWE {NASAL} WA_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n {V_D}(_ng,ng_,ŋ,ñ)w --> NWALME WA_TEHTA {_V_D_}\n \\endif\n \n \\if \"apostrophe == APOSTROPHE_IGNORED\"\n \' --> {NULL}\n ’ --> {NULL}\n \\else\n \\** use gasdil **\\\n \' --> HALLA\n ’ --> HALLA\n \\endif\n \n \\** Forced gasdil **\\\n ° --> HALLA\n \\end\n \n \\beg rules punctuation\n . --> PUNCT_DDOT\n .. --> PUNCT_DOT PUNCT_DDOT PUNCT_DOT\n ... --> PUNCT_TILD\n … --> PUNCT_TILD\n .... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ..... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ...... --> PUNCT_TILD\n ....... --> PUNCT_TILD\n \n , --> PUNCT_DOT\n : --> PUNCT_DOT\n ; --> PUNCT_DOT\n ! --> PUNCT_EXCLAM\n ? --> PUNCT_INTERR\n · --> {NULL}\n\n - --> {NULL} \n – --> PUNCT_TILD \n — --> PUNCT_TILD\n \n \\** NBSP **\\\n {NBSP} --> NBSP\n \n \\** Quotes **\\\n\n “ --> DQUOT_OPEN\n ” --> DQUOT_CLOSE\n « --> DQUOT_OPEN \n » --> DQUOT_CLOSE \n\n [ --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ] --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n ( --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n ) --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n { --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n } --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n < --> PUNCT_PAREN_L\n > --> PUNCT_PAREN_R\n\n \\** Not universal between fonts ... **\\\n $ --> ELVISH_PAREN\n ≤ --> RING_MARK_L \\** Ring inscription left beautiful stuff **\\\n ≥ --> RING_MARK_R \\** Ring inscription right beautiful stuff **\\\n \\end\n\n \\beg rules numbers\n 0 --> NUM_0\n 1 --> NUM_1\n 2 --> NUM_2\n 3 --> NUM_3\n 4 --> NUM_4\n 5 --> NUM_5\n 6 --> NUM_6\n 7 --> NUM_7\n 8 --> NUM_8\n 9 --> NUM_9\n A --> NUM_10\n B --> NUM_11 \n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg postprocessor\n \\resolve_virtuals\n\\end\n" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds.cst.js b/src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds.cst.js deleted file mode 100644 index 8ad5792e9e..0000000000 --- a/src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds.cst.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -Glaemscribe.resource_manager.raw_charsets["tengwar_ds"] = "\\**\n\nGlǽmscribe (also written Glaemscribe) is a software dedicated to\nthe transcription of texts between writing systems, and more \nspecifically dedicated to the transcription of J.R.R. Tolkien\'s \ninvented languages to some of his devised writing systems.\n\nCopyright (C) 2015 Benjamin Babut (Talagan).\n\nThis program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\nit under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by\nthe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\nany later version.\n\nThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\nbut WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\nMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\nGNU Affero General Public License for more details.\n\nYou should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\nalong with this program. If not, see .\n\n**\\\n\n\\** Charset for Dan Smith layout based fonts **\\ \n\n\\version 0.0.2\n\n\\** **\\ \\char 20 SPACE \n\\** ! **\\ \\char 21 TW_EXT_11 \n\\** \" **\\ \\char 22 DASH_INF_L \n\\** # **\\ \\char 23 A_TEHTA_XL \n\\** $ **\\ \\char 24 E_TEHTA_XL \n\\** % **\\ \\char 25 I_TEHTA_XL \n\\** & **\\ \\char 26 U_TEHTA_XL \n\\** \' **\\ \\char 27 DASH_INF_S \n\\** ( **\\ \\char 28 ? \n\\** ) **\\ \\char 29 TILD_XSUP_L \n\\** * **\\ \\char 2a ? \n\\** + **\\ \\char 2b SHOOK_RIGHT_L \n\\** , **\\ \\char 2c TW_84 ESSE_NUQUERNA \n\\** - **\\ \\char 2d PUNCT_DDOT \n\\** . **\\ \\char 2e TW_94 URE \n\\** / **\\ \\char 2f TILD_XINF_S \n\\** 0 **\\ \\char 30 TILD_XSUP_S \n\\** 1 **\\ \\char 31 TW_11 TINCO \n\\** 2 **\\ \\char 32 TW_21 ANDO \n\\** 3 **\\ \\char 33 TW_31 SULE THULE \n\\** 4 **\\ \\char 34 TW_41 ANTO \n\\** 5 **\\ \\char 35 TW_51 NUMEN \n\\** 6 **\\ \\char 36 TW_61 ORE \n\\** 7 **\\ \\char 37 TW_71 ROMEN \n\\** 8 **\\ \\char 38 TW_81 SILME \n\\** 9 **\\ \\char 39 TW_91 HYARMEN \n\\** : **\\ \\char 3a TILD_INF_L \n\\** ; **\\ \\char 3b TILD_INF_S \n\\** < **\\ \\char 3c ? \\** Does not look compliant between DS and Annatar **\\\n\\** = **\\ \\char 3d PUNCT_DOT \n\\** > **\\ \\char 3e ? \n\\** ? **\\ \\char 3f TILD_XINF_L \n\\** @ **\\ \\char 40 TW_EXT_21 ANDO_EXT ANTO_EXT \n\\** A **\\ \\char 41 TW_EXT_13 CALMA_EXT AHA_EXT \n\\** B **\\ \\char 42 I_TEHTA_XS \n\\** C **\\ \\char 43 A_TEHTA_XS \n\\** D **\\ \\char 44 A_TEHTA_S \n\\** E **\\ \\char 45 A_TEHTA_L \n\\** F **\\ \\char 46 E_TEHTA_S \n\\** G **\\ \\char 47 I_TEHTA_S \n\\** H **\\ \\char 48 O_TEHTA_S \n\\** I **\\ \\char 49 SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT \\** Used for y in s. beleriand **\\ \n\\** J **\\ \\char 4a U_TEHTA_S \n\\** K **\\ \\char 4b ? \n\\** L **\\ \\char 4c LAMBE_MARK_DOT \n\\** M **\\ \\char 4d U_TEHTA_XS \n\\** N **\\ \\char 4e O_TEHTA_XS \n\\** O **\\ \\char 4f ? \n\\** P **\\ \\char 50 TILD_SUP_L \n\\** Q **\\ \\char 51 TW_EXT_12 PARMA_EXT FORMEN_EXT \n\\** R **\\ \\char 52 E_TEHTA_L \n\\** S **\\ \\char 53 TW_EXT_23 ANGA_EXT ANCA_EXT \n\\** T **\\ \\char 54 I_TEHTA_L \n\\** U **\\ \\char 55 U_TEHTA_L \n\\** V **\\ \\char 56 E_TEHTA_XS \n\\** W **\\ \\char 57 TW_EXT_22 UMBAR_EXT AMPA_EXT \n\\** X **\\ \\char 58 TW_EXT_24 UNQUE_EXT UNGWE_EXT \n\\** Y **\\ \\char 59 O_TEHTA_L \n\\** Z **\\ \\char 5a TW_EXT_14 QUESSE_EXT HWESTA_EXT \n\\** [ **\\ \\char 5b DASH_SUP_S \n\\** \\ **\\ \\char 5c TILD_L \n\\** ] **\\ \\char 5d OSSE \n\\** ^ **\\ \\char 5e O_TEHTA_XL \n\\** _ **\\ \\char 5f SHOOOK_RIGHT_S \n\\** ` **\\ \\char 60 TELCO \n\\** a **\\ \\char 61 TW_13 CALMA \n\\** b **\\ \\char 62 TW_54 NWALME \n\\** c **\\ \\char 63 TW_34 HWESTA \n\\** d **\\ \\char 64 TW_33 AHA \n\\** e **\\ \\char 65 TW_32 FORMEN \n\\** f **\\ \\char 66 TW_43 ANCA \n\\** g **\\ \\char 67 TW_53 NOLDO \n\\** h **\\ \\char 68 TW_63 ANNA \n\\** i **\\ \\char 69 TW_82 SILME_NUQUERNA \n\\** j **\\ \\char 6a TW_73 LAMBE \n\\** k **\\ \\char 6b TW_83 ESSE \n\\** l **\\ \\char 6c TW_93 YANTA \n\\** m **\\ \\char 6d TW_74 ALDA \n\\** n **\\ \\char 6e TW_64 VILYA \n\\** o **\\ \\char 6f TW_92 HWESTA_SINDARINWA \n\\** p **\\ \\char 70 TILD_SUP_S \n\\** q **\\ \\char 71 TW_12 PARMA \n\\** r **\\ \\char 72 TW_42 AMPA \n\\** s **\\ \\char 73 TW_23 ANGA \n\\** t **\\ \\char 74 TW_52 MALTA \n\\** u **\\ \\char 75 TW_72 ARDA \n\\** v **\\ \\char 76 TW_44 UNQUE \n\\** w **\\ \\char 77 TW_22 UMBAR \n\\** x **\\ \\char 78 TW_24 UNGWE \n\\** y **\\ \\char 79 TW_62 VALA \n\\** z **\\ \\char 7a TW_14 QUESSE \n\\** { **\\ \\char 7b DASH_SUP_L \n\\** | **\\ \\char 7c SHOOK_LEFT_L \n\\** } **\\ \\char 7d SHOOK_LEFT_S \n\\** ~ **\\ \\char 7e ARA \n\\** ¡ **\\ \\char a1 ? \n\\** ¢ **\\ \\char a2 ? \n\\** £ **\\ \\char a3 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL \n\\** ¥ **\\ \\char a5 ? \n\\** ¦ **\\ \\char a6 HWESTA_TINCO \n\\** § **\\ \\char a7 AHA_TINCO \n\\** ¨ **\\ \\char a8 TH_SUB_CIRC_S \n\\** © **\\ \\char a9 TH_SUB_CIRC_XS \n\\** ª **\\ \\char aa A_TEHTA_INV_XL \n\\** « **\\ \\char ab DQUOT_OPEN \n\\** ¬ **\\ \\char ac WAVE_MED_DOUBLE \n\\** ­ **\\ \\char ad A_TEHTA_INV_L \n\\** ® **\\ \\char ae ? \n\\** ¯ **\\ \\char af A_TEHTA_INV_S \n\\** ° **\\ \\char b0 WAVE_MED_SIMPLE \n\\** ± **\\ \\char b1 SQUOT_OPEN \n\\** ² **\\ \\char b2 SQUOT_CLOSE \n\\** ³ **\\ \\char b3 ? \n\\** ´ **\\ \\char b4 LAMBE_MARK_DDOT \n\\** µ **\\ \\char b5 A_TEHTA_INV_XS \n\\** · **\\ \\char b7 ? \n\\** ¸ **\\ \\char b8 LAMBE_MARK_TILD \n\\** ¹ **\\ \\char b9 ? \n\\** º **\\ \\char ba ? \n\\** » **\\ \\char bb DQUOT_CLOSE \n\\** ¼ **\\ \\char bc ? \n\\** ½ **\\ \\char bd HALLA \n\\** ¾ **\\ \\char be ? \n\\** ¿ **\\ \\char bf ? \n\\** À **\\ \\char c0 PUNCT_INTERR \n\\** Á **\\ \\char c1 PUNCT_EXCLAM \n\\**  **\\ \\char c2 PUNCT_TILD \n\\** à **\\ \\char c3 ? \n\\** Ä **\\ \\char c4 ? \n\\** Å **\\ \\char c5 ? \n\\** Æ **\\ \\char c6 ? \n\\** Ç **\\ \\char c7 ? \n\\** È **\\ \\char c8 THINF_DOT_XL \n\\** É **\\ \\char c9 THINF_DOT_L \n\\** Ê **\\ \\char ca THINF_DOT_S \n\\** Ë **\\ \\char cb THINF_DOT_XS \n\\** Ì **\\ \\char cc THINF_DDOT_XL \n\\** Í **\\ \\char cd THINF_DDOT_L \n\\** Î **\\ \\char ce THINF_DDOT_S \n\\** Ï **\\ \\char cf THINF_DDOT_XS \n\\** Ð **\\ \\char d0 THINF_TDOT_XL \n\\** Ñ **\\ \\char d1 THINF_TDOT_L \n\\** Ò **\\ \\char d2 THINF_TDOT_S \n\\** Ó **\\ \\char d3 THINF_TDOT_XS \n\\** Ô **\\ \\char d4 THSUP_DDOT_XL Y_TEHTA_XL I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** Õ **\\ \\char d5 THSUP_DDOT_L Y_TEHTA_L I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** Ö **\\ \\char d6 THSUP_DDOT_S Y_TEHTA_S I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** × **\\ \\char d7 THSUP_DDOT_XS Y_TEHTA_XS I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** Ø **\\ \\char d8 THSUP_TICK_XL \n\\** Ù **\\ \\char d9 THSUP_TICK_L \n\\** Ú **\\ \\char da THSUP_TICK_S \n\\** Û **\\ \\char db THSUP_TICK_XS \n\\** Ü **\\ \\char dc THSUP_TICK_INV_XL A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XL \n\\** Ý **\\ \\char dd THSUP_TICK_INV_L A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_L \n\\** Þ **\\ \\char de THSUP_TICK_INV_S A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_S \n\\** ß **\\ \\char df THSUP_TICK_INV_XS A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XS \n\\** à **\\ \\char e0 THSUP_LAMBDA_XL \n\\** á **\\ \\char e1 THSUP_LAMBDA_L \n\\** â **\\ \\char e2 THSUP_LAMBDA_S \n\\** ã **\\ \\char e3 THSUP_LAMBDA_XS \n\\** ä **\\ \\char e4 THINF_CURL_XL \n\\** å **\\ \\char e5 THINF_CURL_L \n\\** æ **\\ \\char e6 THINF_CURL_S \n\\** ç **\\ \\char e7 THINF_CURL_XS \n\\** è **\\ \\char e8 THSUP_SEV_XL \n\\** é **\\ \\char e9 THSUP_SEV_L \n\\** ê **\\ \\char ea THSUP_SEV_S \n\\** ë **\\ \\char eb THSUP_SEV_XS \n\\** ì **\\ \\char ec ? \n\\** í **\\ \\char ed ? \n\\** î **\\ \\char ee ? \n\\** ï **\\ \\char ef ? \n\\** ð **\\ \\char f0 NUM_0 \n\\** ñ **\\ \\char f1 NUM_1 \n\\** ò **\\ \\char f2 NUM_2 \n\\** ó **\\ \\char f3 NUM_3 \n\\** ô **\\ \\char f4 NUM_4 \n\\** õ **\\ \\char f5 NUM_5 \n\\** ö **\\ \\char f6 NUM_6 \n\\** ÷ **\\ \\char f7 NUM_7 \n\\** ø **\\ \\char f8 NUM_8 \n\\** ù **\\ \\char f9 NUM_9 \n\\** ú **\\ \\char fa NUM_10 \n\\** û **\\ \\char fb NUM_11 \n\\** ü **\\ \\char fc THINF_STROKE_XL \n\\** ý **\\ \\char fd THINF_STROKE_L \n\\** þ **\\ \\char fe THINF_STROKE_S \n\\** ÿ **\\ \\char ff THINF_STROKE_XS \n\\** Œ **\\ \\char 152 PUNCT_PAREN_L \n\\** œ **\\ \\char 153 PUNCT_PAREN_R \n\\** Š **\\ \\char 160 THINF_ACCENT_L \n\\** š **\\ \\char 161 MALTA_W_HOOK \n\\** Ÿ **\\ \\char 178 THINF_ACCENT_XS \n\\** ƒ **\\ \\char 192 THINF_DSTROKE_XL \n\\** ˆ **\\ \\char 2c6 ? \n\\** ˜ **\\ \\char 2dc TH_SUB_CIRC_XL \n\\** – **\\ \\char 2013 ANCA_CLOSED \n\\** — **\\ \\char 2014 OLD_ENGLISH_AND \n\\** ‘ **\\ \\char 2018 THINF_CURL_INV_XL \n\\** ’ **\\ \\char 2019 THINF_CURL_INV_L \n\\** ‚ **\\ \\char 201a LAMBE_MARK_DSTROKE \n\\** “ **\\ \\char 201c THINF_CURL_INV_S \n\\** ” **\\ \\char 201d THINF_CURL_INV_XS \n\\** „ **\\ \\char 201e THINF_DSTROKE_L \n\\** † **\\ \\char 2020 THINF_DSTROKE_XS \n\\** ‡ **\\ \\char 2021 ? \n\\** • **\\ \\char 2022 HARP_SHAPED \n\\** … **\\ \\char 2026 THINF_DSTROKE_S \n\\** ‰ **\\ \\char 2030 THINF_ACCENT_XL \n\\** ‹ **\\ \\char 2039 THINF_ACCENT_S \n\\** › **\\ \\char 203a BOOKMARK_SIGN \n\\** ™ **\\ \\char 2122 TH_SUB_CIRC_L \n\\** 〠 **\\ \\char 3020 ? \n\\** 〡 **\\ \\char 3021 ? \n\\** 〣 **\\ \\char 3023 A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** 〤 **\\ \\char 3024 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** 〦 **\\ \\char 3026 U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** **\\ \\char 302e ? \n\\** 〰 **\\ \\char 3030 ? \n\\** 〱 **\\ \\char 3031 ? \n\\** 〲 **\\ \\char 3032 ? \n\\** 〳 **\\ \\char 3033 ? \n\\** 〴 **\\ \\char 3034 ? \n\\** 〵 **\\ \\char 3035 ? \n\\** 〶 **\\ \\char 3036 ? \n\\** 〷 **\\ \\char 3037 ? \n\\** 〸 **\\ \\char 3038 ? \n\\** 〹 **\\ \\char 3039 ? \n\\** 〼 **\\ \\char 303c ? \n\\** ぀ **\\ \\char 3040 ? \n\\** ぃ **\\ \\char 3043 A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** い **\\ \\char 3044 A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** ぅ **\\ \\char 3045 A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** う **\\ \\char 3046 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** え **\\ \\char 3048 O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** お **\\ \\char 304a U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** き **\\ \\char 304d U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** ぎ **\\ \\char 304e O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** け **\\ \\char 3051 ? \n\\** げ **\\ \\char 3052 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** さ **\\ \\char 3055 U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** ざ **\\ \\char 3056 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** し **\\ \\char 3057 ? \n\\** す **\\ \\char 3059 O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** ぞ **\\ \\char 305e O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** ぢ **\\ \\char 3062 ? \n\\** づ **\\ \\char 3065 ? \n\\** と **\\ \\char 3068 ? \n\\** な **\\ \\char 306a LAMBE_LIG \n\\** の **\\ \\char 306e ? \n\\** ぱ **\\ \\char 3071 ? \n\\** ひ **\\ \\char 3072 ? \n\\** ぴ **\\ \\char 3074 ? \n\\** ふ **\\ \\char 3075 ? \n\\** ぷ **\\ \\char 3077 ? \n\\** へ **\\ \\char 3078 ? \n\\** べ **\\ \\char 3079 ? \n\\** ぺ **\\ \\char 307a ? \n\\** ア **\\ \\char 30a2 ? \n\\** カ **\\ \\char 30ab RING_MARK_R \n\\** ギ **\\ \\char 30ae ? \n\\** セ **\\ \\char 30bb RING_MARK_L \n\\** タ **\\ \\char 30bf ? \n\\** ツ **\\ \\char 30c4 ? \n\\** テ **\\ \\char 30c6 ? \n\\** デ **\\ \\char 30c7 ? \n\\** ヘ **\\ \\char 30d8 ? \n\\** ベ **\\ \\char 30d9 ? \n\\** ペ **\\ \\char 30da ? \n\\** ホ **\\ \\char 30db ? \n\\** ム **\\ \\char 30e0 ? \n\\** メ **\\ \\char 30e1 ? \n\\** モ **\\ \\char 30e2 ? \n\\** ャ **\\ \\char 30e3 ? \n\\** ヨ **\\ \\char 30e8 ? \n\\** ラ **\\ \\char 30e9 ? \n\\** リ **\\ \\char 30ea ? \n\\** ル **\\ \\char 30eb ? \n\\** **\\ \\char 3152 PUNCT_PAREN_L_ALT \n\\** **\\ \\char 3153 PUNCT_PAREN_R_ALT \n\\** ㅠ **\\ \\char 3160 ? \n\\** ㅡ **\\ \\char 3161 ? \n\\** ㅸ **\\ \\char 3178 ? \n\\** ㆒ **\\ \\char 3192 ? \n\\** 倚 **\\ \\char 501a ? \n\\** 倞 **\\ \\char 501e ? \n\\** 倠 **\\ \\char 5020 ? \n\\** 倢 **\\ \\char 5022 ? \n\\** 倦 **\\ \\char 5026 ? \n\\** 倰 **\\ \\char 5030 ? \n\\** 倹 **\\ \\char 5039 ?\n\n\n\\** The following virtual chars are used to handle tehtar (& the like) multiple version chosing **\\\n\\** It could be avoided with modern fonts with gsub/gpos tables for ligatures and diacritics **\\\n\\** placement **\\\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA\n \\class A_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class A_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class A_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class A_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_CIRCUM\n \\class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA\n \\class E_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class E_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class E_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class E_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual I_TEHTA\n \\class I_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class I_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class I_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class I_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual I_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual O_TEHTA\n \\class O_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class O_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class O_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class O_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual O_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual U_TEHTA\n \\class U_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class U_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class U_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class U_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual U_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual Y_TEHTA\n \\class Y_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class Y_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class Y_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class Y_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual SEV_TEHTA\n \\class THSUP_SEV_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THSUP_SEV_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THSUP_SEV_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n \\class THSUP_SEV_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_TDOT_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_TDOT_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_TDOT_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE\n \\class THINF_TDOT_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_ACCENT_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_ACCENT_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_ACCENT_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE\n \\class THINF_ACCENT_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual CIRC_TEHTA_INF\n \\class TH_SUB_CIRC_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA HARP_SHAPED\n \\class TH_SUB_CIRC_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class TH_SUB_CIRC_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE\n \\class TH_SUB_CIRC_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual SEV_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_STROKE_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_STROKE_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_STROKE_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE\n \\class THINF_STROKE_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual O_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_CURL_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_CURL_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_CURL_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE\n \\class THINF_CURL_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual U_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_CURL_INV_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_CURL_INV_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_CURL_INV_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE\n \\class THINF_CURL_INV_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual Y_TEHTA_INF PALATAL_SIGN \n \\class THINF_DDOT_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_DDOT_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_DDOT_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE\n \\class THINF_DDOT_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n \\class LAMBE_MARK_DDOT LAMBE ALDA\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_INF GEMINATE_DOUBLE\n \\class THINF_DSTROKE_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_DSTROKE_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_DSTROKE_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE\n \\class THINF_DSTROKE_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n \\class LAMBE_MARK_DSTROKE LAMBE ALDA\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual I_TEHTA_INF NO_VOWEL_DOT UNUTIXE\n \\class THINF_DOT_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_DOT_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_DOT_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE\n \\class THINF_DOT_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n \\class LAMBE_MARK_DOT LAMBE ALDA\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual GEMINATE_SIGN\n \\class DASH_INF_S TELCO ARA TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL HARP_SHAPED AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class DASH_INF_L ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n \\class LAMBE_MARK_TILD LAMBE ALDA\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual NASALIZE_SIGN\n \\class DASH_SUP_S TELCO ARA TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE HYARMEN YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL HARP_SHAPED AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class DASH_SUP_L ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual NASALIZE_SIGN_TILD\n \\class TILD_SUP_S TELCO ARA TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE HYARMEN YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL HARP_SHAPED AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class TILD_SUP_L ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual ALVEOLAR_SIGN\n \\class SHOOK_LEFT_L TELCO ARA CALMA QUESSE ANGA UNGWE TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n \\class SHOOK_RIGHT_L TINCO PARMA ANDO UMBAR SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED HARP_SHAPED AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n\\end\n\n\n\n\n\n\n " \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds_eldamar.cst.js b/src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds_eldamar.cst.js index 41a5582ca7..7ac8c14dea 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds_eldamar.cst.js +++ b/src/main/webapp/js/tengwar_ds_eldamar.cst.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -Glaemscribe.resource_manager.raw_charsets["tengwar_ds_eldamar"] = "\\**\n\nGlǽmscribe (also written Glaemscribe) is a software dedicated to\nthe transcription of texts between writing systems, and more \nspecifically dedicated to the transcription of J.R.R. Tolkien\'s \ninvented languages to some of his devised writing systems.\n\nCopyright (C) 2015 Benjamin Babut (Talagan).\n\nThis program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\nit under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by\nthe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\nany later version.\n\nThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\nbut WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\nMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\nGNU Affero General Public License for more details.\n\nYou should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\nalong with this program. If not, see .\n\n**\\\n\n\\** Charset for Dan Smith layout based fonts **\\ \n\n\\version 0.0.2\n\n\n\\** **\\ \\char 20 SPACE \n\\** ! **\\ \\char 21 TW_EXT_11 \n\\** \" **\\ \\char 22 DASH_INF_L \n\\** # **\\ \\char 23 A_TEHTA_XL \n\\** $ **\\ \\char 24 E_TEHTA_XL \n\\** % **\\ \\char 25 I_TEHTA_XL \n\\** & **\\ \\char 26 U_TEHTA_XL \n\\** \' **\\ \\char 27 DASH_INF_S \n\\** ( **\\ \\char 28 ? \n\\** ) **\\ \\char 29 TILD_XSUP_L \n\\** * **\\ \\char 2a ? \n\\** + **\\ \\char 2b SHOOK_RIGHT_L \n\\** , **\\ \\char 2c TW_84 ESSE_NUQUERNA \n\\** - **\\ \\char 2d PUNCT_DDOT \n\\** . **\\ \\char 2e TW_94 URE \n\\** / **\\ \\char 2f TILD_XINF_S \n\\** 0 **\\ \\char 30 TILD_XSUP_S \n\\** 1 **\\ \\char 31 TW_11 TINCO \n\\** 2 **\\ \\char 32 TW_21 ANDO \n\\** 3 **\\ \\char 33 TW_31 SULE THULE \n\\** 4 **\\ \\char 34 TW_41 ANTO \n\\** 5 **\\ \\char 35 TW_51 NUMEN \n\\** 6 **\\ \\char 36 TW_61 ORE \n\\** 7 **\\ \\char 37 TW_71 ROMEN \n\\** 8 **\\ \\char 38 TW_81 SILME \n\\** 9 **\\ \\char 39 TW_91 HYARMEN \n\\** : **\\ \\char 3a TILD_INF_L \n\\** ; **\\ \\char 3b TILD_INF_S \n\\** < **\\ \\char 3c ? \\** Does not look compliant between DS and Annatar **\\\n\\** = **\\ \\char 3d PUNCT_DOT \n\\** > **\\ \\char 3e ? \n\\** ? **\\ \\char 3f TILD_XINF_L \n\\** @ **\\ \\char 40 TW_EXT_21 ANDO_EXT ANTO_EXT \n\\** A **\\ \\char 41 TW_EXT_13 CALMA_EXT AHA_EXT \n\\** B **\\ \\char 42 I_TEHTA_XS \n\\** C **\\ \\char 43 A_TEHTA_XS \n\\** D **\\ \\char 44 A_TEHTA_S \n\\** E **\\ \\char 45 A_TEHTA_L \n\\** F **\\ \\char 46 E_TEHTA_S \n\\** G **\\ \\char 47 I_TEHTA_S \n\\** H **\\ \\char 48 O_TEHTA_S \n\\** I **\\ \\char 49 SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT \\** Used for y in s. beleriand **\\ \n\\** J **\\ \\char 4a U_TEHTA_S \n\\** K **\\ \\char 4b ? \n\\** L **\\ \\char 4c LAMBE_MARK_DOT \n\\** M **\\ \\char 4d U_TEHTA_XS \n\\** N **\\ \\char 4e O_TEHTA_XS \n\\** O **\\ \\char 4f ? \n\\** P **\\ \\char 50 TILD_SUP_L \n\\** Q **\\ \\char 51 TW_EXT_12 PARMA_EXT FORMEN_EXT \n\\** R **\\ \\char 52 E_TEHTA_L \n\\** S **\\ \\char 53 TW_EXT_23 ANGA_EXT ANCA_EXT \n\\** T **\\ \\char 54 I_TEHTA_L \n\\** U **\\ \\char 55 U_TEHTA_L \n\\** V **\\ \\char 56 E_TEHTA_XS \n\\** W **\\ \\char 57 TW_EXT_22 UMBAR_EXT AMPA_EXT \n\\** X **\\ \\char 58 TW_EXT_24 UNQUE_EXT UNGWE_EXT \n\\** Y **\\ \\char 59 O_TEHTA_L \n\\** Z **\\ \\char 5a TW_EXT_14 QUESSE_EXT HWESTA_EXT \n\\** [ **\\ \\char 5b DASH_SUP_S \n\\** \\ **\\ \\char 5c TILD_L \n\\** ] **\\ \\char 5d OSSE \n\\** ^ **\\ \\char 5e O_TEHTA_XL \n\\** _ **\\ \\char 5f SHOOOK_RIGHT_S \n\\** ` **\\ \\char 60 TELCO \n\\** a **\\ \\char 61 TW_13 CALMA \n\\** b **\\ \\char 62 TW_54 NWALME \n\\** c **\\ \\char 63 TW_34 HWESTA \n\\** d **\\ \\char 64 TW_33 AHA \n\\** e **\\ \\char 65 TW_32 FORMEN \n\\** f **\\ \\char 66 TW_43 ANCA \n\\** g **\\ \\char 67 TW_53 NOLDO \n\\** h **\\ \\char 68 TW_63 ANNA \n\\** i **\\ \\char 69 TW_82 SILME_NUQUERNA \n\\** j **\\ \\char 6a TW_73 LAMBE \n\\** k **\\ \\char 6b TW_83 ESSE \n\\** l **\\ \\char 6c TW_93 YANTA \n\\** m **\\ \\char 6d TW_74 ALDA \n\\** n **\\ \\char 6e TW_64 VILYA \n\\** o **\\ \\char 6f TW_92 HWESTA_SINDARINWA \n\\** p **\\ \\char 70 TILD_SUP_S \n\\** q **\\ \\char 71 TW_12 PARMA \n\\** r **\\ \\char 72 TW_42 AMPA \n\\** s **\\ \\char 73 TW_23 ANGA \n\\** t **\\ \\char 74 TW_52 MALTA \n\\** u **\\ \\char 75 TW_72 ARDA \n\\** v **\\ \\char 76 TW_44 UNQUE \n\\** w **\\ \\char 77 TW_22 UMBAR \n\\** x **\\ \\char 78 TW_24 UNGWE \n\\** y **\\ \\char 79 TW_62 VALA \n\\** z **\\ \\char 7a TW_14 QUESSE \n\\** { **\\ \\char 7b DASH_SUP_L \n\\** | **\\ \\char 7c SHOOK_LEFT_L \n\\** } **\\ \\char 7d SHOOK_LEFT_S \n\\** ~ **\\ \\char 7e ARA \n\\** ¡ **\\ \\char a1 ? \n\\** ¢ **\\ \\char a2 ? \n\\** £ **\\ \\char a3 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL \n\\** ¥ **\\ \\char a5 ? \n\\** ¦ **\\ \\char a6 HWESTA_TINCO \n\\** § **\\ \\char a7 AHA_TINCO \n\\** ¨ **\\ \\char a8 TH_SUB_CIRC_S \n\\** © **\\ \\char a9 TH_SUB_CIRC_XS \n\\** ª **\\ \\char aa A_TEHTA_INV_XL \n\\** « **\\ \\char ab DQUOT_OPEN \n\\** ¬ **\\ \\char ac WAVE_MED_DOUBLE \n\\** ­ **\\ \\char ad A_TEHTA_INV_L \n\\** ® **\\ \\char ae ? \n\\** ¯ **\\ \\char af A_TEHTA_INV_S \n\\** ° **\\ \\char b0 WAVE_MED_SIMPLE \n\\** ± **\\ \\char b1 SQUOT_OPEN \n\\** ² **\\ \\char b2 SQUOT_CLOSE \n\\** ³ **\\ \\char b3 ? \n\\** ´ **\\ \\char b4 LAMBE_MARK_DDOT \n\\** µ **\\ \\char b5 A_TEHTA_INV_XS \n\\** · **\\ \\char b7 ? \n\\** ¸ **\\ \\char b8 LAMBE_MARK_TILD \n\\** ¹ **\\ \\char b9 ? \n\\** º **\\ \\char ba ? \n\\** » **\\ \\char bb DQUOT_CLOSE \n\\** ¼ **\\ \\char bc ? \n\\** ½ **\\ \\char bd HALLA \n\\** ¾ **\\ \\char be ? \n\\** ¿ **\\ \\char bf ? \n\\** À **\\ \\char c0 PUNCT_INTERR \n\\** Á **\\ \\char c1 PUNCT_EXCLAM \n\\**  **\\ \\char c2 PUNCT_TILD \n\\** à **\\ \\char c3 ? \n\\** Ä **\\ \\char c4 ? \n\\** Å **\\ \\char c5 ? \n\\** Æ **\\ \\char c6 ? \n\\** Ç **\\ \\char c7 ? \n\\** È **\\ \\char c8 THINF_DOT_XL \n\\** É **\\ \\char c9 THINF_DOT_L \n\\** Ê **\\ \\char ca THINF_DOT_S \n\\** Ë **\\ \\char cb THINF_DOT_XS \n\\** Ì **\\ \\char cc THINF_DDOT_XL \n\\** Í **\\ \\char cd THINF_DDOT_L \n\\** Î **\\ \\char ce THINF_DDOT_S \n\\** Ï **\\ \\char cf THINF_DDOT_XS \n\\** Ð **\\ \\char d0 THINF_TDOT_XL \n\\** Ñ **\\ \\char d1 THINF_TDOT_L \n\\** Ò **\\ \\char d2 THINF_TDOT_S \n\\** Ó **\\ \\char d3 THINF_TDOT_XS \n\\** Ô **\\ \\char d4 THSUP_DDOT_XL Y_TEHTA_XL I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** Õ **\\ \\char d5 THSUP_DDOT_L Y_TEHTA_L I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** Ö **\\ \\char d6 THSUP_DDOT_S Y_TEHTA_S I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** × **\\ \\char d7 THSUP_DDOT_XS Y_TEHTA_XS I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** Ø **\\ \\char d8 THSUP_TICK_XL \n\\** Ù **\\ \\char d9 THSUP_TICK_L \n\\** Ú **\\ \\char da THSUP_TICK_S \n\\** Û **\\ \\char db THSUP_TICK_XS \n\\** Ü **\\ \\char dc THSUP_TICK_INV_XL A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XL \n\\** Ý **\\ \\char dd THSUP_TICK_INV_L A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_L \n\\** Þ **\\ \\char de THSUP_TICK_INV_S A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_S \n\\** ß **\\ \\char df THSUP_TICK_INV_XS A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XS \n\\** à **\\ \\char e0 THSUP_LAMBDA_XL \n\\** á **\\ \\char e1 THSUP_LAMBDA_L \n\\** â **\\ \\char e2 THSUP_LAMBDA_S \n\\** ã **\\ \\char e3 THSUP_LAMBDA_XS \n\\** ä **\\ \\char e4 THINF_CURL_XL \n\\** å **\\ \\char e5 THINF_CURL_L \n\\** æ **\\ \\char e6 THINF_CURL_S \n\\** ç **\\ \\char e7 THINF_CURL_XS \n\\** è **\\ \\char e8 THSUP_SEV_XL \n\\** é **\\ \\char e9 THSUP_SEV_L \n\\** ê **\\ \\char ea THSUP_SEV_S \n\\** ë **\\ \\char eb THSUP_SEV_XS \n\\** ì **\\ \\char ec ? \n\\** í **\\ \\char ed ? \n\\** î **\\ \\char ee ? \n\\** ï **\\ \\char ef ? \n\\** ð **\\ \\char f0 NUM_0 \n\\** ñ **\\ \\char f1 NUM_1 \n\\** ò **\\ \\char f2 NUM_2 \n\\** ó **\\ \\char f3 NUM_3 \n\\** ô **\\ \\char f4 NUM_4 \n\\** õ **\\ \\char f5 NUM_5 \n\\** ö **\\ \\char f6 NUM_6 \n\\** ÷ **\\ \\char f7 NUM_7 \n\\** ø **\\ \\char f8 NUM_8 \n\\** ù **\\ \\char f9 NUM_9 \n\\** ú **\\ \\char fa NUM_10 \n\\** û **\\ \\char fb NUM_11 \n\\** ü **\\ \\char fc THINF_STROKE_XL \n\\** ý **\\ \\char fd THINF_STROKE_L \n\\** þ **\\ \\char fe THINF_STROKE_S \n\\** ÿ **\\ \\char ff THINF_STROKE_XS \n\\** Œ **\\ \\char 152 PUNCT_PAREN_L \n\\** œ **\\ \\char 153 PUNCT_PAREN_R \n\\** Š **\\ \\char 160 THINF_ACCENT_L \n\\** š **\\ \\char 161 MALTA_W_HOOK \n\\** Ÿ **\\ \\char 178 THINF_ACCENT_XS \n\\** ƒ **\\ \\char 192 THINF_DSTROKE_XL \n\\** ˆ **\\ \\char 2c6 ? \n\\** ˜ **\\ \\char 2dc TH_SUB_CIRC_XL \n\\** – **\\ \\char 2013 ANCA_CLOSED \n\\** — **\\ \\char 2014 OLD_ENGLISH_AND \n\\** ‘ **\\ \\char 2018 THINF_CURL_INV_XL \n\\** ’ **\\ \\char 2019 THINF_CURL_INV_L \n\\** ‚ **\\ \\char 201a LAMBE_MARK_DSTROKE \n\\** “ **\\ \\char 201c THINF_CURL_INV_S \n\\** ” **\\ \\char 201d THINF_CURL_INV_XS \n\\** „ **\\ \\char 201e THINF_DSTROKE_L \n\\** † **\\ \\char 2020 THINF_DSTROKE_XS \n\\** ‡ **\\ \\char 2021 ? \n\\** • **\\ \\char 2022 HARP_SHAPED \n\\** … **\\ \\char 2026 THINF_DSTROKE_S \n\\** ‰ **\\ \\char 2030 THINF_ACCENT_XL \n\\** ‹ **\\ \\char 2039 THINF_ACCENT_S \n\\** › **\\ \\char 203a BOOKMARK_SIGN \n\\** ™ **\\ \\char 2122 TH_SUB_CIRC_L \n\\** 〠 **\\ \\char 3020 ? \n\\** 〡 **\\ \\char 3021 ? \n\\** 〣 **\\ \\char 3023 A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** 〤 **\\ \\char 3024 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** 〦 **\\ \\char 3026 U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** **\\ \\char 302e ? \n\\** 〰 **\\ \\char 3030 ? \n\\** 〱 **\\ \\char 3031 ? \n\\** 〲 **\\ \\char 3032 ? \n\\** 〳 **\\ \\char 3033 ? \n\\** 〴 **\\ \\char 3034 ? \n\\** 〵 **\\ \\char 3035 ? \n\\** 〶 **\\ \\char 3036 ? \n\\** 〷 **\\ \\char 3037 ? \n\\** 〸 **\\ \\char 3038 ? \n\\** 〹 **\\ \\char 3039 ? \n\\** 〼 **\\ \\char 303c ? \n\\** ぀ **\\ \\char 3040 ? \n\\** ぃ **\\ \\char 3043 A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** い **\\ \\char 3044 A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** ぅ **\\ \\char 3045 A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** う **\\ \\char 3046 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** え **\\ \\char 3048 O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** お **\\ \\char 304a U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** き **\\ \\char 304d U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** ぎ **\\ \\char 304e O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS \n\\** け **\\ \\char 3051 ? \n\\** げ **\\ \\char 3052 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** さ **\\ \\char 3055 U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** ざ **\\ \\char 3056 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S \n\\** し **\\ \\char 3057 ? \n\\** す **\\ \\char 3059 O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L \n\\** ぞ **\\ \\char 305e O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL \n\\** ぢ **\\ \\char 3062 ? \n\\** づ **\\ \\char 3065 ? \n\\** と **\\ \\char 3068 ? \n\\** な **\\ \\char 306a LAMBE_LIG \n\\** の **\\ \\char 306e ? \n\\** ぱ **\\ \\char 3071 ? \n\\** ひ **\\ \\char 3072 ? \n\\** ぴ **\\ \\char 3074 ? \n\\** ふ **\\ \\char 3075 ? \n\\** ぷ **\\ \\char 3077 ? \n\\** へ **\\ \\char 3078 ? \n\\** べ **\\ \\char 3079 ? \n\\** ぺ **\\ \\char 307a ? \n\\** ア **\\ \\char 30a2 ? \n\\** カ **\\ \\char 30ab RING_MARK_R \n\\** ギ **\\ \\char 30ae ? \n\\** セ **\\ \\char 30bb RING_MARK_L \n\\** タ **\\ \\char 30bf ? \n\\** ツ **\\ \\char 30c4 ? \n\\** テ **\\ \\char 30c6 ? \n\\** デ **\\ \\char 30c7 ? \n\\** ヘ **\\ \\char 30d8 ? \n\\** ベ **\\ \\char 30d9 ? \n\\** ペ **\\ \\char 30da ? \n\\** ホ **\\ \\char 30db ? \n\\** ム **\\ \\char 30e0 ? \n\\** メ **\\ \\char 30e1 ? \n\\** モ **\\ \\char 30e2 ? \n\\** ャ **\\ \\char 30e3 ? \n\\** ヨ **\\ \\char 30e8 ? \n\\** ラ **\\ \\char 30e9 ? \n\\** リ **\\ \\char 30ea ? \n\\** ル **\\ \\char 30eb ? \n\\** **\\ \\char 3152 PUNCT_PAREN_L_ALT \n\\** **\\ \\char 3153 PUNCT_PAREN_R_ALT \n\\** ㅠ **\\ \\char 3160 ? \n\\** ㅡ **\\ \\char 3161 ? \n\\** ㅸ **\\ \\char 3178 ? \n\\** ㆒ **\\ \\char 3192 ? \n\\** 倚 **\\ \\char 501a ? \n\\** 倞 **\\ \\char 501e ? \n\\** 倠 **\\ \\char 5020 ? \n\\** 倢 **\\ \\char 5022 ? \n\\** 倦 **\\ \\char 5026 ? \n\\** 倰 **\\ \\char 5030 ? \n\\** 倹 **\\ \\char 5039 ?\n\n\n\\** The following virtual chars are used to handle tehtar (& the like) multiple version chosing **\\\n\\** It could be avoided with modern fonts with gsub/gpos tables for ligatures and diacritics **\\\n\\** placement **\\\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA\n \\class A_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class A_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class A_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class A_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_CIRCUM\n \\class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA\n \\class E_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class E_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class E_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class E_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual I_TEHTA\n \\class I_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class I_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class I_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class I_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual I_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual O_TEHTA\n \\class O_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class O_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class O_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class O_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual O_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual U_TEHTA\n \\class U_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class U_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class U_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class U_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual U_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual Y_TEHTA\n \\class Y_TEHTA_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class Y_TEHTA_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class Y_TEHTA_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class Y_TEHTA_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual SEV_TEHTA\n \\class THSUP_SEV_XS TELCO ARA HYARMEN HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THSUP_SEV_S SULE FORMEN TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE_NUQUERNA YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THSUP_SEV_L TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ROMEN ARDA LAMBE URE\n \\class THSUP_SEV_XL ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ALDA SILME ESSE HWESTA_SINDARINWA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_TDOT_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_TDOT_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_TDOT_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA URE\n \\class THINF_TDOT_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 LAMBE ALDA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_ACCENT_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_ACCENT_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_ACCENT_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA URE\n \\class THINF_ACCENT_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 LAMBE ALDA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual CIRC_TEHTA_INF\n \\class TH_SUB_CIRC_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT HARP_SHAPED\n \\class TH_SUB_CIRC_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class TH_SUB_CIRC_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA URE\n \\class TH_SUB_CIRC_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 LAMBE ALDA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual SEV_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_STROKE_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_STROKE_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_STROKE_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA URE\n \\class THINF_STROKE_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 LAMBE ALDA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual O_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_CURL_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_CURL_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_CURL_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA URE\n \\class THINF_CURL_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 LAMBE ALDA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual U_TEHTA_INF\n \\class THINF_CURL_INV_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_CURL_INV_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_CURL_INV_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA URE\n \\class THINF_CURL_INV_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 LAMBE ALDA SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual Y_TEHTA_INF PALATAL_SIGN \n \\class THINF_DDOT_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_DDOT_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_DDOT_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA URE\n \\class THINF_DDOT_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n \\class LAMBE_MARK_DDOT LAMBE ALDA\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_INF GEMINATE_DOUBLE\n \\class THINF_DSTROKE_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_DSTROKE_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_DSTROKE_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA URE\n \\class THINF_DSTROKE_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n \\class LAMBE_MARK_DSTROKE LAMBE ALDA\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual I_TEHTA_INF NO_VOWEL_DOT UNUTIXE\n \\class THINF_DOT_XS TELCO ARA ROMEN ARDA SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT HARP_SHAPED\n \\class THINF_DOT_S TINCO PARMA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 SILME YANTA OSSE AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class THINF_DOT_L SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA URE\n \\class THINF_DOT_XL CALMA QUESSE ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED\n \\class LAMBE_MARK_DOT LAMBE ALDA\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual GEMINATE_SIGN\n \\class DASH_INF_S TELCO ARA TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN HWESTA_SINDARINWA YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL HARP_SHAPED AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class DASH_INF_L ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n \\class LAMBE_MARK_TILD LAMBE ALDA\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual NASALIZE_SIGN\n \\class DASH_SUP_S TELCO ARA TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE HYARMEN YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL HARP_SHAPED AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class DASH_SUP_L ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual NASALIZE_SIGN_TILD\n \\class TILD_SUP_S TELCO ARA TINCO PARMA CALMA QUESSE SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE HYARMEN YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL HARP_SHAPED AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n \\class TILD_SUP_L ANDO UMBAR ANGA UNGWE ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 ANCA_CLOSED\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual ALVEOLAR_SIGN\n \\class SHOOK_LEFT_L TELCO ARA CALMA QUESSE ANGA UNGWE TW_EXT_13 TW_EXT_14 TW_EXT_23 TW_EXT_24 HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n \\class SHOOK_RIGHT_L TINCO PARMA ANDO UMBAR SULE FORMEN AHA HWESTA ANTO AMPA ANCA UNQUE NUMEN MALTA NOLDO NWALME ORE VALA ANNA VILYA TW_EXT_11 TW_EXT_12 TW_EXT_21 TW_EXT_22 ROMEN ARDA LAMBE ALDA SILME SILME_NUQUERNA SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT ESSE ESSE_NUQUERNA HYARMEN YANTA URE OSSE SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL ANCA_CLOSED HARP_SHAPED AHA_TINCO HWESTA_TINCO\n\\end\n" \ No newline at end of file +Glaemscribe.resource_manager.raw_charsets["tengwar_ds_eldamar"] = "\\**\n\nGlǽmscribe (also written Glaemscribe) is a software dedicated to\nthe transcription of texts between writing systems, and more\nspecifically dedicated to the transcription of J.R.R. Tolkien\'s\ninvented languages to some of his devised writing systems.\n\nCopyright (C) 2015 Benjamin Babut (Talagan).\n\nThis program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\nit under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by\nthe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\nany later version.\n\nThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\nbut WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\nMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\nGNU Affero General Public License for more details.\n\nYou should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\nalong with this program. If not, see .\n\n**\\\n\n\\** Charset specially customized for Tengwar Eldamar (Glaemscrafu patched version) **\\\n\n\\version 0.2.0\n\n\\beg changelog\n \\entry \"0.0.5\" \"Added VALA_W_HOOK, VAIYA. Moved A_TEHTA_INV_L due to soft hyphen bug.\"\n \\entry \"0.0.6\" \"Superior and inferior dash and tild consonant modification signs have been added for halla, telco and ara. / Added pustar combinations (4/4-halfed/4-squared/5)\"\n \\entry \"0.0.7\" \"Fixed missing tinco_ext / sule_ext\"\n \\entry \"0.0.8\" \"Added NBSP\"\n \\entry \"0.0.9\" \"Moved back some chars to latin blocks to avoid word-wrapping problems\"\n \\entry \"0.1.0\" \"Added ELVISH_PAREN tokien, reworked sarince token names.\"\n \\entry \"0.1.1\" \"Reworked sarince for left-oriented carriers\"\n \\entry \"0.2.0\" \"Using new format for virtual chars, for better change and error tracking with git diff\"\n\\end\n\n\\** **\\ \\char 20 SPACE\n\\** ! **\\ \\char 21 TW_EXT_11 TINCO_EXT SULE_EXT THULE_EXT\n\\** \" **\\ \\char 22 DASH_INF_L\n\\** # **\\ \\char 23 A_TEHTA_XL\n\\** $ **\\ \\char 24 E_TEHTA_XL\n\\** % **\\ \\char 25 I_TEHTA_XL\n\\** & **\\ \\char 26 U_TEHTA_XL\n\\** \' **\\ \\char 27 DASH_INF_S\n\\** ( **\\ \\char 28 ?\n\\** ) **\\ \\char 29 TILD_XSUP_L\n\\** * **\\ \\char 2a ?\n\\** + **\\ \\char 2b SARINCE_RIGHT_V1 SHOOK_RIGHT_L\n\\** , **\\ \\char 2c TW_84 ESSE_NUQUERNA\n\\** - **\\ \\char 2d PUNCT_DDOT\n\\** . **\\ \\char 2e TW_94 URE\n\\** / **\\ \\char 2f TILD_XINF_S\n\\** 0 **\\ \\char 30 TILD_XSUP_S\n\\** 1 **\\ \\char 31 TW_11 TINCO\n\\** 2 **\\ \\char 32 TW_21 ANDO\n\\** 3 **\\ \\char 33 TW_31 SULE THULE\n\\** 4 **\\ \\char 34 TW_41 ANTO\n\\** 5 **\\ \\char 35 TW_51 NUMEN\n\\** 6 **\\ \\char 36 TW_61 ORE\n\\** 7 **\\ \\char 37 TW_71 ROMEN\n\\** 8 **\\ \\char 38 TW_81 SILME\n\\** 9 **\\ \\char 39 TW_91 HYARMEN\n\\** : **\\ \\char 3a TILD_INF_L\n\\** ; **\\ \\char 3b TILD_INF_S\n\\** < **\\ \\char 3c ? \\** Does not look compliant between DS and Annatar **\\\n\\** = **\\ \\char 3d PUNCT_DOT\n\\** > **\\ \\char 3e ?\n\\** ? **\\ \\char 3f TILD_XINF_L\n\\** @ **\\ \\char 40 TW_EXT_21 ANDO_EXT ANTO_EXT\n\\** A **\\ \\char 41 TW_EXT_13 CALMA_EXT AHA_EXT\n\\** B **\\ \\char 42 I_TEHTA_XS\n\\** C **\\ \\char 43 A_TEHTA_XS\n\\** D **\\ \\char 44 A_TEHTA_S\n\\** E **\\ \\char 45 A_TEHTA_L\n\\** F **\\ \\char 46 E_TEHTA_S\n\\** G **\\ \\char 47 I_TEHTA_S\n\\** H **\\ \\char 48 O_TEHTA_S\n\\** I **\\ \\char 49 SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT \\** Used for y in s. beleriand **\\\n\\** J **\\ \\char 4a U_TEHTA_S\n\\** K **\\ \\char 4b ?\n\\** L **\\ \\char 4c LAMBE_MARK_DOT\n\\** M **\\ \\char 4d U_TEHTA_XS\n\\** N **\\ \\char 4e O_TEHTA_XS\n\\** O **\\ \\char 4f ?\n\\** P **\\ \\char 50 TILD_SUP_L\n\\** Q **\\ \\char 51 TW_EXT_12 PARMA_EXT FORMEN_EXT\n\\** R **\\ \\char 52 E_TEHTA_L\n\\** S **\\ \\char 53 TW_EXT_23 ANGA_EXT ANCA_EXT\n\\** T **\\ \\char 54 I_TEHTA_L\n\\** U **\\ \\char 55 U_TEHTA_L\n\\** V **\\ \\char 56 E_TEHTA_XS\n\\** W **\\ \\char 57 TW_EXT_22 UMBAR_EXT AMPA_EXT\n\\** X **\\ \\char 58 TW_EXT_24 UNQUE_EXT UNGWE_EXT\n\\** Y **\\ \\char 59 O_TEHTA_L\n\\** Z **\\ \\char 5a TW_EXT_14 QUESSE_EXT HWESTA_EXT\n\\** [ **\\ \\char 5b DASH_SUP_S\n\\** \\ **\\ \\char 5c TILD_L\n\\** ] **\\ \\char 5d OSSE\n\\** ^ **\\ \\char 5e O_TEHTA_XL\n\\** _ **\\ \\char 5f SARINCE_RIGHT_V2 SHOOK_RIGHT_S\n\\** ` **\\ \\char 60 TELCO\n\\** a **\\ \\char 61 TW_13 CALMA\n\\** b **\\ \\char 62 TW_54 NWALME\n\\** c **\\ \\char 63 TW_34 HWESTA\n\\** d **\\ \\char 64 TW_33 AHA\n\\** e **\\ \\char 65 TW_32 FORMEN\n\\** f **\\ \\char 66 TW_43 ANCA\n\\** g **\\ \\char 67 TW_53 NOLDO\n\\** h **\\ \\char 68 TW_63 ANNA\n\\** i **\\ \\char 69 TW_82 SILME_NUQUERNA\n\\** j **\\ \\char 6a TW_73 LAMBE\n\\** k **\\ \\char 6b TW_83 ESSE\n\\** l **\\ \\char 6c TW_93 YANTA\n\\** m **\\ \\char 6d TW_74 ALDA\n\\** n **\\ \\char 6e TW_64 VILYA\n\\** o **\\ \\char 6f TW_92 HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n\\** p **\\ \\char 70 TILD_SUP_S\n\\** q **\\ \\char 71 TW_12 PARMA\n\\** r **\\ \\char 72 TW_42 AMPA\n\\** s **\\ \\char 73 TW_23 ANGA\n\\** t **\\ \\char 74 TW_52 MALTA\n\\** u **\\ \\char 75 TW_72 ARDA\n\\** v **\\ \\char 76 TW_44 UNQUE\n\\** w **\\ \\char 77 TW_22 UMBAR\n\\** x **\\ \\char 78 TW_24 UNGWE\n\\** y **\\ \\char 79 TW_62 VALA\n\\** z **\\ \\char 7a TW_14 QUESSE\n\\** { **\\ \\char 7b DASH_SUP_L\n\\** | **\\ \\char 7c SARINCE_LEFT_V1 SHOOK_LEFT_L\n\\** } **\\ \\char 7d SARINCE_LEFT_V2 SHOOK_LEFT_S\n\\** ~ **\\ \\char 7e ARA\n\\char a0 NBSP\n\\** ¡ **\\ \\char a1 SARINCE_SEMI_ASCENDING_V1\n\\** ¢ **\\ \\char a2 SARINCE_RIGHT_V3\n\\** £ **\\ \\char a3 SARINCE_FLOURISHED_V1 SARINCE_FLOURISHED SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n\\** ¥ **\\ \\char a5 SARINCE_FLOURISHED_V2\n\\** ¦ **\\ \\char a6 HWESTA_TINCO\n\\** § **\\ \\char a7 AHA_TINCO\n\\** ¨ **\\ \\char a8 TH_SUB_CIRC_S\n\\** © **\\ \\char a9 TH_SUB_CIRC_XS\n\\** ª **\\ \\char aa A_TEHTA_INV_XL\n\\** « **\\ \\char ab DQUOT_OPEN\n\\** ¬ **\\ \\char ac PUNCT_DTILD RING_MARK_L RING_MARK_R\n\n\\** ® **\\ \\char ae NUM_12\n\\** ¯ **\\ \\char af A_TEHTA_INV_S\n\\** ° **\\ \\char b0 LAMBE_MARK_TILD\n\\** ± **\\ \\char b1 SQUOT_OPEN\n\\** ² **\\ \\char b2 SQUOT_CLOSE\n\\** ³ **\\ \\char b3 ?\n\\** ´ **\\ \\char b4 LAMBE_MARK_DDOT\n\\** µ **\\ \\char b5 A_TEHTA_INV_XS\n\\** · **\\ \\char b7 ?\n\\** ¸ **\\ \\char b8 LAMBE_MARK_DASH\n\\** ¹ **\\ \\char b9 ?\n\\** º **\\ \\char ba ?\n\\** » **\\ \\char bb DQUOT_CLOSE\n\\** ¼ **\\ \\char bc LIGATING_SHORT_CARRIER\n\\** ½ **\\ \\char bd HALLA\n\\** ¾ **\\ \\char be BOMBADIL_W\n\\** ¿ **\\ \\char bf ?\n\\** À **\\ \\char c0 PUNCT_INTERR\n\\** Á **\\ \\char c1 PUNCT_EXCLAM\n\\**  **\\ \\char c2 PUNCT_TILD\n\\** à **\\ \\char c3 ?\n\\** Ä **\\ \\char c4 ?\n\\** Å **\\ \\char c5 SARINCE_ASCENDING_V1\n\\** Æ **\\ \\char c6 SARINCE_ASCENDING_V3\n\\** Ç **\\ \\char c7 SARINCE_DESCENDING_V1\n\\** È **\\ \\char c8 THINF_DOT_XL\n\\** É **\\ \\char c9 THINF_DOT_L\n\\** Ê **\\ \\char ca THINF_DOT_S\n\\** Ë **\\ \\char cb THINF_DOT_XS\n\\** Ì **\\ \\char cc THINF_DDOT_XL\n\\** Í **\\ \\char cd THINF_DDOT_L\n\\** Î **\\ \\char ce THINF_DDOT_S\n\\** Ï **\\ \\char cf THINF_DDOT_XS\n\\** Ð **\\ \\char d0 THINF_TDOT_XL\n\\** Ñ **\\ \\char d1 THINF_TDOT_L\n\\** Ò **\\ \\char d2 THINF_TDOT_S\n\\** Ó **\\ \\char d3 THINF_TDOT_XS\n\\** Ô **\\ \\char d4 THSUP_DDOT_XL Y_TEHTA_XL I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n\\** Õ **\\ \\char d5 THSUP_DDOT_L Y_TEHTA_L I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n\\** Ö **\\ \\char d6 THSUP_DDOT_S Y_TEHTA_S I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n\\** × **\\ \\char d7 THSUP_DDOT_XS Y_TEHTA_XS I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n\\** Ø **\\ \\char d8 THSUP_TICK_XL\n\\** Ù **\\ \\char d9 THSUP_TICK_L\n\\** Ú **\\ \\char da THSUP_TICK_S\n\\** Û **\\ \\char db THSUP_TICK_XS\n\\** Ü **\\ \\char dc THSUP_TICK_INV_XL A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XL\n\\** Ý **\\ \\char dd THSUP_TICK_INV_L A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_L\n\\** Þ **\\ \\char de THSUP_TICK_INV_S A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_S\n\\** ß **\\ \\char df THSUP_TICK_INV_XS A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XS\n\\** à **\\ \\char e0 THSUP_LAMBDA_XL\n\\** á **\\ \\char e1 THSUP_LAMBDA_L\n\\** â **\\ \\char e2 THSUP_LAMBDA_S\n\\** ã **\\ \\char e3 THSUP_LAMBDA_XS\n\\** ä **\\ \\char e4 THINF_CURL_XL\n\\** å **\\ \\char e5 THINF_CURL_L\n\\** æ **\\ \\char e6 THINF_CURL_S\n\\** ç **\\ \\char e7 THINF_CURL_XS\n\\** è **\\ \\char e8 WA_TEHTA_XL\n\\** é **\\ \\char e9 WA_TEHTA_L\n\\** ê **\\ \\char ea WA_TEHTA_S\n\\** ë **\\ \\char eb WA_TEHTA_XS\n\\** ì **\\ \\char ec ?\n\\** í **\\ \\char ed ?\n\\** î **\\ \\char ee ?\n\\** ï **\\ \\char ef ?\n\\** ð **\\ \\char f0 NUM_0\n\\** ñ **\\ \\char f1 NUM_1\n\\** ò **\\ \\char f2 NUM_2\n\\** ó **\\ \\char f3 NUM_3\n\\** ô **\\ \\char f4 NUM_4\n\\** õ **\\ \\char f5 NUM_5\n\\** ö **\\ \\char f6 NUM_6\n\\** ÷ **\\ \\char f7 NUM_7\n\\** ø **\\ \\char f8 NUM_8\n\\** ù **\\ \\char f9 NUM_9\n\\** ú **\\ \\char fa NUM_10\n\\** û **\\ \\char fb NUM_11\n\\** ü **\\ \\char fc THINF_STROKE_XL\n\\** ý **\\ \\char fd THINF_STROKE_L\n\\** þ **\\ \\char fe THINF_STROKE_S\n\\** ÿ **\\ \\char ff THINF_STROKE_XS\n\n\\** FIX FOR SOFT HYPHEN **\\\n\\char 109 A_TEHTA_INV_L\n\n\\char 10C O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n\\char 10D O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n\\char 10E O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n\\char 10F O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n\n\\** USING TENGWAR ELFICA POS TO AVOID PROBLEMS **\\\n\\char 125 VAIA WAIA VAIYA\n\n\\char 160 THINF_ACCENT_L\n\\char 161 MALTA_W_HOOK TW_MH\n\\char 178 THINF_ACCENT_XS\n\n\\char 180 VALA_W_HOOK TW_MH_BELERIANDIC\n\n\\char 181 PUSTA_4\n\\char 182 PUSTA_5\n\n\\char 192 THINF_DSTROKE_XL\n\n\\char 19C A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n\\char 19D A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n\\char 19E A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n\\char 19F A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n\n\\char 1A0 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n\\char 1A1 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n\\char 1A2 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n\\char 1A3 E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n\n\\char 1A4 U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n\\char 1A5 U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n\\char 1A6 U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n\\char 1A7 U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n\n\n\\char 2C2 PUNCT_PAREN_L PUNCT_PAREN_L_ALT\n\\char 2C3 PUNCT_PAREN_R PUNCT_PAREN_R_ALT\n\n\n\\char 200 DASH_INF_XS\n\\char 201 TILD_INF_XS\n\\char 202 DASH_SUP_XS\n\\char 203 TILD_SUP_XS\n\n\\** Non attested but might exist by principle. Beware, order is revesed. **\\\n\\char 20C E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF_XS\n\\char 20D E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF_L\n\\char 20E E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF_S\n\\char 20F E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF_XL\n\n\n\\char 10FB PUSTA_4_HALFED\n\\char 2E2C PUSTA_4_SQUARED\n\n\\** ˆ **\\ \\char 2c6 PUNCT_TDOT PUSTA_3\n\\** ˜ **\\ \\char 2dc TH_SUB_CIRC_XL\n\\** – **\\ \\char 2013 ANCA_CLOSED SILME_AHA\n\\** — **\\ \\char 2014 OLD_ENGLISH_AND\n\\** ‘ **\\ \\char 2018 THINF_CURL_INV_XL\n\\** ’ **\\ \\char 2019 THINF_CURL_INV_L\n\\** ‚ **\\ \\char 201a LAMBE_MARK_DSTROKE\n\\** “ **\\ \\char 201c THINF_CURL_INV_S\n\\** ” **\\ \\char 201d THINF_CURL_INV_XS\n\\** „ **\\ \\char 201e THINF_DSTROKE_L\n\\** † **\\ \\char 2020 THINF_DSTROKE_XS\n\\** ‡ **\\ \\char 2021 ?\n\\** • **\\ \\char 2022 TW_HW_LOWDHAM HARP_SHAPED\n\\** … **\\ \\char 2026 THINF_DSTROKE_S\n\\** ‰ **\\ \\char 2030 THINF_ACCENT_XL\n\\** ‹ **\\ \\char 2039 THINF_ACCENT_S\n\\** › **\\ \\char 203a ELVISH_PAREN BOOKMARK_SIGN\n\\** ™ **\\ \\char 2122 TH_SUB_CIRC_L\n\n\\char 2FFC E_TEHTA_GRAVE_XL\n\\char 2FFD E_TEHTA_GRAVE_XS\n\\char 2FFE E_TEHTA_GRAVE_L\n\\char 2FFF E_TEHTA_GRAVE_S\n\n\\char 30C4 CHRISTOPHER_QU\n\\char 30C9 LAMBE_LIG\n\\char 30BF BOMBADIL_HW\n\\char 30D0 ANNA_OPEN\n\n\\char 30D8 BREVE_TEHTA_XL\n\\char 30D9 BREVE_TEHTA_L\n\\char 30DA BREVE_TEHTA_S\n\\char 30DB BREVE_TEHTA_XS\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\\** The following virtual chars are used to handle tehtar (& the like) multiple version chosing **\\\n\\** It could be avoided with modern fonts with gsub/gpos tables for ligatures and diacritics **\\\n\\** placement **\\\n\n\\** DUMPED FROM THE VIRTUAL CHARS TOOL **\\\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_4\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_1\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_CIRCUM\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_4\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_1\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_REVERSED\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_INV_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_INV_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_4\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_INV_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_1\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_INV_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_REVERSED TEHTA_BREVE\n \\beg class THSUP_TICK_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class THSUP_TICK_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_4\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class THSUP_TICK_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_1\n \\end\n \\beg class THSUP_TICK_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n NUM_4\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_GRAVE\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_GRAVE_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n YANTA\n URE\n OSSE\n VAIA\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_5\n NUM_7\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_GRAVE_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_GRAVE_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_GRAVE_XL\n NUM_3\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual I_TEHTA\n \\beg class I_TEHTA_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class I_TEHTA_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n \\end\n \\beg class I_TEHTA_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class I_TEHTA_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual O_TEHTA\n \\beg class O_TEHTA_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class O_TEHTA_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n \\end\n \\beg class O_TEHTA_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n NUM_4\n \\end\n \\beg class O_TEHTA_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_1\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual U_TEHTA\n \\beg class U_TEHTA_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class U_TEHTA_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class U_TEHTA_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_4\n \\end\n \\beg class U_TEHTA_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual WA_TEHTA SEV_TEHTA\n \\beg class WA_TEHTA_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_4\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class WA_TEHTA_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n VAIA\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class WA_TEHTA_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_1\n NUM_5\n NUM_7\n \\end\n \\beg class WA_TEHTA_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_4\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n NUM_1\n \\end\n \\beg class A_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VAIA\n NUM_0\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_1\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual I_TEHTA_DOUBLE Y_TEHTA\n \\beg class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n VAIA\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_4\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_1\n \\end\n \\beg class I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual O_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\beg class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n VAIA\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n \\end\n \\beg class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n NUM_0\n NUM_4\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class O_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_1\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual U_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n \\beg class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HYARMEN\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_S\n SULE\n FORMEN\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n YANTA\n OSSE\n VAIA\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n URE\n NUM_4\n \\end\n \\beg class U_TEHTA_DOUBLE_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n ALDA\n SILME\n ESSE\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual A_TEHTA_INF\n \\beg class THINF_TDOT_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n HARP_SHAPED\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_TDOT_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_5\n NUM_7\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_TDOT_L\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n URE\n VAIA\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_8\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_TDOT_XL\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_INF\n \\beg class THINF_ACCENT_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n VAIA\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_ACCENT_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME\n YANTA\n OSSE\n VALA_W_HOOK\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_ACCENT_L\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n URE\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_ACCENT_XL\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual O_TEHTA_INF\n \\beg class THINF_CURL_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_CURL_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_9\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_CURL_L\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n URE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_CURL_XL\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual U_TEHTA_INF\n \\beg class THINF_CURL_INV_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n HARP_SHAPED\n NUM_4\n NUM_7\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_CURL_INV_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_2\n NUM_5\n NUM_8\n NUM_9\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_CURL_INV_L\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n URE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_6\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_CURL_INV_XL\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_3\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n HARP_SHAPED\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF_S\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n NUM_2\n NUM_5\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF_L\n TINCO\n PARMA\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n YANTA\n URE\n OSSE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF_XL\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_3\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual CIRC_TEHTA_INF\n \\beg class TH_SUB_CIRC_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n HARP_SHAPED\n \\end\n \\beg class TH_SUB_CIRC_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME\n YANTA\n OSSE\n VAIA\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_7\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class TH_SUB_CIRC_L\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n URE\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_1\n NUM_2\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class TH_SUB_CIRC_XL\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_3\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual THINNAS THINF_STROKE\n \\beg class THINF_STROKE_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n HARP_SHAPED\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_STROKE_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME\n YANTA\n OSSE\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_5\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_STROKE_L\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n URE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_STROKE_XL\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual PALATAL_SIGN I_TEHTA_DOUBLE_INF Y_TEHTA_INF\n \\beg class THINF_DDOT_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n HARP_SHAPED\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_DDOT_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME\n YANTA\n OSSE\n VAIA\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_7\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_DDOT_L\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n URE\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_1\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_DDOT_XL\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n \\beg class LAMBE_MARK_DDOT\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_INF GEMINATE_DOUBLE\n \\beg class THINF_DSTROKE_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n HARP_SHAPED\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_DSTROKE_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME\n YANTA\n OSSE\n VAIA\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_7\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_DSTROKE_L\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n URE\n VALA_W_HOOK\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_6\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_DSTROKE_XL\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_9\n \\end\n \\beg class LAMBE_MARK_DSTROKE\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual UNUTIXE I_TEHTA_INF NO_VOWEL_DOT\n \\beg class THINF_DOT_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n HARP_SHAPED\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_DOT_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n SILME\n YANTA\n OSSE\n VAIA\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_DOT_L\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n URE\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n \\end\n \\beg class THINF_DOT_XL\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_6\n NUM_9\n \\end\n \\beg class LAMBE_MARK_DOT\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual GEMINATE_SIGN\n \\beg class DASH_INF_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n \\end\n \\beg class DASH_INF_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n YANTA\n URE\n OSSE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n HARP_SHAPED\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class DASH_INF_L\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_9\n \\end\n \\beg class LAMBE_MARK_DASH\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual GEMINATE_SIGN_TILD\n \\beg class TILD_INF_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n \\end\n \\beg class TILD_INF_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n SILME\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n YANTA\n URE\n OSSE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n HARP_SHAPED\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class TILD_INF_L\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_9\n \\end\n \\beg class LAMBE_MARK_TILD\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual NASALIZE_SIGN\n \\beg class DASH_SUP_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n \\end\n \\beg class DASH_SUP_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n SILME\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n YANTA\n URE\n OSSE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n HARP_SHAPED\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class DASH_SUP_L\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual NASALIZE_SIGN_TILD\n \\beg class TILD_SUP_XS\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n \\end\n \\beg class TILD_SUP_S\n TINCO\n PARMA\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n SULE\n FORMEN\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ORE\n VALA\n ANNA\n VILYA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n SILME\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n YANTA\n URE\n OSSE\n VAIA\n VALA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n HARP_SHAPED\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n \\beg class TILD_SUP_L\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n ANTO\n AMPA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n ANCA_CLOSED\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_9\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual SARINCE\n \\beg class SHOOK_LEFT_L\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n ANNA\n VILYA\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n SILME\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n OSSE\n VALA_W_HOOK\n ANCA_CLOSED\n \\end\n \\beg class SHOOK_RIGHT_L\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n TINCO\n PARMA\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n SULE\n FORMEN\n ANTO\n AMPA\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n ORE\n VALA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n YANTA\n URE\n VAIA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n HARP_SHAPED\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_9\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg virtual SARINCE_ENDING_LONG\n \\beg class SHOOK_LEFT_L\n CALMA\n QUESSE\n ANGA\n UNGWE\n AHA\n HWESTA\n ANCA\n UNQUE\n NOLDO\n NWALME\n ANNA\n VILYA\n TW_EXT_13\n TW_EXT_14\n TW_EXT_23\n TW_EXT_24\n SILME\n HWESTA_SINDARINWA\n OSSE\n VALA_W_HOOK\n ANCA_CLOSED\n \\end\n \\beg class SHOOK_RIGHT_L\n TELCO\n ARA\n HALLA\n TINCO\n PARMA\n ANDO\n UMBAR\n SULE\n FORMEN\n ANTO\n AMPA\n NUMEN\n MALTA\n ORE\n VALA\n TW_EXT_11\n TW_EXT_12\n TW_EXT_21\n TW_EXT_22\n ROMEN\n ARDA\n LAMBE\n ALDA\n SILME_NUQUERNA\n SILME_NUQUERNA_ALT\n ESSE\n ESSE_NUQUERNA\n HYARMEN\n YANTA\n URE\n VAIA\n MALTA_W_HOOK\n SHOOK_BEAUTIFUL\n HARP_SHAPED\n AHA_TINCO\n HWESTA_TINCO\n NUM_0\n NUM_1\n NUM_2\n NUM_3\n NUM_4\n NUM_5\n NUM_6\n NUM_7\n NUM_8\n NUM_9\n NUM_10\n NUM_11\n \\end\n\\end\n\n\\beg swap SARINCE\n A_TEHTA\n A_TEHTA_CIRCUM\n A_TEHTA_CIRCUM_REVERSED\n A_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n A_TEHTA_INF\n A_TEHTA_REVERSED\n CIRC_TEHTA_INF\n E_TEHTA\n E_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n E_TEHTA_DOUBLE_INF\n E_TEHTA_GRAVE\n E_TEHTA_GRAVE_INF\n E_TEHTA_INF\n I_TEHTA\n I_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n O_TEHTA\n O_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n O_TEHTA_INF\n THINNAS\n UNUTIXE\n U_TEHTA\n U_TEHTA_DOUBLE\n U_TEHTA_INF\n WA_TEHTA\n\\end\n\n" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/main/webapp/js/transcribe.js b/src/main/webapp/js/transcribe.js index 4b3d787afa..7ce25f44f9 100644 --- a/src/main/webapp/js/transcribe.js +++ b/src/main/webapp/js/transcribe.js @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ String.prototype.replaceAll = function(search, replacement) { function postprocessTranscription(result) { // Quenya transcription fixes - result = result.replaceAll('=', ' =').replaceAll('À', ' À') // ',', '?' + result = result.replaceAll('-', ' -').replaceAll('=', ' =').replaceAll('À', ' À').replaceAll('Á', ' Á') // ',', '?' // Mode of Beleriand transcription fixes // result = result.replaceAll(']d', '‡d').replaceAll(']s', '‡s').replaceAll(']g', '‡g').replaceAll(']a', '‡a') // a(ch|g|ng|c) - PE22/36 @@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ function transcribeSpans() { for (var i = 0; i < anchors.length; i++) { var a = anchors[i]; if (a.name) continue; - if (a.href.indexOf('#') > 0) continue; - if (!(a.href.indexOf('word') > 0) && !(a.href.indexOf('search'))) continue; + if (a.href.indexOf('#') > 0) continue; + if (!(a.href.indexOf('word') > 0) && !(a.href.indexOf('search') > 0)) continue; a.href = a.href + "?neo"; } } else {