Tests/WIKI07. Tinkering of Wikipedia Scraper.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "# coding: utf-8\n",
    "\n",
    "# In[17]:\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "import requests #Get the HTML code\n",
    "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup #Tidy up the code\n",
    "from collections import Counter #Counter to count occurances of each word\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #graph plotting\n",
    "import re #regular expression to check if language setting is exactly 2 letters (for non common langs) in the argument\n",
    "import os #for plotwords to tell where file is saved\n",
    "from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize, word_tokenize\n",
    "\n",
    "class wiki2:\n",
    "\n",
    "    #the main features of cleaning the wiki site and whether the site is valid is run in __init__\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,title,option='Yes',lang='en',checknltk='No'):\n",
    "        print(\"Page is loading...\\n\")\n",
    "\n",
    "        if isinstance(title, str) == True:\n",
    "            if str(option).lower() == 'yes' or str(option) == '':\n",
    "                self.title = str(title.title()) #title on LHS is variable input, RHS is function for proper case/title case\n",
    "                print(\"Search text formatted to title/proper case by default. Set second argument as 'No' to disable formatting\")\n",
    "            elif str(option).lower() == 'no':\n",
    "                print(\"Search text has preserved the cases of each letter. Set second argument as 'Yes' to format to title/proper case\")\n",
    "                self.title = title\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                self.title = title.title() #title on LHS is variable input, RHS is function for proper case/title case\n",
    "                print('Invalid option for preserving case of search text, title/proper case will be used by default')\n",
    "            #As long as title is string, regardless of option the replacement for title for URL can be done\n",
    "            self.title = str(self.title.replace(\" \", \"_\")) #Convert spaces to _ as is Wikipedia page format\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('Error encountered, search text (first argument) is not written as a string with quotes. Please try again')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        #Checking if you should use NLTK library, default set to False\n",
    "        self.nltkrun = False #default is don't use it for stoplist\n",
    "        if isinstance(checknltk, str): #check for string yes, no and other permutations\n",
    "            if checknltk.lower().strip() in {'yes','true','y','t'}:\n",
    "                import nltk\n",
    "                nltk.download('stopwords')\n",
    "                nltk.download('wordnet')\n",
    "                from nltk.corpus import stopwords\n",
    "                from nltk.corpus import wordnet\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = True\n",
    "            elif checknltk.lower().strip() in {'no','false','n','f','na','n/a','nan'}:\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = False\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = False\n",
    "        elif isinstance(checknltk, bool): #check for boolean yes/no\n",
    "            if checknltk == True:\n",
    "                import nltk\n",
    "                nltk.download('stopwords')\n",
    "                nltk.download('wordnet')\n",
    "                from nltk.corpus import stopwords\n",
    "                from nltk.corpus import wordnet\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = True\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = False\n",
    "        else: #run default if options are invalid - don't run nltk stoplist\n",
    "            self.nltkrun = False\n",
    "\n",
    "        #Default: Stopword list obtained from nltk\n",
    "        self.nltkstopword = []\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #Detect language settings in third argument\n",
    "        self.lang = 'en'  \n",
    "        if isinstance(lang, str) == True:\n",
    "            if lang.lower().lstrip() in {'en','england','uk','u.k.','english','eng'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'en'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('english') \n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for English will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'de','germany','german','deutschland','deutsche','deutsch'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'de'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('german')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for German will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'ru','russian','russia','русский','российский','русская','россия'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'ru'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('russian')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Russian will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'it','italy','italian','italia','italiano'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'it'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('italian')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Italian will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'pt','por','portugal','portuguese','portogallo','portoghese','brazil','brasile','brasiliano','brazilian'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'pt'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('portuguese')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Portuguese will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'ja','japan','japanese','jp','日本','ジャパン','日本語','にほん','にほんご'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'ja'\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'es','sp','spain','spanish','españa','espana','español','español','castellano','hispano'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'es'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('spanish')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Spanish will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'fr','france','french','français','francais'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'fr'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('french')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for French will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'zh','cn','china','chinese','中文','华文','華文','汉语','漢語','中国','中國','漢語','华语','華語'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'zh'\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'pl','po','polish','poland','polska','polskie','polski'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'pl'\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'nl','netherlands','dutch','the netherlands','nederland','nederlands','holland','hollands'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'nl'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('dutch')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Dutch will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'sv','sw','sweden','swedish','sverige','svenska','svensk'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'sv'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('swedish')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Swedish will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'vi','vietnam','vn','vietnamese','việt nam','việtnam','tiếng việt','tiếng Việt'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'vi'\n",
    "            elif re.search(r\"[a-z]{2}\",lang,re.I) != None: #search for two letter character as lang set, not case sensitive re.I\n",
    "            #elif len((lang.lower()).lstrip()) == 2:\n",
    "                self.lang = lang\n",
    "                print('Language set to ' + \"'\" + lang + \"'\")\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'en'\n",
    "                print('Invalid language settings, English articles searched by default\\n')\n",
    "                \n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            self.lang = 'en'\n",
    "            print('Invalid language settings or not in string format, hence English articles used by default\\n')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.url = 'https://' + self.lang + '.wikipedia.org/wiki/' + self.title #combine the two to get full URL\n",
    "\n",
    "        try: \n",
    "            self.page = requests.get(self.url) #retrieve HTML info from site\n",
    "        except:\n",
    "            self.lang = 'en'\n",
    "            self.url = 'https://' + self.lang + '.wikipedia.org/wiki/' + self.title\n",
    "            self.page = requests.get(self.url)\n",
    "            print('Error with language settings, English used as default\\n')\n",
    "\n",
    "        self.contents = self.page.content \n",
    "        self.soup = BeautifulSoup(self.contents, 'html.parser') #Parse the HTML nicely with formatting\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.trancetext = self.soup.find_all('p') #obtain all paragraphs starting with tag <p>\n",
    "        self.trancetext2 = self.soup.find_all('li') #obtain all paragraphs starting with tag <li>\n",
    "\n",
    "        #get paragraphs from trancetext with special format into a list\n",
    "        self.para=[]\n",
    "        for paragraph in self.trancetext: #append paragraphs starting with <p>\n",
    "            self.para.append(paragraph)\n",
    "\n",
    "        self.relatedtopic = \",*RELATED WIKI TOPIC*\" #to add to points with a link and are on sidebar\n",
    "        for paragraph in self.trancetext2: #append paragraphs starting with <li>\n",
    "            if str(paragraph).find('<li><a href=') != -1:\n",
    "                if str(paragraph).find('</a></li>') != -1 or str(paragraph).find('</a></sup></li>') != -1: \n",
    "                    self.para.append(self.relatedtopic)\n",
    "            if str(paragraph).find('toctext') == -1: #remove Wiki headers 1.2.3 with toctext as they can't be arranged properly\n",
    "                self.para.append(paragraph)\n",
    "    \n",
    "        #REASON WHY WE HAVE TO DO TWO FOR LOOPS WITH TWO TRANCETEXT IS BECAUSE THE FIND_ALL FOR ARRAY IS NOT IN ORDER\n",
    "        #COMMENCE CLEANING OF NONSENSE HTML <> and WIKI LINK [no]\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #For FIXING the summary function\n",
    "        self.troubleshoot = self.para\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.para = list(str(self.para)) #chop everything into letters for cleaning\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #This block of code removes the first letter [, removes any words with <> html tag or [] citation\n",
    "        #When it detects a <li> it will create two blanks\n",
    "        self.start = 0 #is letter currently inside tag <>\n",
    "        self.end = 0 #has <> just ended, need to check for , if it just ended to not copy a comma after <>\n",
    "        self.first = 1 #first letter is [, need to omit\n",
    "        self.bracket = 0 #check if letter is inside bracket\n",
    "        self.li = 0 #check for <li> to line break\n",
    "        self.p = 0 #check for <p> to line break\n",
    "        self.point = 0 #after <li>, puts a • before adding new letter\n",
    "        self.para2 = []\n",
    "        for letter in self.para:\n",
    "            if self.first == 0:\n",
    "                if letter == '<': #tells python to stop reading letters inside a bracket\n",
    "                    self.start = 1\n",
    "                elif letter == '>': #next letter can be read since its out of bracket, unless its another <\n",
    "                    self.start = 0\n",
    "                    self.end = 1\n",
    "                elif self.end == 1 and letter == ',': #skip COMMA reading when it occurs like </p>, at end of para\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "                elif letter == '[':\n",
    "                    self.bracket = 1\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                elif letter == ']':\n",
    "                    self.bracket = 0\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                elif self.start == 0 and self.bracket == 0: #ALL CLEAR TO READ LETTER\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                    if self.point == 1:\n",
    "                        self.para2.append('• ')\n",
    "                        self.point = 0\n",
    "                    self.para2.append(letter)\n",
    "            if letter == '<':\n",
    "                self.li = 1\n",
    "            elif letter != 'l' and self.li == 1:\n",
    "                self.li = 0\n",
    "            elif letter == 'l' and self.li == 1:\n",
    "                self.li = 2\n",
    "            elif letter == 'i' and self.li == 2:\n",
    "                self.li = 3\n",
    "            elif letter != '>' and self.li == 3:\n",
    "                self.li = 0\n",
    "            elif letter == '>' and self.li == 3:\n",
    "                self.para2.append('\\n\\n')\n",
    "                self.li = 0\n",
    "                self.point = 1\n",
    "            if letter == '<':\n",
    "                self.p = 1\n",
    "            elif letter != 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                self.p = 0\n",
    "            elif letter == 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                self.p = 2\n",
    "            elif letter == '>' and self.p == 2:\n",
    "                self.para2.append('\\n')\n",
    "                self.p = 0\n",
    "            self.first = 0 #Had an issue with the first letter being [, after skipping this, the [number] checks can run\n",
    "\n",
    "        self.para2=''.join(self.para2) #combine back all letters and spaces\n",
    "        #REMOVE UNWANTED ARRAYS\n",
    "        self.para1 = []\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        #WORD COUNT (SELF.PARA3) AND COMMON WORDS (SELF.TRANCECOUNTER)\n",
    "        self.para3 = word_tokenize(self.para2)\n",
    "        self.punctuation = ('.',',','(',')','\"',\"'\",'?','!','*','|',':',';')\n",
    "        for index, word in enumerate(self.para3):\n",
    "            #for punctuation in self.punctuation:\n",
    "                #self.niceword = self.niceword.replace(punctuation,'') #clean up bad punctuation\n",
    "            self.para3[index] = word.lower() #standardize all to lower case before counting\n",
    "        print(self.para3)\n",
    "        self.trancecounter = Counter(self.para3) \n",
    "        #counter solely used for word count, cannot be used as banlist not implemented yet. \n",
    "        #Make new trancecounter2+banlist for use\n",
    "        self.allwords = dict(self.trancecounter.most_common()) \n",
    "        #convert to dictionary so that for loop can extract words + do unique word count + total word count\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.trancelist = [] #full list of words to fill up, cannot be used yet as banlist not implemented\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #FIND OUT UNIQUE WORD COUNT AND TOTAL WORD COUNT BEFORE BANLIST\n",
    "        self.fullcount = 0\n",
    "        self.fullwords = 0\n",
    "        for key in self.allwords:\n",
    "            self.fullcount += self.allwords[key]\n",
    "            self.fullwords += 1\n",
    "            self.trancelist.append(key)\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #IMPLEMENT BAN LIST (FROM WIKIPEDIA) BY DEL FUNCTION FOR COUNTER TRANCECOUNT AND WORD LIST SELF.TRANCELIST\n",
    "        banlist = ('the', 'be', 'to', 'of', 'and', 'a', 'in', 'that', 'have', 'I', 'it', 'for', 'not', 'on', 'with', \n",
    "                   'he', 'as', 'you', 'do', 'at', 'this', 'but', 'his', 'by', 'from', 'they', 'we', 'say', 'her', 'she', \n",
    "                   'or', 'an', 'will', 'my', 'one', 'all', 'would', 'there', 'their', 'what', 'so', 'up', 'out', 'if', \n",
    "                   'about', 'who', 'get', 'which', 'go', 'me', 'when', 'make', 'can', 'like', 'time', 'no', 'just', \n",
    "                   'him', 'know', 'take', 'people', 'into', 'year', 'your', 'good', 'some', 'could', 'them', 'see', \n",
    "                   'other', 'than', 'then', 'now', 'look', 'only', 'come', 'its', 'over', 'think', 'also', 'back', \n",
    "                   'after', 'use', 'two', 'how', 'our', 'work', 'first', 'well', 'way', 'even', 'new', 'want','topic', \n",
    "                   'because', 'any', 'these', 'give', 'day', 'most', 'us','retrieved','^','archived',\"•\",'related',\n",
    "                   \"',*related\",\"wiki\",\"topic*',\",\"is\",\"are\",'was','since','such','articles','has','&amp;','p','b',\n",
    "                  'january','february','march','april','may','june','july','august','september','october','november',\n",
    "                  'december')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #English banlist from top 100 common words and some extra terms\n",
    "        if self.lang == 'en':\n",
    "            for word in banlist: #delete words in counter and list only if it's in english\n",
    "                del self.trancecounter[word]\n",
    "                self.allwords.pop(word, None)\n",
    "            \n",
    "        #If NLTK stoplist is used, delete words from their stoplist as well\n",
    "        if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "            for word in self.nltkstopword: #delete words in counter and list\n",
    "                del self.trancecounter[word]\n",
    "                self.allwords.pop(word, None)\n",
    "            \n",
    "        #DELETE '',.,·,•,↑,space,null,related,wiki,common from counter and dictionary\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"''\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"''\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\".\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\".\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"·\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"·\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"•\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"•\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"↑\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"↑\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\" \"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\" \", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"-\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"-\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"–\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"–\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"related\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"related\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"wiki\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"wiki\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"common\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"common\", None)\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #FIND OUT TOTAL WORD COUNT AFTER BANLIST FOR FUNCTION COMMONWORDPCT THAT USES PERCENTAGE OF THRESHOLD FOR WORD COUNT\n",
    "        self.fullcount2 = 0\n",
    "        self.fullwords2 = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.trancelist2 = [] #NOT USED!!\n",
    "        \n",
    "        for key in self.allwords: #SELF.ALLWORDS HAVE WORDS REMOVED ON ITSELF VIA BANLIST, DONT NEED NEW VARIABLE\n",
    "            self.fullcount2 += self.allwords[key] #FULLCOUNT2 used for COMMONWORDPCT and TOTAL WORDS function to show total word count aft removing banlist\n",
    "            self.fullwords2 += 1 #FULLWORDS2 used in TOTAL WORDS function to show unique word count aft removing banlist\n",
    "            self.trancelist2.append(key) #NOT USED!!!\n",
    "    \n",
    "    \n",
    "        #This section checks if the Wiki site was loaded successfully..\n",
    "        self.missing = self.soup.find_all('b') \n",
    "        #Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name.\n",
    "        #This sentence that always appears for Error 404 pages, is bolded, so <b> tag can help to find it\n",
    "                \n",
    "        #Check for sentence that tells of Error 404 website using a counter.\n",
    "        self.goodsite = 1\n",
    "        self.offsite = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "        for sentence in self.trancetext: #check if a site goes through but it is an ambiguous site (recommendations page)\n",
    "            #refer to: phrase belongs in a <p> paragraph\n",
    "            if str(sentence).find(\"refer to:\") != -1:\n",
    "                self.offsite = 1            \n",
    "        \n",
    "        for sentence in self.missing: #RUN THROUGH EVERY ELEMENT IN LIST\n",
    "            if str(sentence) == \"<b>Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name.</b>\": #CONVERT ELEMENT TO STRING TYPE BEFORE CHECK!!!\n",
    "                self.goodsite = 0 #sentence exists, bad site means counter flips to 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "        if self.goodsite == 1 and self.offsite == 0:\n",
    "            print('Wikipedia page loaded successfully!! Type variablename.HELP() for documentation of functions.')\n",
    "        \n",
    "            #WHEN SEARCH IS SUCCESSFUL, PRINT 2 PARAGRAPHS FOR PREVIEW\n",
    "            self.parashort = []\n",
    "            self.noofpara = 0\n",
    "            for paragraph in self.trancetext: #append ONLY 2 paragraphs starting with <p>\n",
    "                if self.noofpara < 2 and str(paragraph) != '<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\\n</p>' and len(str(paragraph)) > 199: \n",
    "                    self.parashort.append(paragraph)\n",
    "                    self.noofpara += 1\n",
    "\n",
    "            self.parashort = list(str(self.parashort)) #chop everything into letters for usage\n",
    "            self.start = 0 #is letter currently inside tag <>\n",
    "            self.end = 0 #has <> just ended, need to check for , if it just ended to not copy a comma after <>\n",
    "            self.first = 1 #first letter is [, need to omit\n",
    "            self.bracket = 0 #check if letter is inside bracket\n",
    "            self.li = 0 #check for <li> to line break\n",
    "            self.p = 0 #check for <p> to line break\n",
    "            self.parashort2 = []\n",
    "            for letter in self.parashort:\n",
    "                if self.first == 0:\n",
    "                    if letter == '<': #tells python to stop reading letters inside a bracket\n",
    "                        self.start = 1\n",
    "                    elif letter == '>': #next letter can be read since its out of bracket, unless its another <\n",
    "                        self.start = 0\n",
    "                        self.end = 1\n",
    "                    elif self.end == 1 and letter == ',': #skip COMMA reading when it occurs like </p>, at end of para\n",
    "                        self.end = 0\n",
    "                        continue\n",
    "                    elif letter == '[':\n",
    "                        self.bracket = 1\n",
    "                        self.end = 0\n",
    "                    elif letter == ']':\n",
    "                        self.bracket = 0\n",
    "                        self.end = 0\n",
    "                    elif self.start == 0 and self.bracket == 0: #ALL CLEAR TO READ LETTER\n",
    "                        self.end = 0\n",
    "                        self.parashort2.append(letter)\n",
    "                if letter == '<':\n",
    "                    self.p = 1\n",
    "                elif letter != 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                    self.p = 0\n",
    "                elif letter == 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                    self.p = 2\n",
    "                elif letter == '>' and self.p == 2:\n",
    "                    self.parashort2.append('\\n\\n')\n",
    "                    self.p = 0\n",
    "                self.first = 0 #Had an issue with the first letter being [, after skipping this, the [number] checks can run\n",
    "\n",
    "            self.parashort2=''.join(self.parashort2) #combine back all letters and spaces\n",
    "            #REMOVE UNWANTED ARRAYS\n",
    "            self.parashort = []        \n",
    "\n",
    "            #END OF DATA PROCESSING FOR AUTOMATIC SUMMARY PRINTED WHEN SEARCHING\n",
    "\n",
    "            print(self.parashort2)\n",
    "            #print two paragraphs when search is successful\n",
    "            \n",
    "        elif self.goodsite == 1 and self.offsite == 1:\n",
    "            print('\\nThe title \"'+ self.title.replace(\"_\", \" \") + '\" you specified is ambiguous. As a result, you are linked to a clarification page.\\n\\n')\n",
    "            print('Here are some suggestions to use: \\n')\n",
    "            \n",
    "            self.all_links = self.soup.find_all(\"a\") #ALL HTML TAGS STARTING WITH <A, E.G. <A HREF, <A TITLE AND FULL PARAGRAPH\n",
    "            self.wiktwords = []\n",
    "            for link in self.all_links:\n",
    "                self.wiktwords.append(link.get(\"title\")) #TAG STARTING WITH A, CONTENT ENCLOSED INSIDE TITLE=\"\"\n",
    "                #print(link.get(\"title\")) #shows list of items appended, common words all start with wikt:\n",
    "\n",
    "            self.cleanlink = []\n",
    "            for words in self.wiktwords: \n",
    "                self.words2 = str(words) #words are not string yet so need str function before saving into new var\n",
    "                self.cleanlink.append(self.words2)\n",
    "#                 if self.words2.find(\"wiktionary:\") != -1:\n",
    "#                     self.tempsliceword = list(str(self.words2))\n",
    "#                     self.newword = []\n",
    "#                     self.x = 0\n",
    "#                     for letter in self.tempsliceword:\n",
    "#                         if self.x > 10:\n",
    "#                             self.newword.append(letter)\n",
    "#                         self.x += 1\n",
    "#                     self.cleanword = ''.join(self.newword)\n",
    "#                     self.cleanlink.append(self.cleanword)\n",
    "#                 elif self.words2 != 'None':\n",
    "#                     self.cleanlink.append(self.words2)\n",
    "\n",
    "            for link in self.cleanlink:\n",
    "                if link.find(\"Help:\") != -1:\n",
    "                    break\n",
    "                elif link.find(\"Edit section:\") != -1:\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "                else:\n",
    "                    print(link)\n",
    "            \n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('Wikipedia page could not be found for \"' + str(self.title.replace(\"_\", \" \")) + '\". Please try again!') \n",
    "            print('Other useful information: Enclose title argument with single quotes. Spaces are allowed, and title is case insensitive.')\n",
    "        \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def gettext(self,outfull='No'): #comes after init\n",
    "        if isinstance(outfull, str): #check for string yes, no and other permutations\n",
    "            if outfull.lower().strip() in {'yes','true','y','t'}:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is output. To print it instead, put 'no' in argument\")\n",
    "                return self.para2\n",
    "            elif outfull.lower().strip() in {'no','false','n','f','na','n/a','nan'}:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is printed. To set as output, put 'yes' in argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.para2)\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is invalid, summary is printed by default. To set as output, put 'yes' in argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.para2)\n",
    "        elif isinstance(outfull, bool): #check for boolean yes/no\n",
    "            if outfull == True:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is output. To print it instead, put False or 'no' in argument\")\n",
    "                return self.para2\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is printed. To set as output, put True or 'yes' in argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.para2)   \n",
    "        else: #run default - print if invalid option\n",
    "            print(\"2nd argument not a string, full text is printed by default. To set as output, put 'yes' in argument\")\n",
    "            print(self.para2)\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def commonwords(self,wordcount=100):\n",
    "        self.wordcount = 100\n",
    "        if wordcount != 100 and isinstance(wordcount, int) == True:\n",
    "            self.wordcount = wordcount\n",
    "        elif wordcount != 100 and isinstance(wordcount, int) == False:\n",
    "            print('Word count specified is currently not an integer. Hence default of 100 words is used\\n')\n",
    "        #convert counter to list to dictionary then sum up total word count using for loop in word[key]\n",
    "        self.topwords = dict(self.trancecounter.most_common(self.wordcount))\n",
    "        return self.topwords\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def commonwordspct(self,percent=10):\n",
    "        self.percent = 10\n",
    "        if isinstance(percent, int) == True or isinstance(percent, float) == True:\n",
    "            if percent != 10 and 0 < percent <= 100:\n",
    "                self.percent = percent\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('The percent specified is either not an integer or float, 0% or over 100% which is not allowed. Hence, 10% set by default.\\n')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.wordcount2 = int(self.percent/100*self.fullcount2) #full count 2 is word count after banlist\n",
    "        print(str(self.percent) + \"% threshold means the most common words shown/output below appeared equal to or less than \" + str(self.wordcount2) + ' times out of ' + str(self.fullcount2) + \" total word count.\\n\")\n",
    "        self.partialcount = 0\n",
    "        self.partialtrancelist = []\n",
    "        for key in self.allwords:\n",
    "            self.partialcount += self.allwords[key]\n",
    "            if self.partialcount <= self.wordcount2:\n",
    "                self.partialtrancelist.append(key)\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                break\n",
    "        self.partialcounttowordno = 0\n",
    "        for word in self.partialtrancelist:\n",
    "            self.partialcounttowordno += 1\n",
    "        self.topwords2 = dict(self.trancecounter.most_common(self.partialcounttowordno))\n",
    "        if self.partialcounttowordno != 0:\n",
    "            print('For the word count threshold, the ' + str(self.partialcounttowordno) + ' most common words are shown/output.\\n\\n')\n",
    "            return self.topwords2\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('The most common word has a percentage occurance higher than the threshold set as the percentage set is too low.\\n')\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def totalwords(self): #word count are all BEFORE banlist\n",
    "        print('Total word count is ' + str(self.fullcount))\n",
    "        print('Total word count is ' + str(self.fullcount2) + ' after implementing banlist\\n')\n",
    "        print('Unique word count is ' + str(self.fullwords) + ' for the Wikipedia site titled ' + str(self.title.replace(\"_\", \" \")))\n",
    "        print('Unique word count AFTER BANLIST is ' + str(self.fullwords2) + ' for the Wikipedia site titled ' + str(self.title.replace(\"_\", \" \")))\n",
    "        return [self.fullcount,self.fullcount2,self.fullwords,self.fullwords2]\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def plotwords(self,wordcount2=20):\n",
    "        self.wordcount2 = 20\n",
    "        if wordcount2 != 20 and isinstance(wordcount2, int) == True:\n",
    "            self.wordcount2 = wordcount2\n",
    "        elif wordcount2 != 20 and isinstance(wordcount2, int) == False:\n",
    "            print('Word count specified is currently not an integer. Hence default of 20 words is used for graph\\n')\n",
    "        #convert counter to list to dictionary then sum up total word count using for loop in word[key]\n",
    "        self.topwords2 = dict(self.trancecounter.most_common(self.wordcount2))\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #matplotlib.pyplot.bar(range, height, tick_label)\n",
    "        self.wordnames = list(self.topwords2.keys())\n",
    "        self.wordvalues = list(self.topwords2.values())\n",
    "\n",
    "        #tick_label does the some work as plt.xticks()\n",
    "        plt.figure(figsize=(22, 12), dpi= 80, facecolor='w', edgecolor='k')\n",
    "        plt.bar(range(len(self.topwords2)),self.wordvalues,tick_label=self.wordnames)\n",
    "        plt.savefig('wordcount.png')\n",
    "        plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [22, 12]\n",
    "        plt.show()\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.cwd = os.getcwd()\n",
    "        return 'Graph is saved as wordcount.png in directory: ' + str(self.cwd)\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "#         plt.bar(range(len(self.topwords2)), self.topwords2.values(), align='center')\n",
    "#         plt.xticks(range(len(self.topwords2)), list(self.topwords2.keys()))\n",
    "#         plt.show()\n",
    "    \n",
    "\n",
    "    def summary(self, paravalue=2, outsummary='no'):\n",
    "        self.paravalue = 2\n",
    "        if isinstance(paravalue, int) == True:\n",
    "            if paravalue > 0:\n",
    "                self.paravalue = paravalue\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print('The number of paragraphs specified is not valid. Default 2 paragraphs will be displayed \\n')\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('The number of paragraphs specified is not an integer. Default 2 paragraphs will be displayed \\n')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #MAKE AN ARRAY AND STRING FOR JUST 2 PARAGRAPHS!\n",
    "        self.parashort = []\n",
    "        self.noofpara = 0\n",
    "        for paragraph in self.trancetext: #append ONLY 2 paragraphs starting with <p>\n",
    "            if self.noofpara < self.paravalue and str(paragraph) != '<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\\n</p>' and len(str(paragraph)) > 199: \n",
    "                self.parashort.append(paragraph)\n",
    "                self.noofpara += 1\n",
    "\n",
    "        self.parashort = list(str(self.parashort)) #chop everything into letters for usage\n",
    "        self.start = 0 #is letter currently inside tag <>\n",
    "        self.end = 0 #has <> just ended, need to check for , if it just ended to not copy a comma after <>\n",
    "        self.first = 1 #first letter is [, need to omit\n",
    "        self.bracket = 0 #check if letter is inside bracket\n",
    "        self.li = 0 #check for <li> to line break\n",
    "        self.p = 0 #check for <p> to line break\n",
    "        self.parashort2 = []\n",
    "        for letter in self.parashort:\n",
    "            if self.first == 0:\n",
    "                if letter == '<': #tells python to stop reading letters inside a bracket\n",
    "                    self.start = 1\n",
    "                elif letter == '>': #next letter can be read since its out of bracket, unless its another <\n",
    "                    self.start = 0\n",
    "                    self.end = 1\n",
    "                elif self.end == 1 and letter == ',': #skip COMMA reading when it occurs like </p>, at end of para\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "                elif letter == '[':\n",
    "                    self.bracket = 1\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                elif letter == ']':\n",
    "                    self.bracket = 0\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                elif self.start == 0 and self.bracket == 0: #ALL CLEAR TO READ LETTER\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                    self.parashort2.append(letter)\n",
    "            if letter == '<':\n",
    "                self.p = 1\n",
    "            elif letter != 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                self.p = 0\n",
    "            elif letter == 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                self.p = 2\n",
    "            elif letter == '>' and self.p == 2:\n",
    "                self.parashort2.append('\\n\\n')\n",
    "                self.p = 0\n",
    "            self.first = 0 #Had an issue with the first letter being [, after skipping this, the [number] checks can run\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.parashort2=''.join(self.parashort2) #combine back all letters and spaces\n",
    "        #REMOVE UNWANTED ARRAYS\n",
    "        self.parashort = []        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        #END OF DATA PROCESSING FOR SUMMARY FUNCTION! i.e. 2 paragraph of wiki\n",
    "\n",
    "        #Checking if you should print or output argument\n",
    "        if isinstance(outsummary, str): #check for string yes, no and other permutations\n",
    "            if outsummary.lower().strip() in {'yes','true','y','t'}:\n",
    "                print(\"Summary is output. To print it instead, put 'no' in argument\")\n",
    "                return self.parashort2\n",
    "            elif outsummary.lower().strip() in {'no','false','n','f','na','n/a','nan'}:\n",
    "                print(\"Summary is printed. To set as output, put 'yes' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.parashort2)\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print(\"2nd argument is invalid, summary is printed by default. To set as output, put 'yes' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.parashort2)\n",
    "        elif isinstance(outsummary, bool): #check for boolean yes/no\n",
    "            if outsummary == True:\n",
    "                print(\"Summary is output. To print it instead, put False or 'no' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "                return self.parashort2\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print(\"Summary is printed. To set as output, put True or 'yes' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.parashort2)   \n",
    "        else: #run default - print if invalid option\n",
    "            print(\"2nd argument not a string, summary is printed by default. To set as output, put 'yes' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "            print(self.parashort2)\n",
    "            \n",
    "         \n",
    "    def HELP(self):\n",
    "        print('The wiki() class accepts 4 arguments. The first one is a compulsory title of the Wikipedia page. Second is to preserve the search casing (Yes/No).\\n')\n",
    "        print('Third is for language settings (e.g. English, de, francais, etc.). Fourth is for implementing NLTK stoplist in provided languages (Yes/No).\\n')\n",
    "        print('commonwords accepts 1 optional argument (default: 100) for the number of most common words in the site to show\\n')\n",
    "        print('commonwordspct accepts 1 optional argument (default: 10) on the percentage threshold of word count to determine the most common words\\n')\n",
    "        print('plotwords accepts 1 optional argument (default: 20) for the number of most common words to show as a GRAPH\\n')\n",
    "        print('totalwords accepts 0 arguments and shows the total word count and unique word count\\n')\n",
    "        print('summary accepts 1 optional argument for the number of paragraphs (default: 2) and gives a summary of the Wikipedia page\\n')\n",
    "        print('gettext accepts 0 arguments and retrieves the full text of the Wikipedia title\\n')\n",
    "        \n",
    "#     def troubletest(self):\n",
    "#         index = 0\n",
    "#         for paragraph in self.troubleshoot:\n",
    "#             index += 1\n",
    "#             print(index)\n",
    "#             print(paragraph)\n",
    "            \n",
    "#     def troublesoup(self):\n",
    "#         print(self.soup)\n",
    "        \n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Page is loading...\n",
      "\n",
      "Search text formatted to title/proper case by default. Set second argument as 'No' to disable formatting\n",
      "['dota', '2', 'is', 'a', 'multiplayer', 'online', 'battle', 'arena', '(', 'moba', ')', 'video', 'game', 'developed', 'and', 'published', 'by', 'valve', 'corporation', '.', 'the', 'game', 'is', 'a', 'sequel', 'to', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', '(', 'dota', ')', ',', 'which', 'was', 'a', 'community-created', 'mod', 'for', 'blizzard', 'entertainment', \"'s\", 'warcraft', 'iii', ':', 'reign', 'of', 'chaos', 'and', 'its', 'expansion', 'pack', ',', 'the', 'frozen', 'throne', '.', 'dota', '2', 'is', 'played', 'in', 'matches', 'between', 'two', 'teams', 'of', 'five', 'players', ',', 'with', 'each', 'team', 'occupying', 'and', 'defending', 'their', 'own', 'separate', 'base', 'on', 'the', 'map', '.', 'each', 'of', 'the', 'ten', 'players', 'independently', 'controls', 'a', 'powerful', 'character', ',', 'known', 'as', 'a', '``', 'hero', \"''\", ',', 'who', 'all', 'have', 'unique', 'abilities', 'and', 'differing', 'styles', 'of', 'play', '.', 'during', 'a', 'match', ',', 'players', 'collect', 'experience', 'points', 'and', 'items', 'for', 'their', 'heroes', 'to', 'successfully', 'defeat', 'the', 'opposing', 'team', \"'s\", 'heroes', 'in', 'player', 'versus', 'player', 'combat', '.', 'a', 'team', 'wins', 'by', 'being', 'the', 'first', 'to', 'destroy', 'a', 'large', 'structure', 'located', 'in', 'the', 'opposing', 'team', \"'s\", 'base', ',', 'called', 'the', '``', 'ancient', \"''\", '.', 'development', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'began', 'in', '2009', 'when', 'icefrog', 'lead', 'designer', 'of', 'the', 'original', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'mod', ',', 'was', 'hired', 'by', 'valve', 'to', 'create', 'a', 'modernized', 'remake', 'for', 'them', 'in', 'the', 'source', 'game', 'engine', '.', 'it', 'was', 'officially', 'released', 'for', 'microsoft', 'windows', 'os', 'x', 'and', 'linux-based', 'personal', 'computers', 'via', 'the', 'digital', 'distribution', 'platform', 'steam', 'in', 'july', '2013', ',', 'following', 'a', 'windows-only', 'open', 'beta', 'phase', 'that', 'began', 'two', 'years', 'prior', '.', 'as', 'the', 'game', 'is', 'fully', 'free-to-play', 'with', 'no', 'heroes', 'needing', 'to', 'be', 'bought', 'or', 'otherwise', 'unlocked', ',', 'revenue', 'is', 'instead', 'made', 'from', 'microtransactions', 'such', 'as', 'loot', 'boxes', 'and', 'a', 'battle', 'pass', 'subscription', 'system', 'called', 'dota', 'plus', ',', 'which', 'all', 'only', 'offer', 'non-gameplay', 'altering', 'virtual', 'goods', 'such', 'as', 'hero', 'cosmetics', 'and', 'voice-line', 'packs', ',', 'in', 'return', '.', 'the', 'game', 'has', 'also', 'been', 'updated', 'with', 'various', 'other', 'features', 'since', 'release', ',', 'such', 'as', 'a', 'full', 'transition', 'to', 'the', 'source', '2', 'engine', 'and', 'virtual', 'reality', 'support', '.', 'dota', '2', 'has', 'a', 'large', 'esports', 'scene', ',', 'with', 'teams', 'from', 'across', 'the', 'world', 'playing', 'professionally', 'in', 'various', 'leagues', 'and', 'tournaments', '.', 'premium', 'tournaments', 'of', 'the', 'game', 'often', 'have', 'prize', 'pools', 'totaling', 'millions', 'of', 'u.s.', 'dollars', ',', 'the', 'highest', 'of', 'any', 'esport', '.', 'the', 'largest', 'of', 'them', 'is', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'international', 'which', 'is', 'produced', 'annually', 'by', 'valve', 'and', 'most', 'commonly', 'held', 'at', 'the', 'keyarena', 'in', 'seattle', '.', 'valve', 'also', 'manages', 'an', 'event', 'format', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'dota', 'pro', 'circuit', 'which', 'are', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'tournaments', 'held', 'prior', 'to', 'internationals', 'that', 'award', 'qualification', 'points', 'based', 'on', 'results', 'for', 'getting', 'directly', 'invited', 'to', 'them', '.', 'for', 'most', 'tournaments', ',', 'media', 'coverage', 'is', 'done', 'by', 'a', 'selection', 'of', 'on-site', 'staff', 'who', 'provide', 'commentary', 'and', 'analysis', 'for', 'the', 'ongoing', 'matches', ',', 'similar', 'to', 'traditional', 'sporting', 'events', '.', 'broadcasts', 'of', 'professional', 'dota', '2', 'matches', 'are', 'streamed', 'live', 'over', 'the', 'internet', ',', 'and', 'sometimes', 'simulcast', 'on', 'television', 'networks', ',', 'with', 'peak', 'viewership', 'numbers', 'in', 'the', 'millions', '.', 'despite', 'some', 'criticism', 'going', 'towards', 'its', 'steep', 'learning', 'curve', 'and', 'overall', 'complexity', ',', 'dota', '2', 'was', 'praised', 'for', 'its', 'rewarding', 'gameplay', ',', 'production', 'quality', ',', 'and', 'faithfulness', 'to', 'its', 'predecessor', ',', 'with', 'multiple', 'gaming', 'publications', 'considering', 'it', 'to', 'be', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'greatest', 'video', 'games', 'of', 'all', 'time', '.', 'since', 'its', 'release', ',', 'it', 'has', 'been', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'played', 'games', 'on', 'steam', ',', 'with', 'over', 'a', 'million', 'concurrent', 'players', 'at', 'its', 'peak', '.', 'the', 'popularity', 'of', 'the', 'game', 'has', 'led', 'to', 'official', 'merchandise', 'for', 'it', 'being', 'produced', ',', 'including', 'apparel', ',', 'accessories', ',', 'and', 'toys', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'promotional', 'tie-ins', 'to', 'other', 'games', 'and', 'media', '.', 'the', 'game', 'also', 'allows', 'for', 'the', 'community', 'to', 'create', 'their', 'own', 'game', 'modes', ',', 'maps', ',', 'and', 'cosmetics', ',', 'which', 'are', 'uploaded', 'to', 'the', 'steam', 'workshop', 'and', 'curated', 'by', 'valve', '.', 'a', 'digital', 'collectible', 'card', 'game', 'featuring', 'the', 'characters', 'and', 'setting', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'known', 'as', 'artifact', 'was', 'released', 'in', 'november', '2018', '.', 'the', 'game', 'has', 'also', 'been', 'used', 'in', 'machine', 'learning', 'experiments', ',', 'with', 'a', 'team', 'of', 'bots', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'openai', 'five', 'showing', 'the', 'capability', 'to', 'defeat', 'professional', 'teams', '.', 'dota', '2', 'is', 'a', 'multiplayer', 'online', 'battle', 'arena', '(', 'moba', ')', 'video', 'game', 'in', 'which', 'two', 'teams', 'of', 'five', 'players', 'compete', 'to', 'collectively', 'destroy', 'a', 'large', 'structure', 'defended', 'by', 'the', 'opposing', 'team', 'known', 'as', 'the', '``', 'ancient', \"''\", ',', 'whilst', 'defending', 'their', 'own', '.', 'as', 'in', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'the', 'game', 'is', 'controlled', 'using', 'standard', 'real-time', 'strategy', 'controls', 'and', 'is', 'presented', 'on', 'a', 'single', 'map', 'in', 'a', 'three-dimensional', 'isometric', 'perspective', '.', 'ten', 'players', 'each', 'control', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", '117', 'playable', 'characters', 'known', 'as', '``', 'heroes', \"''\", ',', 'with', 'each', 'having', 'their', 'own', 'design', ',', 'strengths', ',', 'and', 'weaknesses', '.', 'heroes', 'are', 'divided', 'into', 'two', 'primary', 'roles', 'known', 'as', 'the', '``', 'carry', \"''\", 'and', '``', 'support', \"''\", '.', 'carries', ',', 'which', 'are', 'also', 'called', '``', 'cores', \"''\", ',', 'begin', 'each', 'match', 'as', 'weak', 'and', 'vulnerable', ',', 'but', 'are', 'able', 'to', 'become', 'more', 'powerful', 'later', 'in', 'the', 'game', ',', 'thus', 'becoming', 'able', 'to', '``', 'carry', \"''\", 'their', 'team', 'to', 'victory', '.', 'supports', 'generally', 'lack', 'abilities', 'that', 'deal', 'heavy', 'damage', ',', 'instead', 'having', 'ones', 'with', 'more', 'functionality', 'and', 'utility', 'that', 'provide', 'assistance', 'for', 'their', 'carries', ',', 'such', 'as', 'providing', 'healing', 'and', 'other', 'buffs', '.', 'players', 'select', 'their', 'hero', 'during', 'a', 'pre-game', 'drafting', 'phase', ',', 'where', 'they', 'can', 'also', 'discuss', 'potential', 'strategies', 'and', 'hero', 'matchups', 'with', 'their', 'teammates', '.', 'heroes', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'switched', 'mid-game', ',', 'and', 'once', 'one', 'is', 'selected', ',', 'they', 'are', 'removed', 'from', 'the', 'drafting', 'pool', 'and', 'become', 'unavailable', 'for', 'all', 'other', 'players', '.', 'all', 'heroes', 'have', 'a', 'basic', 'damage-dealing', 'attack', ',', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'powerful', 'abilities', '.', 'each', 'hero', 'has', 'at', 'least', 'four', 'abilities', ',', 'all', 'of', 'which', 'are', 'unique', ',', 'which', 'are', 'the', 'primary', 'method', 'of', 'fighting', '.', 'heroes', 'begin', 'each', 'game', 'with', 'an', 'experience', 'level', 'of', 'one', ',', 'only', 'having', 'access', 'to', 'one', 'of', 'their', 'abilities', ',', 'but', 'are', 'able', 'to', 'level', 'up', 'and', 'become', 'more', 'powerful', 'during', 'the', 'course', 'of', 'the', 'game', ',', 'up', 'to', 'a', 'maximum', 'level', 'of', '25', '.', 'whenever', 'a', 'hero', 'gains', 'an', 'experience', 'level', ',', 'the', 'player', 'is', 'able', 'to', 'unlock', 'another', 'of', 'their', 'abilities', 'or', 'improve', 'one', 'already', 'learned', '.', 'the', 'most', 'powerful', 'ability', 'for', 'each', 'hero', 'is', 'known', 'as', 'their', '``', 'ultimate', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'requires', 'them', 'to', 'have', 'an', 'experience', 'level', 'of', 'six', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'use', '.', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'prevent', 'abilities', 'from', 'being', 'used', 'without', 'consequence', 'a', 'magic', 'system', 'in', 'the', 'game', 'exists', '.', 'activating', 'an', 'ability', 'costs', 'a', 'hero', 'some', 'of', 'their', '``', 'mana', 'points', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'slowly', 'regenerates', 'over', 'time', '.', 'using', 'an', 'ability', 'will', 'also', 'cause', 'it', 'to', 'enter', 'a', 'cooldown', 'phase', ',', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'ability', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'used', 'again', 'until', 'a', 'timer', 'counts', 'down', 'to', 'zero', '.', 'all', 'heroes', 'have', 'three', 'attributes', ':', 'strength', ',', 'intelligence', ',', 'and', 'agility', ',', 'which', 'affect', 'health', 'points', 'mana', 'points', ',', 'and', 'attack', 'speed', ',', 'respectively', '.', 'each', 'hero', 'has', 'one', 'primary', 'attribute', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'three', ',', 'which', 'adds', 'to', 'their', 'non-ability', 'basic', 'damage', 'output', 'when', 'increased', '.', 'heroes', 'also', 'have', 'an', 'ability', 'augmentation', 'system', 'known', 'as', '``', 'talent', 'trees', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'allow', 'players', 'further', 'choices', 'on', 'how', 'to', 'develop', 'their', 'hero', '.', 'if', 'a', 'hero', 'runs', 'out', 'of', 'health', 'points', 'and', 'dies', ',', 'they', 'are', 'removed', 'from', 'active', 'play', 'until', 'a', 'respawn', 'timer', 'counts', 'down', 'to', 'zero', ',', 'where', 'they', 'are', 'then', 'respawned', 'in', 'their', 'base', '.', 'the', 'two', 'teams—known', 'as', 'the', 'radiant', 'and', 'dire—occupy', 'fortified', 'bases', 'in', 'opposite', 'corners', 'of', 'the', 'map', ',', 'which', 'is', 'divided', 'in', 'half', 'by', 'a', 'crossable', 'river', 'and', 'connected', 'by', 'three', 'paths', ',', 'which', 'are', 'referred', 'to', 'as', '``', 'lanes', \"''\", '.', 'the', 'lanes', 'are', 'guarded', 'by', 'defensive', 'towers', 'that', 'attack', 'any', 'opposing', 'unit', 'who', 'gets', 'within', 'its', 'line', 'of', 'sight', '.', 'a', 'small', 'group', 'of', 'weak', 'computer-controlled', 'creatures', 'called', '``', 'creeps', \"''\", 'travel', 'predefined', 'paths', 'along', 'the', 'lanes', 'and', 'attempt', 'to', 'attack', 'any', 'opposing', 'heroes', ',', 'creeps', ',', 'and', 'buildings', 'in', 'their', 'way', '.', 'creeps', 'periodically', 'spawn', 'throughout', 'the', 'game', 'in', 'groups', 'from', 'two', 'buildings', ',', 'called', 'the', '``', 'barracks', \"''\", ',', 'that', 'exist', 'in', 'each', 'lane', 'and', 'are', 'located', 'within', 'the', 'team', \"'s\", 'bases', '.', 'the', 'map', 'is', 'also', 'permanently', 'covered', 'for', 'both', 'teams', 'in', 'fog', 'of', 'war', 'which', 'prevents', 'a', 'team', 'from', 'seeing', 'the', 'opposing', 'team', \"'s\", 'heroes', 'and', 'creeps', 'if', 'they', 'are', 'not', 'directly', 'in', 'sight', 'of', 'themselves', 'or', 'an', 'allied', 'unit', '.', 'the', 'map', 'also', 'features', 'a', 'day-night', 'cycle', ',', 'with', 'some', 'hero', 'abilities', 'and', 'other', 'game', 'mechanics', 'being', 'altered', 'depending', 'on', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'the', 'cycle', '.', 'also', 'present', 'on', 'the', 'map', 'are', '``', 'neutral', 'creeps', \"''\", 'that', 'are', 'hostile', 'to', 'both', 'teams', ',', 'and', 'reside', 'in', 'marked', 'locations', 'on', 'the', 'map', 'known', 'as', '``', 'camps', \"''\", '.', 'camps', 'are', 'located', 'in', 'the', 'area', 'between', 'the', 'lanes', 'known', 'as', 'the', '``', 'jungle', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'both', 'sides', 'of', 'the', 'map', 'have', '.', 'neutral', 'creeps', 'do', 'not', 'attack', 'unless', 'provoked', ',', 'and', 'will', 'respawn', 'over', 'time', 'if', 'killed', '.', 'the', 'most', 'powerful', 'neutral', 'creep', 'is', 'named', '``', 'roshan', \"''\", ',', 'who', 'is', 'a', 'unique', 'boss', 'that', 'may', 'be', 'defeated', 'by', 'either', 'team', 'to', 'obtain', 'special', 'items', 'such', 'as', 'one', 'that', 'allows', 'a', 'one-time', 'resurrection', 'if', 'the', 'hero', 'that', 'holds', 'it', 'is', 'killed', '.', 'roshan', 'will', 'respawn', 'around', 'ten', 'minutes', 'after', 'being', 'killed', ',', 'and', 'becomes', 'progressively', 'harder', 'to', 'kill', 'as', 'the', 'match', 'progresses', 'over', 'time', '.', '``', 'runes', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'are', 'special', 'items', 'that', 'spawn', 'in', 'set', 'positions', 'on', 'the', 'map', 'every', 'two', 'minutes', ',', 'offer', 'heroes', 'various', 'temporary', ',', 'but', 'powerful', 'power-ups', 'when', 'collected', '.', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'having', 'abilities', 'becoming', 'stronger', 'during', 'the', 'game', ',', 'players', 'are', 'able', 'to', 'buy', 'items', 'from', 'set', 'locations', 'on', 'the', 'map', 'called', 'shops', 'that', 'provide', 'their', 'own', 'special', 'abilities', '.', 'items', 'are', 'not', 'limited', 'to', 'specific', 'heroes', ',', 'and', 'can', 'be', 'bought', 'by', 'anyone', '.', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'obtain', 'an', 'item', ',', 'players', 'must', 'be', 'able', 'to', 'afford', 'it', 'with', 'gold', 'at', 'shops', 'located', 'on', 'the', 'map', ',', 'which', 'is', 'primarily', 'obtained', 'by', 'killing', 'enemy', 'heroes', ',', 'destroying', 'enemy', 'structures', ',', 'and', 'killing', 'creeps', ',', 'with', 'the', 'latter', 'being', 'an', 'act', 'called', '``', 'farming', \"''\", '.', 'only', 'the', 'hero', 'that', 'lands', 'the', 'killing', 'blow', 'on', 'a', 'creep', 'obtains', 'gold', 'from', 'it', ',', 'an', 'act', 'called', '``', 'last', 'hitting', \"''\", ',', 'but', 'all', 'allies', 'receive', 'a', 'share', 'of', 'gold', 'when', 'an', 'enemy', 'hero', 'dies', 'close', 'to', 'them', '.', 'players', 'are', 'also', 'able', 'to', '``', 'deny', \"''\", 'allied', 'units', 'and', 'structures', 'by', 'last', 'hitting', 'them', ',', 'which', 'then', 'prevents', 'their', 'opponents', 'from', 'getting', 'full', 'experience', 'from', 'them', '.', 'gold', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'shared', 'between', 'teammates', ',', 'with', 'each', 'player', 'having', 'their', 'own', 'independent', 'stash', '.', 'players', 'also', 'receive', 'a', 'continuous', ',', 'but', 'small', 'stream', 'of', 'gold', 'over', 'the', 'course', 'of', 'a', 'match', '.', 'multiple', 'game', 'types', 'in', 'the', 'game', 'exist', ',', 'which', 'mainly', 'alter', 'the', 'way', 'hero', 'selection', 'is', 'handled', ';', 'examples', 'include', '``', 'all', 'pick', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'offer', 'no', 'restrictions', 'on', 'hero', 'selection', ',', '``', 'all', 'random', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'randomly', 'assigns', 'a', 'hero', 'for', 'each', 'player', ',', '``', 'captain', \"'s\", 'mode', \"''\", ',', 'where', 'a', 'single', 'player', 'on', 'each', 'team', 'selects', 'heroes', 'for', 'their', 'entire', 'team', 'and', 'is', 'primarily', 'used', 'for', 'professional', 'play', ',', 'and', '``', 'turbo', \"''\", ',', 'an', 'expedited', 'version', 'of', 'all', 'pick', 'featuring', 'increased', 'gold', 'and', 'experience', 'gain', ',', 'weaker', 'towers', ',', 'and', 'faster', 'respawn', 'times', '.', 'matches', 'usually', 'last', 'around', '30', 'minutes', 'or', 'more', ',', 'although', 'they', 'can', 'theoretically', 'last', 'forever', 'as', 'long', 'as', 'both', 'ancients', 'remain', 'standing', '.', 'in', 'captain', \"'s\", 'mode', 'games', ',', 'an', 'additional', '``', 'gg', \"''\", 'forfeit', 'feature', 'is', 'available', 'to', 'end', 'games', 'early', '.', 'dota', '2', 'also', 'occasionally', 'features', 'limited-time', 'events', 'that', 'present', 'players', 'with', 'alternative', 'game', 'modes', 'that', 'do', 'not', 'follow', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'standard', 'rules', '.', 'some', 'of', 'these', 'included', 'the', 'halloween-themed', 'diretide', 'event', ',', 'the', 'christmas-themed', 'frostivus', 'event', ',', 'and', 'the', 'new', 'bloom', 'festival', ',', 'which', 'celebrated', 'the', 'coming', 'of', 'spring', '.', 'other', 'special', 'game', 'modes', 'have', 'also', 'been', 'created', 'by', 'valve', ',', 'including', 'the', 'halloween-themed', 'capture', 'point', 'mode', '``', 'colosseum', \"''\", ',', 'the', 'combat', 'arena', 'mode', '``', 'overthrow', \"''\", ',', 'a', 'ten-versus-ten', 'mode', ',', '``', 'siltbreaker', \"''\", ',', 'a', 'story-driven', 'cooperative', 'campaign', 'mode', 'and', '``', 'the', 'underhollow', \"''\", ',', 'a', 'battle', 'royale', 'mode', '.', 'the', 'move', 'to', 'the', 'source', '2', 'engine', 'in', '2015', 'also', 'added', 'the', '``', 'arcade', \"''\", 'feature', ',', 'which', 'allows', 'for', 'community-created', 'game', 'modes', ',', 'with', 'the', 'more', 'popular', 'ones', 'having', 'dedicated', 'server', 'hosting', 'by', 'valve', '.', 'one', 'popular', 'example', ',', 'known', 'as', 'dota', 'auto', 'chess', 'had', 'over', 'seven', 'million', 'in-game', 'subscribers', 'by', 'april', '2019', '.', 'due', 'to', 'its', 'popularity', ',', 'valve', 'met', 'with', 'the', 'mod', \"'s\", 'developers', ',', 'the', 'chinese-based', 'drodo', 'studio', ',', 'to', 'discuss', 'collaborating', 'directly', 'on', 'a', 'standalone', 'game', 'in', 'february', '2019', '.', 'unable', 'to', 'agree', 'to', 'do', 'so', 'due', 'to', 'undisclosed', 'reasons', ',', 'valve', 'and', 'drodo', 'agreed', 'to', 'each', 'build', 'separate', 'versions', 'of', 'the', 'game', '.', 'drodo', 'announced', 'a', 'standalone', 'mobile', 'version', 'without', 'dota', '2', 'assets', 'in', 'march', '2019', ',', 'while', 'valve', 'announced', 'their', 'own', 'version', 'two', 'months', 'later', '.', 'the', 'dota', 'series', 'began', 'in', '2003', 'with', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', '(', 'dota', ')', '—a', 'mod', 'for', 'blizzard', 'entertainment', \"'s\", 'warcraft', 'iii', ':', 'reign', 'of', 'chaos—created', 'by', 'the', 'pseudonymous', 'designer', '``', 'eul', \"''\", '.', 'an', 'expansion', 'pack', 'for', 'warcraft', 'iii', 'titled', 'the', 'frozen', 'throne', 'was', 'released', 'later', 'that', 'year', ';', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'clone', 'mods', 'for', 'the', 'new', 'game', 'competed', 'for', 'popularity', '.', 'dota', ':', 'allstars', 'by', 'steve', 'feak', 'was', 'the', 'most', 'successful', ',', 'and', 'feak', ',', 'with', 'his', 'friend', 'steve', 'mescon', ',', 'created', 'the', 'official', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'community', 'website', 'and', 'the', 'holding', 'company', 'dota-allstars', ',', 'llc', '.', 'when', 'feak', 'retired', 'from', 'dota', ':', 'allstars', 'in', '2005', ',', 'a', 'friend', ',', 'under', 'the', 'pseudonym', '``', 'icefrog', \"''\", ',', 'became', 'its', 'lead', 'designer', '.', 'by', 'the', 'late', '2000s', ',', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'became', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'popular', 'mods', 'in', 'the', 'world', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'a', 'prominent', 'esports', 'title', '.', 'icefrog', 'and', 'mescon', 'later', 'had', 'a', 'falling', 'out', 'in', 'may', '2009', ',', 'which', 'prompted', 'the', 'former', 'to', 'establish', 'a', 'new', 'community', 'website', 'at', 'playdota.com', '.', 'valve', \"'s\", 'interest', 'in', 'the', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'property', 'began', 'when', 'several', 'veteran', 'employees', ',', 'including', 'team', 'fortress', '2', 'designer', 'robin', 'walker', 'and', 'executive', 'erik', 'johnson', ',', 'became', 'fans', 'of', 'the', 'mod', 'and', 'wanted', 'to', 'build', 'a', 'modern', 'sequel', '.', 'the', 'company', 'corresponded', 'with', 'icefrog', 'by', 'email', 'about', 'his', 'long-term', 'plans', 'for', 'the', 'project', ',', 'and', 'he', 'was', 'subsequently', 'hired', 'to', 'direct', 'a', 'sequel', '.', 'icefrog', 'first', 'announced', 'his', 'new', 'position', 'through', 'his', 'blog', 'in', 'october', '2009', ',', 'with', 'dota', '2', 'being', 'officially', 'announced', 'a', 'year', 'later', '.', 'valve', 'adopted', 'the', 'word', '``', 'dota', \"''\", ',', 'derived', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'mod', \"'s\", 'acronym', ',', 'as', 'the', 'name', 'for', 'its', 'newly', 'acquired', 'franchise', '.', 'johnson', 'argued', 'that', 'the', 'word', 'referred', 'to', 'a', 'concept', ',', 'and', 'was', 'not', 'an', 'acronym', '.', 'shortly', 'after', 'the', 'announcement', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'valve', 'filed', 'a', 'trademark', 'claim', 'to', 'the', 'dota', 'name', '.', 'at', 'gamescom', '2011', ',', 'company', 'president', 'gabe', 'newell', 'explained', 'that', 'the', 'trademark', 'was', 'needed', 'to', 'develop', 'a', 'sequel', 'with', 'the', 'already-identifiable', 'brand', '.', 'holding', 'the', 'dota', 'name', 'to', 'be', 'a', 'community', 'asset', ',', 'feak', 'and', 'mescon', 'filed', 'an', 'opposing', 'trademark', 'for', '``', 'dota', \"''\", 'on', 'behalf', 'of', 'dota-allstars', ',', 'llc', '(', 'then', 'a', 'subsidiary', 'of', 'riot', 'games', ')', 'in', 'august', '2010', '.', 'rob', 'pardo', 'the', 'executive', 'vice', 'president', 'of', 'blizzard', 'entertainment', 'at', 'the', 'time', ',', 'similarly', 'stated', 'that', 'the', 'dota', 'name', 'belonged', 'to', 'the', 'mod', \"'s\", 'community', '.', 'blizzard', 'acquired', 'dota-allstars', ',', 'llc', 'from', 'riot', 'games', 'and', 'filed', 'an', 'opposition', 'against', 'valve', 'in', 'november', '2011', ',', 'citing', 'blizzard', \"'s\", 'ownership', 'of', 'both', 'the', 'warcraft', 'iii', 'world', 'editor', 'and', 'dota-allstars', ',', 'llc', 'as', 'proper', 'claims', 'to', 'the', 'franchise', '.', 'the', 'dispute', 'was', 'settled', 'in', 'may', '2012', ',', 'with', 'valve', 'retaining', 'commercial', 'franchising', 'rights', 'to', 'the', '``', 'dota', \"''\", 'intellectual', 'property', ',', 'while', 'allowing', 'non-commercial', 'use', 'of', 'the', 'name', 'by', 'third-parties', '.', 'in', '2017', ',', 'valve', \"'s\", 'ownership', 'of', 'it', 'was', 'again', 'challenged', ',', 'after', 'a', '2004', 'internet', 'forum', 'post', 'from', 'eul', 'was', 'brought', 'to', 'light', 'by', 'a', 'chinese', 'company', 'known', 'as', 'ucool', ',', 'who', 'had', 'released', 'a', 'mobile', 'game', 'in', '2014', 'that', 'used', 'characters', 'from', 'the', 'dota', 'universe', '.', 'ucool', ',', 'who', 'was', 'previously', 'involved', 'in', 'a', 'lawsuit', 'with', 'blizzard', 'in', '2015', 'for', 'similar', 'reasons', ',', 'along', 'with', 'another', 'chinese', 'company', ',', 'lilith', 'games', ',', 'argued', 'that', 'the', 'forum', 'post', 'invalidated', 'any', 'ownership', 'claims', 'of', 'the', 'intellectual', 'property', ',', 'stating', 'that', 'the', 'dota', 'property', 'was', 'an', 'open-source', 'collective', 'work', 'that', 'could', 'not', 'be', 'copyrighted', 'by', 'anyone', 'in', 'particular', '.', 'judge', 'charles', 'r.', 'breyer', 'denied', 'ucool', \"'s\", 'motion', 'for', 'summary', 'dismissal', 'but', 'allowed', 'the', 'case', 'to', 'be', 'moved', 'forward', 'to', 'a', 'jury', '.', 'an', 'early', 'goal', 'of', 'the', 'dota', '2', 'team', 'was', 'the', 'adaptation', 'of', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', \"'s\", 'aesthetic', 'style', 'for', 'the', 'source', 'engine', '.', 'the', 'radiant', 'and', 'dire', 'factions', 'replaced', 'the', 'sentinel', 'and', 'scourge', 'from', 'the', 'mod', ',', 'respectively', '.', 'character', 'names', ',', 'abilities', ',', 'items', 'and', 'map', 'design', 'from', 'the', 'mod', 'were', 'largely', 'retained', ',', 'with', 'some', 'changes', 'due', 'to', 'trademarks', 'owned', 'by', 'blizzard', '.', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'q', '&', 'amp', ';', 'a', 'session', 'regarding', 'dota', '2', 'icefrog', 'explained', 'that', 'the', 'game', 'would', 'build', 'upon', 'the', 'mod', 'without', 'making', 'significant', 'changes', 'to', 'its', 'core', '.', 'valve', 'contracted', 'major', 'contributors', 'from', 'the', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'community', ',', 'including', 'eul', 'and', 'artist', 'kendrick', 'lim', ',', 'to', 'assist', 'with', 'the', 'sequel', '.', 'additional', 'contributions', 'from', 'sources', 'outside', 'of', 'valve', 'were', 'also', 'sought', 'regularly', 'for', 'dota', '2', 'as', 'to', 'continue', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', \"'s\", 'tradition', 'of', 'community-sourced', 'development', '.', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'composers', 'of', 'warcraft', 'iii', ':', 'reign', 'of', 'chaos', 'jason', 'hayes', ',', 'was', 'hired', 'to', 'collaborate', 'with', 'tim', 'larkin', 'to', 'write', 'the', 'original', 'score', 'for', 'the', 'game', ',', 'which', 'was', 'conducted', 'by', 'timothy', 'williams', 'and', 'performed', 'and', 'recorded', 'by', 'the', 'northwest', 'sinfonia', 'at', 'bastyr', 'university', '.', 'valve', 'had', 'half-life', 'series', 'writer', 'marc', 'laidlaw', 'science', 'fiction', 'author', 'ted', 'kosmatka', 'and', 'steam', 'support', 'employee', 'kris', 'katz', 'write', 'new', 'dialog', 'and', 'background', 'lore', 'for', 'the', 'heroes', '.', 'notable', 'voice', 'actors', 'for', 'heroes', 'include', 'nolan', 'north', 'dave', 'fennoy', 'jon', 'st.', 'john', 'ellen', 'mclain', 'fred', 'tatasciore', 'merle', 'dandridge', 'jen', 'taylor', 'and', 'john', 'patrick', 'lowrie', '.', 'the', 'source', 'engine', 'itself', 'was', 'updated', 'with', 'new', 'features', 'to', 'accommodate', 'dota', '2', 'such', 'as', 'high-end', 'cloth', 'modeling', 'and', 'improved', 'global', 'lighting', '.', 'the', 'game', 'features', 'steam', 'integration', ',', 'which', 'provides', 'its', 'social', 'component', 'and', 'cloud', 'storage', 'for', 'personal', 'settings', '.', 'in', 'november', '2013', ',', 'valve', 'introduced', 'a', 'coaching', 'system', 'that', 'allows', 'experienced', 'players', 'to', 'tutor', 'newer', 'players', 'with', 'in-game', 'tools', '.', 'as', 'with', 'previous', 'valve', 'multiplayer', 'games', ',', 'players', 'are', 'able', 'to', 'spectate', 'live', 'matches', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'played', 'by', 'others', ',', 'and', 'local', 'area', 'network', '(', 'lan', ')', 'multiplayer', 'support', 'allows', 'for', 'local', 'competitions', '.', 'some', 'of', 'these', 'events', 'may', 'be', 'spectated', 'via', 'the', 'purchase', 'of', 'tickets', 'from', 'the', '``', 'dota', 'store', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'give', 'players', 'in-game', 'access', 'to', 'matches', '.', 'ticket', 'fees', 'are', 'apportioned', 'in', 'part', 'to', 'tournament', 'organizers', '.', 'the', 'game', 'also', 'features', 'an', 'in-game', 'fantasy', 'sports', 'system', ',', 'which', 'is', 'modeled', 'after', 'traditional', 'fantasy', 'sports', 'and', 'feature', 'professional', 'dota', '2', 'players', 'and', 'teams', '.', 'players', 'are', 'also', 'able', 'to', 'spectate', 'games', 'in', 'virtual', 'reality', '(', 'vr', ')', 'with', 'up', 'to', '15', 'others', ',', 'which', 'was', 'added', 'in', 'an', 'update', 'in', 'july', '2016', '.', 'the', 'update', 'also', 'added', 'a', 'hero', 'showcase', 'mode', ',', 'which', 'allows', 'players', 'to', 'see', 'all', 'of', 'the', 'heroes', 'and', 'their', 'cosmetics', 'full-size', 'in', 'virtual', 'reality', '.', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'a', 'plan', 'to', 'develop', 'dota', '2', 'into', 'a', 'social', 'network', 'newell', 'announced', 'in', 'april', '2012', 'that', 'the', 'game', 'would', 'be', 'free-to-play', 'and', 'that', 'community', 'contributions', 'would', 'be', 'a', 'cornerstone', 'feature', '.', 'instead', ',', 'revenue', 'is', 'generated', 'through', 'the', '``', 'dota', 'store', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'offers', 'for-purchase', 'cosmetic', 'virtual', 'goods', 'such', 'as', 'custom', 'armor', 'and', 'weapons', 'for', 'their', 'heroes', '.', 'it', 'was', 'also', 'announced', 'that', 'the', 'full', 'roster', 'of', 'heroes', 'would', 'be', 'available', 'at', 'launch', 'for', 'free', '.', 'until', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'official', 'release', 'in', '2013', ',', 'players', 'were', 'able', 'to', 'purchase', 'an', 'early', 'access', 'bundle', ',', 'which', 'included', 'a', 'digital', 'copy', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'and', 'several', 'cosmetic', 'items', '.', 'included', 'as', 'optional', 'downloadable', 'content', '(', 'dlc', ')', ',', 'the', 'dota', '2', 'workshop', 'tools', 'are', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'source', '2', 'software', 'development', 'kit', '(', 'sdk', ')', 'tools', 'that', 'allow', 'content', 'creators', 'to', 'create', 'new', 'cosmetics', 'for', 'the', 'heroes', 'themselves', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'custom', 'game', 'modes', ',', 'maps', ',', 'and', 'bot', 'scripts', '.', 'highly', 'rated', 'cosmetics', ',', 'through', 'the', 'steam', 'workshop', 'are', 'available', 'in', 'the', 'in-game', 'store', 'if', 'they', 'are', 'accepted', 'by', 'valve', '.', 'this', 'model', 'was', 'fashioned', 'after', 'valve', \"'s\", 'team', 'fortress', '2', 'which', 'had', 'earned', 'workshop', 'designers', 'of', 'cosmetic', 'items', 'of', 'that', 'game', 'over', '$', '3.5', 'million', 'by', 'june', '2011', '.', 'newell', 'revealed', 'that', 'the', 'average', 'steam', 'workshop', 'contributor', 'for', 'dota', '2', 'and', 'team', 'fortess', '2', 'made', 'approximately', '$', '15,000', 'from', 'their', 'creations', 'in', '2013', '.', 'by', '2015', ',', 'sales', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'virtual', 'goods', 'had', 'earned', 'valve', 'over', '$', '238', 'million', 'in', 'revenue', ',', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'digital', 'game', 'market', 'research', 'group', 'superdata', '.', 'in', '2016', ',', 'valve', 'introduced', 'the', '``', 'custom', 'game', 'pass', \"''\", 'option', 'for', 'creators', 'of', 'custom', 'game', 'modes', ',', 'which', 'allows', 'them', 'to', 'be', 'funded', 'by', 'way', 'of', 'microtransactions', 'by', 'adding', 'exclusive', 'features', ',', 'content', ',', 'and', 'other', 'changes', 'to', 'their', 'game', 'mode', 'for', 'players', 'who', 'buy', 'it', '.', 'dota', '2', 'includes', 'a', 'seasonal', 'elo', 'rating-based', 'matchmaking', 'system', ',', 'which', 'is', 'measured', 'by', 'a', 'numerical', 'value', 'known', 'as', '``', 'matchmaking', 'rating', \"''\", '(', 'mmr', ')', 'and', 'separated', 'into', 'different', 'tiers', '.', 'mmr', 'is', 'updated', 'based', 'on', 'if', 'a', 'player', 'won', 'or', 'lost', ',', 'which', 'will', 'then', 'increase', 'or', 'decrease', 'respectively', '.', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'servers', ',', 'known', 'as', 'the', '``', 'game', 'coordinator', \"''\", ',', 'attempts', 'to', 'balance', 'both', 'teams', 'based', 'on', 'each', 'player', \"'s\", 'mmr', ',', 'with', 'each', 'team', 'having', 'roughly', 'a', '50', '%', 'chance', 'to', 'win', 'in', 'any', 'given', 'game', '.', 'ranked', 'game', 'modes', 'with', 'a', 'separately', 'tracked', 'mmr', 'are', 'also', 'available', ',', 'which', 'primarily', 'differ', 'from', 'unranked', 'games', 'by', 'making', 'mmr', 'publicly', 'visible', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'requiring', 'the', 'registration', 'of', 'a', 'phone', 'number', 'to', 'their', 'accounts', ',', 'which', 'help', 'foster', 'a', 'more', 'competitive', 'environment', '.', 'to', 'ensure', 'that', 'each', 'player', \"'s\", 'ranking', 'is', 'up', 'to', 'date', 'and', 'accurate', ',', 'mmr', 'is', 'recalibrated', 'around', 'every', 'six', 'months', '.', 'players', 'with', 'the', 'highest', 'possible', 'medal', 'rank', 'are', 'listed', 'by', 'valve', 'on', 'an', 'online', 'leaderboard', 'separated', 'into', 'north', 'american', ',', 'european', ',', 'southeast', 'asian', ',', 'and', 'chinese', 'regions', '.', 'the', 'game', 'also', 'includes', 'a', 'report', 'system', ',', 'which', 'allows', 'players', 'to', 'punish', 'player', 'behavior', 'that', 'intentionally', 'provides', 'a', 'negative', 'experience', '.', 'players', 'who', 'get', 'reported', 'enough', 'or', 'leave', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'games', 'before', 'they', 'have', 'finished', ',', 'a', 'practice', 'known', 'in-game', 'as', '``', 'abandoning', \"''\", ',', 'are', 'then', 'placed', 'into', '``', 'low', 'priority', \"''\", 'matchmaking', ',', 'which', 'remains', 'on', 'a', 'player', \"'s\", 'account', 'until', 'they', 'win', 'a', 'specific', 'number', 'of', 'games', ',', 'and', 'only', 'groups', 'them', 'with', 'other', 'players', 'who', 'also', 'have', 'the', 'same', 'punishment', '.', 'other', 'features', 'include', 'an', 'improved', 'replay', 'system', 'from', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'in', 'which', 'a', 'completed', 'game', 'can', 'be', 'downloaded', 'in-client', 'and', 'viewed', 'by', 'anyone', 'at', 'a', 'later', 'time', ',', 'and', 'the', '``', 'hero', 'builds', \"''\", 'feature', ',', 'which', 'provide', 'integrated', 'guides', 'created', 'by', 'the', 'community', 'that', 'highlight', 'to', 'the', 'player', 'on', 'how', 'to', 'play', 'their', 'hero', '.', 'in', 'june', '2015', ',', 'valve', 'announced', 'that', 'the', 'entirety', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'would', 'be', 'ported', 'over', 'to', 'their', 'source', '2', 'game', 'engine', 'in', 'an', 'update', 'called', 'dota', '2', 'reborn', '.', 'reborn', 'was', 'first', 'released', 'as', 'an', 'opt-in', 'beta', 'update', 'that', 'same', 'month', ',', 'and', 'officially', 'replaced', 'the', 'original', 'client', 'in', 'september', '2015', ',', 'making', 'it', 'the', 'first', 'game', 'to', 'use', 'the', 'engine', '.', 'reborn', 'included', 'a', 'new', 'user', 'interface', 'framework', 'design', ',', 'ability', 'for', 'custom', 'game', 'modes', 'created', 'by', 'the', 'community', ',', 'and', 'the', 'full', 'replacement', 'of', 'the', 'original', 'source', 'engine', 'with', 'source', '2', '.', 'largely', 'attributed', 'to', 'technical', 'difficulties', 'players', 'experienced', 'with', 'the', 'update', ',', 'the', 'global', 'player', 'base', 'experienced', 'a', 'sharp', 'drop', 'of', 'approximately', 'sixteen', 'percent', 'the', 'month', 'following', 'the', 'release', 'of', 'it', '.', 'however', ',', 'after', 'various', 'updates', 'and', 'patches', 'over', 'a', 'million', 'concurrent', 'players', 'were', 'playing', 'again', 'by', 'the', 'beginning', 'of', '2016', ',', 'with', 'that', 'number', 'being', 'the', 'largest', 'in', 'nearly', 'a', 'year', '.', 'the', 'move', 'to', 'source', '2', 'also', 'allowed', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'the', 'vulkan', 'graphics', 'api', 'which', 'was', 'released', 'as', 'an', 'optional', 'feature', 'in', 'may', '2016', ',', 'making', 'dota', '2', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'games', 'to', 'offer', 'it', '.', 'dota', '2', 'was', 'first', 'made', 'available', 'to', 'the', 'public', 'at', 'gamescom', 'in', '2011', ',', 'coinciding', 'with', 'the', 'inaugural', 'international', 'championship', ',', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'premier', 'esport', 'tournament', 'event', '.', 'at', 'the', 'event', ',', 'valve', 'began', 'sending', 'out', 'closed', 'beta', 'invitations', 'to', 'dota', 'players', 'and', 'attendees', 'for', 'the', 'microsoft', 'windows', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'game', '.', 'although', 'the', 'game', 'was', 'originally', 'meant', 'to', 'publicly', 'release', 'in', '2012', ',', 'valve', 'later', 'scrapped', 'that', 'plan', 'as', 'it', 'would', 'have', 'kept', 'the', 'game', 'in', 'its', 'closed', 'beta', 'state', 'for', 'over', 'a', 'year', '.', 'due', 'to', 'that', ',', 'valve', 'lifted', 'the', 'non-disclosure', 'agreement', 'and', 'transitioned', 'the', 'game', 'into', 'open', 'beta', 'in', 'september', '2011', ',', 'allowing', 'players', 'to', 'discuss', 'the', 'game', 'and', 'their', 'experiences', 'publicly', '.', 'following', 'nearly', 'two', 'years', 'of', 'beta', 'testing', ',', 'dota', '2', 'was', 'officially', 'released', 'on', 'steam', 'for', 'windows', 'on', 'july', '9', ',', '2013', ',', 'and', 'for', 'os', 'x', 'and', 'linux', 'on', 'july', '18', ',', '2013', '.', 'the', 'game', 'did', 'not', 'launch', 'with', 'every', 'hero', 'from', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', '.', 'instead', ',', 'the', 'missing', 'ones', 'were', 'added', 'in', 'various', 'post-release', 'updates', ',', 'with', 'the', 'final', 'one', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'the', 'first', 'dota', '2', 'original', 'hero', ',', 'being', 'added', 'in', '2016', '.', 'two', 'months', 'following', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'release', ',', 'newell', 'claimed', 'that', 'updates', 'to', 'dota', '2', 'generated', 'up', 'to', 'three', 'percent', 'of', 'global', 'internet', 'traffic', '.', 'in', 'december', '2013', ',', 'the', 'final', 'restrictions', 'against', 'unlimited', 'global', 'access', 'to', 'dota', '2', 'were', 'lifted', 'after', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'infrastructure', 'and', 'servers', 'were', 'substantially', 'bolstered', '.', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'abide', 'by', 'the', 'standards', 'set', 'by', 'the', 'economic', 'legislation', 'of', 'specific', 'countries', ',', 'valve', 'opted', 'to', 'contract', 'with', 'nationally', 'based', 'developers', 'for', 'publishing', '.', 'in', 'october', '2012', ',', 'chinese', 'game', 'publisher', 'perfect', 'world', 'announced', 'they', 'had', 'received', 'distribution', 'rights', 'for', 'the', 'game', 'in', 'the', 'country', '.', 'the', 'chinese', 'client', 'also', 'has', 'a', 'region-specific', '``', 'low', 'violence', \"''\", 'mode', ',', 'which', 'censors', 'and', 'changes', 'most', 'depictions', 'of', 'blood', ',', 'gore', ',', 'and', 'skulls', 'in', 'order', 'for', 'the', 'game', 'to', 'follow', 'censorship', 'policies', 'of', 'the', 'country', '.', 'in', 'november', '2012', ',', 'a', 'similar', 'publishing', 'deal', 'was', 'made', 'with', 'the', 'south', 'korea-based', 'game', 'company', 'nexon', 'to', 'distribute', 'and', 'market', 'the', 'game', 'in', 'the', 'country', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'in', 'japan', '.', 'three', 'years', 'later', ',', 'nexon', 'announced', 'they', 'would', 'no', 'longer', 'be', 'operating', 'servers', 'for', 'dota', '2', 'with', 'valve', 'taking', 'over', 'direct', 'distribution', 'and', 'marketing', 'of', 'the', 'game', 'in', 'those', 'regions', '.', 'in', 'december', '2016', ',', 'dota', '2', 'was', 'updated', 'to', 'gameplay', 'version', '7.00', ',', 'also', 'known', 'as', '``', 'the', 'new', 'journey', \"''\", 'update', '.', 'prior', 'to', 'the', 'update', ',', 'the', 'dota', 'series', 'had', 'been', 'in', 'version', '6.xx', 'for', 'over', 'a', 'decade', ',', 'marking', 'the', 'first', 'major', 'revision', 'since', 'icefrog', 'originally', 'took', 'over', 'development', 'of', 'the', 'original', 'mod', 'in', 'the', 'mid', '2000s', '.', 'the', 'new', 'journey', 'update', 'added', 'and', 'changed', 'numerous', 'features', 'and', 'mechanics', 'of', 'the', 'game', ',', 'including', 'adding', 'the', 'first', 'original', 'hero', 'not', 'ported', 'over', 'from', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'a', 'reworked', 'map', ',', 'a', 'redesigned', 'hud', 'a', 'pre-game', 'phase', 'that', 'allows', 'for', 'players', 'to', 'discuss', 'their', 'team', 'strategy', ',', 'and', 'a', '``', 'talent', 'tree', \"''\", 'hero', 'augmentation', 'system', '.', 'in', 'april', '2017', ',', 'valve', 'announced', 'changes', 'to', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'ranked', 'matchmaking', 'system', ',', 'with', 'the', 'main', 'one', 'requiring', 'the', 'registration', 'of', 'a', 'unique', 'phone', 'number', 'to', 'a', 'player', \"'s\", 'account', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'play', 'them', ',', 'an', 'anti-griefing', 'and', 'smurfing', 'practice', 'they', 'had', 'previously', 'implemented', 'in', 'their', 'first-person', 'shooter', 'game', ',', 'counter-strike', ':', 'global', 'offensive', '.', 'further', 'changes', 'to', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'matchmaking', 'were', 'brought', 'in', 'an', 'update', 'in', 'november', '2017', ',', 'where', 'the', 'old', 'numerical', 'mmr', 'system', 'was', 'replaced', 'by', 'a', 'seasonal', 'one', 'based', 'on', 'eight', 'ranked', '``', 'medals', \"''\", 'that', 'are', 'recalibrated', 'around', 'every', 'six', 'months', ',', 'a', 'move', 'that', 'brought', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'ranked', 'system', 'closer', 'to', 'ones', 'used', 'in', 'other', 'competitive', 'games', 'such', 'as', 'global', 'offensive', 'starcraft', 'and', 'league', 'of', 'legends', '.', 'in', 'early', '2018', ',', 'icefrog', 'announced', 'that', 'he', 'and', 'valve', 'would', 'begin', 'on', 'a', 'different', 'way', 'to', 'handle', 'gameplay', 'balance', 'updates', 'for', 'the', 'game', '.', 'instead', 'of', 'releasing', 'larger', 'updates', 'irregularly', 'throughout', 'the', 'year', ',', 'smaller', 'ones', 'would', 'be', 'released', 'on', 'a', 'set', 'schedule', 'of', 'every', 'two', 'weeks', '.', 'around', 'the', 'same', 'time', ',', 'the', 'game', 'also', 'introduced', 'the', '``', 'dota', 'plus', \"''\", 'monthly', 'subscription', 'system', 'that', 'replaced', 'the', 'seasonal', 'battle', 'passes', 'that', 'were', 'released', 'to', 'coincide', 'with', 'a', 'major', 'tournament', '.', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'offering', 'everything', 'battle', 'passes', 'previously', 'did', ',', 'dota', 'plus', 'added', 'new', 'features', 'such', 'as', 'a', 'hero-specific', 'achievement', 'system', 'that', 'reward', 'players', 'who', 'complete', 'them', 'with', 'exclusive', 'cosmetics', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'providing', 'hero', 'and', 'game', 'analytics', 'and', 'statistics', 'gathered', 'from', 'thousands', 'of', 'recent', 'games', '.', 'to', 'ensure', 'that', 'enough', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'players', 'would', 'take', 'up', 'dota', '2', 'and', 'to', 'promote', 'the', 'game', 'to', 'a', 'new', 'audience', ',', 'valve', 'invited', 'sixteen', 'accomplished', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'esports', 'teams', 'to', 'compete', 'at', 'a', 'dota', '2-specific', 'tournament', 'at', 'gamescom', 'in', 'august', '2011', ',', 'which', 'later', 'became', 'an', 'annually', 'held', 'event', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'international', '.', 'from', 'the', 'international', '2013', 'onward', ',', 'its', 'prize', 'pool', 'was', 'allowed', 'to', 'be', 'crowdfunded', 'through', 'a', 'type', 'of', 'optional', 'in-game', 'battle', 'pass', 'called', 'the', '``', 'compendium', \"''\", ',', 'which', 'raises', 'money', 'from', 'players', 'buying', 'them', 'and', 'connected', 'lootboxes', 'to', 'get', 'exclusive', 'in-game', 'cosmetics', 'and', 'other', 'bonuses', 'offered', 'through', 'them', '.', '25', '%', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'revenue', 'made', 'from', 'compendiums', 'go', 'directly', 'to', 'the', 'prize', 'pool', ',', 'with', 'sales', 'from', 'the', '2013', 'battle', 'pass', 'raising', 'over', 'us', '$', '2.8', 'million', ',', 'which', 'made', 'it', 'the', 'largest', 'prize', 'pool', 'in', 'esports', 'history', 'at', 'the', 'time', '.', 'each', 'iteration', 'of', 'the', 'international', 'since', 'then', 'has', 'surpassed', 'the', 'previous', 'one', \"'s\", 'prize', 'pool', ',', 'with', 'the', 'most', 'recent', 'one', ',', 'the', 'international', '2018', 'having', 'one', 'at', 'over', '$', '25', 'million', '.', 'during', 'its', 'beta', 'phase', 'in', 'the', 'early', '2010s', ',', 'several', 'other', 'esport', 'events', 'would', 'begin', 'hosting', 'dota', '2', 'events', ',', 'including', 'the', 'electronic', 'sports', 'world', 'cup', 'dreamhack', 'world', 'cyber', 'games', 'and', 'esl', '.', 'by', 'the', 'end', 'of', '2011', ',', 'dota', '2', 'was', 'already', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'highest-paying', 'esport', 'games', ',', 'second', 'only', 'to', 'starcraft', 'ii', '.', 'at', 'e3', '2013', 'south', 'korean', 'company', 'nexon', 'announced', 'the', 'investment', 'of', '₩2', 'billion', '(', 'approximately', 'us', '$', '1.7', 'million', ')', 'into', 'local', 'leagues', 'in', 'the', 'country', ',', 'which', 'coincided', 'with', 'their', 'distribution', 'partnership', 'with', 'valve', 'for', 'the', 'game', '.', 'in', 'february', '2015', ',', 'valve', 'sponsored', 'dota', '2', 'asia', 'championships', 'was', 'held', 'in', 'shanghai', 'with', 'a', 'prize', 'pool', 'of', 'over', '$', '3', 'million', ',', 'raised', 'through', 'compendium', 'sales', '.', 'since', 'then', ',', 'other', 'dota', '2', 'asia', 'championships', 'have', 'taken', 'place', ',', 'with', 'it', 'being', 'sometimes', 'being', 'referred', 'to', 'as', 'the', '``', 'chinese', 'international', \"''\", '.', 'in', 'total', ',', 'professional', 'dota', '2', 'tournaments', 'had', 'earned', 'teams', 'and', 'players', 'over', '$', '100', 'million', 'by', 'june', '2017', ',', 'with', 'over', 'half', 'of', 'that', 'being', 'awarded', 'at', 'the', 'international', 'tournaments', ',', 'making', 'it', 'the', 'highest', 'earning', 'esport', 'game', 'by', 'a', 'margin', 'of', 'nearly', '$', '60', 'million', '.', 'from', 'late', '2015', 'until', 'early', '2017', ',', 'valve', 'sponsored', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'smaller-scale', ',', 'seasonally', 'held', 'tournaments', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'dota', 'major', 'championships', ',', 'which', 'all', 'had', 'fixed', 'prize', 'pools', 'of', 'us', '$', '3', 'million', '.', 'their', 'format', 'was', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'tournament', 'series', 'of', 'the', 'same', 'name', 'that', 'valve', 'also', 'sponsored', 'for', 'their', 'first-person', 'shooter', 'game', ',', 'counter-strike', ':', 'global', 'offensive', '.', 'including', 'the', 'international', '2016', 'and', '2017', 'which', 'were', 'considered', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'cumulative', 'major', 'of', 'their', 'respective', 'seasons', ',', 'the', 'series', 'had', 'five', 'other', 'events', ',', 'which', 'were', 'the', 'frankfurt', 'major', 'shanghai', 'major', 'manila', 'major', 'boston', 'major', 'and', 'kiev', 'major', '.', 'following', 'the', 'international', '2017', ',', 'the', 'majors', 'were', 'replaced', 'with', 'the', 'dota', 'pro', 'circuit', '(', 'dpc', ')', 'format', 'due', 'to', 'criticism', 'by', 'teams', 'and', 'fans', 'for', 'valve', \"'s\", 'non-transparent', 'and', 'unpredictable', 'nature', 'for', 'handing', 'out', 'international', 'invitations', '.', 'in', 'the', 'dpc', ',', 'teams', 'are', 'awarded', 'qualification', 'points', 'for', 'their', 'performance', 'in', 'sponsored', 'tournaments', ',', 'with', 'the', 'top', 'twelve', 'earning', 'direct', 'invites', 'to', 'that', 'season', \"'s\", 'international', '.', 'to', 'avoid', 'conflicting', 'dates', 'with', 'other', 'tournaments', ',', 'valve', 'directly', 'manages', 'the', 'scheduling', 'of', 'them', '.', 'the', 'primary', 'medium', 'for', 'professional', 'dota', '2', 'coverage', 'is', 'through', 'the', 'video', 'game', 'live', 'streaming', 'platform', ',', 'twitch.tv', '.', 'for', 'most', 'major', 'events', ',', 'tournament', 'coverage', 'is', 'done', 'by', 'a', 'selection', 'of', 'dedicated', 'esports', 'organizations', 'and', 'personnel', 'who', 'provide', 'on-site', 'commentary', 'analysis', ',', 'match', 'predictions', ',', 'and', 'player', 'interviews', 'surrounding', 'the', 'event', 'in', 'progress', ',', 'similar', 'to', 'traditional', 'sporting', 'events', '.', 'live', 'dota', '2', 'games', 'and', 'coverage', 'have', 'also', 'been', 'simulcast', 'on', 'television', 'networks', 'around', 'the', 'world', ',', 'such', 'as', 'espn', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', ',', 'bbc', 'three', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'kingdom', ',', 'sport1', 'in', 'germany', ',', 'tv', '2', 'zulu', 'in', 'denmark', ',', 'xinwen', 'lianbo', 'in', 'china', ',', 'astro', 'in', 'malaysia', ',', 'and', 'tv5', 'in', 'the', 'philippines', '.', 'dota', '2', 'received', '``', 'universal', 'acclaim', \"''\", 'according', 'to', 'review', 'aggregator', 'metacritic', 'and', 'has', 'been', 'listed', 'by', 'multiple', 'publications', 'as', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'greatest', 'video', 'games', 'of', 'all', 'time', '.', 'in', 'a', 'preview', 'of', 'the', 'game', 'in', '2012', ',', 'rich', 'mccormick', 'of', 'pc', 'gamer', 'thought', 'that', 'dota', '2', 'was', '``', 'an', 'unbelievably', 'deep', 'and', 'complex', 'game', 'that', 'offers', 'the', 'purest', 'sequel', 'to', 'the', 'original', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', '.', 'rewarding', 'like', 'few', 'others', ',', 'but', 'tough', \"''\", '.', 'adam', 'biessener', ',', 'the', 'editor', 'who', 'authored', 'the', 'announcement', 'article', 'for', 'dota', '2', 'for', 'game', 'informer', 'in', '2010', ',', 'praised', 'valve', 'for', 'maintaining', 'the', 'same', 'mechanics', 'and', 'game', 'balance', 'that', 'made', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'successful', 'nearly', 'a', 'decade', 'prior', 'and', 'quintin', 'smith', 'of', 'eurogamer', 'described', 'dota', '2', 'as', 'the', '``', 'supreme', 'form', 'of', 'the', 'moba', 'which', 'everyone', 'else', 'working', 'in', 'the', 'genre', 'is', 'trying', 'to', 'capture', 'like', 'lightning', 'in', 'a', 'bottle', \"''\", '.', 'the', 'most', 'frequently', 'praised', 'aspects', 'of', 'the', 'game', 'were', 'its', 'depth', ',', 'delivery', ',', 'and', 'overall', 'balance', '.', 'chris', 'thursten', 'of', 'pc', 'gamer', 'described', 'the', 'gameplay', 'as', 'being', '``', 'deep', 'and', 'rewarding', \"''\", '.', 'martin', 'gaston', 'of', 'gamespot', 'complimented', 'valve', 'for', 'the', 'artistic', 'design', 'and', 'delivery', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'citing', 'the', 'execution', 'of', 'the', 'user', 'interface', 'design', ',', 'voice', 'acting', ',', 'and', 'characterization', 'as', 'exceeding', 'those', 'of', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'competitors', '.', 'phill', 'cameron', 'of', 'ign', 'and', 'james', 'kozanitis', 'of', 'hardcore', 'gamer', 'both', 'praised', 'dota', '2', 'for', 'its', 'free-to-play', 'business', 'model', 'that', 'was', 'not', 'affected', 'by', 'cosmetic', 'items', ',', 'with', 'kozanitis', 'stating', 'that', 'dota', '2', 'was', '``', 'the', 'only', 'game', 'to', 'do', 'free-to-play', 'right', \"''\", '.', 'nick', 'kolan', 'of', 'ign', 'also', 'agreed', ',', 'comparing', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'business', 'model', 'to', 'valve', \"'s\", 'team', 'fortress', '2', 'which', 'uses', 'a', 'nearly', 'identical', 'system', '.', 'post-release', 'additions', 'to', 'the', 'game', 'were', 'also', 'praised', ',', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'addition', 'of', 'virtual', 'reality', '(', 'vr', ')', 'support', 'in', '2016', '.', 'ben', 'kuchera', 'of', 'polygon', 'thought', 'that', 'spectating', 'games', 'in', 'vr', 'was', '``', 'amazing', \"''\", ',', 'comparing', 'it', 'to', 'being', 'able', 'to', 'watch', 'an', 'american', 'football', 'game', 'on', 'television', 'with', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'jump', 'onto', 'the', 'field', 'at', 'any', 'time', 'to', 'see', 'the', 'quarterback', \"'s\", 'point', 'of', 'view', '.', 'chris', 'thursten', 'of', 'pc', 'gamer', 'agreed', ',', 'calling', 'the', 'experience', '``', 'incredible', \"''\", 'and', 'unlike', 'any', 'other', 'esports', 'spectating', 'system', 'that', 'existed', 'prior', 'to', 'it', '.', 'sam', 'machkovech', 'of', 'ars', 'technica', 'also', 'praised', 'the', 'addition', ',', 'believing', 'that', 'the', 'functionality', 'could', '``', 'attract', 'serious', 'attention', 'from', 'gamers', 'and', 'non-gamers', 'alike', \"''\", '.', 'while', 'the', 'majority', 'of', 'reviewers', 'gave', 'dota', '2', 'highly', 'positive', 'reviews', ',', 'a', 'common', 'criticism', 'was', 'that', 'the', 'game', 'maintains', 'a', 'steep', 'learning', 'curve', 'that', 'requires', 'exceptional', 'commitment', 'to', 'overcome', '.', 'while', 'providing', 'a', 'moderately', 'positive', 'review', 'that', 'praised', 'valve', \"'s\", 'product', 'stability', ',', 'fredrik', 'åslund', 'from', 'the', 'swedish', 'division', 'of', 'gamereactor', 'described', 'his', 'first', 'match', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'as', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'humiliating', 'and', 'inhospitable', 'experiences', 'of', 'his', 'gaming', 'career', ',', 'citing', 'the', 'learning', 'curve', 'and', 'players', \"'\", 'attitudes', 'as', 'unwelcoming', '.', 'benjamin', 'danneberg', 'of', 'gamestar', 'alluded', 'to', 'the', 'learning', 'curve', 'as', 'a', '``', 'learning', 'cliff', \"''\", ',', 'calling', 'the', 'newcomer', \"'s\", 'experience', 'to', 'be', 'painful', ',', 'with', 'the', 'tutorial', 'feature', 'new', 'to', 'the', 'dota', 'franchise', 'only', 'being', 'partially', 'successful', '.', 'in', 'a', 'review', 'for', 'the', 'metro', 'newspaper', ',', 'dota', '2', 'was', 'criticized', 'for', 'not', 'compensating', 'for', 'the', 'flaws', 'with', 'the', 'learning', 'curve', 'from', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'ancients', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'the', 'sometimes', 'hostile', 'community', ',', 'which', 'is', 'commonly', 'criticized', 'in', 'multiplayer', 'online', 'battle', 'arena', 'games', '.', 'peter', 'bright', 'of', 'ars', 'technica', 'also', 'directed', 'criticism', 'at', 'the', 'ability', 'for', 'third-party', 'websites', 'to', 'allow', 'skin', 'gambling', 'and', 'betting', 'on', 'match', 'results', ',', 'similar', 'to', 'controversies', 'that', 'also', 'existed', 'with', 'valve', \"'s\", 'counter-strike', ':', 'global', 'offensive', '.', 'using', 'dota', '2', 'as', 'an', 'example', ',', 'bright', 'thought', 'that', 'valve', 'had', 'built', 'gambling', 'elements', 'directly', 'into', 'their', 'games', ',', 'and', 'had', 'issues', 'with', 'the', 'unregulated', 'practice', ',', 'which', 'he', 'said', 'was', 'often', 'used', 'by', 'underage', 'players', 'and', 'regions', 'where', 'gambling', 'is', 'illegal', '.', 'australian', 'senator', 'nick', 'xenophon', 'had', 'similar', 'sentiment', ',', 'stating', 'that', 'he', 'wanted', 'to', 'introduce', 'legislation', 'in', 'his', 'country', 'to', 'minimize', 'underage', 'access', 'to', 'gambling', 'within', 'video', 'games', ',', 'including', 'dota', '2', '.', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'the', 'controversy', ',', 'valve', 'and', 'dota', '2', 'project', 'manager', ',', 'erik', 'johnson', ',', 'stated', 'that', 'they', 'would', 'be', 'taking', 'action', 'against', 'the', 'third-party', 'sites', ',', 'saying', 'that', 'the', 'practice', 'was', 'not', 'allowed', 'by', 'their', 'api', 'or', 'their', 'user', 'agreements', '.', 'comparisons', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'to', 'other', 'moba', 'games', 'are', 'commonplace', ',', 'with', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'mechanics', 'and', 'business', 'model', 'often', 'being', 'directly', 'compared', 'with', 'league', 'of', 'legends', 'and', 'heroes', 'of', 'the', 'storm', '.', 'contrasting', 'it', 'with', 'league', 'of', 'legends', 't.j.', 'hafer', 'of', 'pc', 'gamer', 'called', 'dota', '2', 'the', '``', 'superior', 'experience', \"''\", ',', 'stating', 'that', 'he', 'thought', 'the', 'game', 'was', '``', 'all', 'about', 'counterplay', \"''\", ',', 'with', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'heroes', 'being', 'designed', 'to', 'directly', 'counter', 'another', '.', 'hafer', 'also', 'preferred', 'the', 'way', 'the', 'game', 'handled', 'its', 'hero', 'selection', 'pool', ',', 'with', 'all', 'of', 'them', 'being', 'unlocked', 'right', 'from', 'the', 'start', ',', 'unlike', 'in', 'league', 'of', 'legends', '.', 'comparing', 'dota', '2', 'to', 'heroes', 'of', 'the', 'storm', 'jason', 'parker', 'of', 'cnet', 'said', 'that', 'while', 'heroes', 'of', 'the', 'storm', 'was', 'easier', 'to', 'get', 'into', ',', 'the', 'complexities', 'and', 'depth', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'would', 'be', 'appreciated', 'more', 'by', 'those', 'who', 'put', 'in', 'the', 'time', 'to', 'master', 'it', '.', 'further', 'comparing', 'it', 'to', 'heroes', 'of', 'newerth', 'players', 'from', 'the', 'professional', 'dota', '2', 'team', 'og', 'said', 'that', 'most', 'heroes', 'of', 'newerth', 'players', 'were', 'able', 'to', 'transition', 'over', 'easily', 'to', 'the', 'game', ',', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'strong', 'similarities', 'that', 'both', 'games', 'share', '.', 'following', 'its', 'reveal', 'in', '2011', ',', 'dota', '2', 'won', 'ign', \"'s\", 'people', \"'s\", 'choice', 'award', '.', 'in', 'december', '2012', ',', 'pc', 'gamer', 'listed', 'dota', '2', 'as', 'a', 'nominee', 'for', 'their', 'game', 'of', 'the', 'year', 'award', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'the', 'best', 'esports', 'game', 'of', 'the', 'year', '.', 'in', '2013', ',', 'dota', '2', 'won', 'the', 'esport', 'game', 'of', 'the', 'year', 'award', 'from', 'pc', 'gamer', 'and', 'ongamers', '.', 'gametrailers', 'also', 'awarded', 'the', 'game', 'the', 'award', 'for', 'best', 'pc', 'game', 'of', '2013', ',', 'with', 'ign', 'also', 'awarding', 'it', 'the', 'best', 'pc', 'strategy', '&', 'amp', ';', 'tactics', 'game', ',', 'best', 'pc', 'multiplayer', 'game', ',', 'and', 'people', \"'s\", 'choice', 'award', '.', 'similarly', ',', 'game', 'informer', 'recognized', 'dota', '2', 'for', 'the', 'categories', 'of', 'best', 'pc', 'exclusive', ',', 'best', 'competitive', 'multiplayer', 'and', 'best', 'strategy', 'of', '2013', '.', 'the', 'same', 'year', ',', 'dota', '2', 'was', 'nominated', 'for', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'game', 'of', 'the', 'year', 'awards', 'by', 'destructoid', 'including', 'the', 'award', 'for', 'the', 'best', 'competitive', 'game', '.', 'while', 'the', 'staff', 'selected', 'starcraft', 'ii', ':', 'heart', 'of', 'the', 'swarm', 'dota', '2', 'received', 'the', 'majority', 'of', 'the', 'votes', 'distributed', 'between', 'the', 'nine', 'nominees', '.', 'dota', '2', 'was', 'later', 'nominated', 'for', 'the', 'best', 'multiplayer', 'game', 'at', 'the', '10th', 'british', 'academy', 'games', 'awards', 'in', '2014', ',', 'but', 'lost', 'to', 'grand', 'theft', 'auto', 'v', 'and', 'was', 'nominated', 'for', 'esports', 'game', 'of', 'the', 'year', 'at', 'the', 'game', 'awards', 'at', 'its', '2015', ',', '2016', ',', 'and', '2017', 'events', ',', 'while', 'winning', 'the', 'award', 'for', 'best', 'moba', 'at', 'the', '2015', 'global', 'game', 'awards', '.', 'the', 'game', 'was', 'also', 'nominated', 'for', 'the', 'community', 'created', '``', 'love/hate', 'relationship', \"''\", 'award', 'at', 'the', 'inaugural', 'steam', 'awards', 'in', '2016', '.', 'through', '2017–2018', ',', 'the', 'game', 'was', 'nominated', 'for', 'choice', 'video', 'game', 'at', 'the', '2017', 'teen', 'choice', 'awards', 'for', 'esports', 'game', 'of', 'the', 'year', 'at', 'the', 'golden', 'joystick', 'awards', 'and', 'national', 'academy', 'of', 'video', 'game', 'trade', 'reviewers', 'awards', ',', 'and', 'as', 'ign', \"'s\", 'best', 'spectator', 'game', '.', 'a', 'month', 'prior', 'to', 'its', 'official', 'launch', ',', 'dota', '2', 'was', 'already', 'the', 'most', 'played', 'game', 'on', 'steam', 'with', 'a', 'concurrent', 'player', 'count', 'of', 'nearly', '330,000', ',', 'which', 'outweighed', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'players', 'for', 'the', 'rest', 'of', 'platform', \"'s\", 'top', 'ten', 'most-played', 'games', 'combined', '.', 'it', 'remained', 'as', 'the', 'most', 'played', 'game', 'by', 'concurrent', 'players', 'on', 'the', 'platform', 'for', 'four', 'years', ',', 'having', 'a', 'peak', 'of', 'over', 'one', 'million', 'and', 'never', 'dropping', 'below', 'first', 'place', 'for', 'any', 'extended', 'period', 'of', 'time', 'until', 'being', 'surpassed', 'by', 'playerunknown', \"'s\", 'battlegrounds', 'in', '2017', '.', 'viewership', 'and', 'followings', 'of', 'professional', 'dota', '2', 'leagues', 'and', 'tournaments', 'are', 'also', 'popular', ',', 'with', 'peak', 'viewership', 'numbers', 'of', 'some', 'events', 'reaching', 'upwards', 'in', 'the', 'millions', '.', 'some', 'asian', 'schools', 'and', 'universities', ',', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'asia', 'pacific', 'university', 'of', 'technology', '&', 'amp', ';', 'innovation', 'in', 'malaysia', ',', 'have', 'held', 'courses', 'on', 'dota', '2', 'teaching', 'students', 'the', 'fundamentals', 'and', 'core', 'skills', 'to', 'use', 'during', 'the', 'game', '.', 'dota', '2', 'has', 'also', 'been', 'a', 'part', 'of', 'traditional', 'multi-sport', 'events', 'such', 'as', 'under', 'the', 'esports', 'category', 'of', 'the', '2017', 'asian', 'indoor', 'and', 'martial', 'arts', 'games', '.', 'the', 'popularity', 'of', 'dota', '2', 'led', 'valve', 'to', 'produce', 'apparel', ',', 'accessories', ',', 'figurines', 'and', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'other', 'products', 'featuring', 'the', 'heroes', 'and', 'other', 'elements', 'from', 'the', 'game', '.', 'in', 'addition', ',', 'valve', 'secured', 'licensing', 'contracts', 'with', 'third-party', 'producers', ';', 'the', 'first', 'of', 'these', 'deals', 'concerned', 'a', 'dota', '2', 'themed', 'steelseries', 'mousepad', 'which', 'was', 'announced', 'alongside', 'the', 'game', 'at', 'gamescom', '2011', '.', 'in', 'september', '2012', ',', 'weta', 'workshop', 'the', 'prop', 'studio', 'that', 'creates', 'the', '``', 'aegis', 'of', 'champions', \"''\", 'trophy', 'for', 'winners', 'of', 'the', 'international', ',', 'announced', 'a', 'product', 'line', 'that', 'would', 'include', 'statues', ',', 'weapons', ',', 'and', 'armor', 'based', 'on', 'dota', '2', 'characters', 'and', 'items', '.', 'in', 'february', '2013', ',', 'the', 'national', 'entertainment', 'collectibles', 'association', 'announced', 'a', 'new', 'toy', 'line', 'featuring', 'hero-themed', 'action', 'figures', 'at', 'the', 'american', 'international', 'toy', 'fair', '.', 'at', 'gamescom', '2015', ',', 'an', 'htc', 'vive', 'virtual', 'reality', '(', 'vr', ')', 'tech', 'demo', 'based', 'around', 'the', 'shopkeeper', 'of', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'item', 'shop', 'was', 'showcased', ',', 'allowing', 'participants', 'to', 'interact', 'with', 'various', 'items', 'and', 'objects', 'from', 'the', 'game', 'in', 'vr', '.', 'the', 'demo', ',', 'known', 'as', 'secret', 'shop', 'was', 'later', 'included', 'the', 'following', 'year', 'on', 'the', 'lab', 'valve', \"'s\", 'virtual', 'reality', 'compilation', 'game', '.', 'after', 'the', 'conclusion', 'of', 'the', 'international', '2015', ',', 'valve', 'awarded', 'the', 'collector', \"'s\", 'aegis', 'of', 'champions', ',', 'which', 'was', 'a', '1/5th', 'scale', 'brass', 'replica', 'of', 'the', 'aegis', 'of', 'champions', 'trophy', ',', 'to', 'those', 'with', 'compendiums', 'of', '1,000', 'levels', 'or', 'more', '.', 'valve', 'awarded', 'the', 'collector', \"'s\", 'aegis', 'again', 'the', 'following', 'year', 'for', 'the', 'international', '2016', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'selling', 'a', 'limited', 'edition', 'dota', '2', 'themed', 'htc', 'vive', 'virtual', 'reality', 'headset', 'during', 'the', 'event', '.', 'in', 'july', '2017', ',', 'an', '18-track', 'official', 'soundtrack', 'was', 'released', 'by', 'ipecac', 'recordings', 'including', 'a', 'version', 'on', 'vinyl', '.', 'a', 'digital', 'collectible', 'card', 'game', 'by', 'valve', ',', 'titled', 'artifact', 'was', 'released', 'for', 'pc-platforms', 'in', 'november', '2018', ',', 'and', 'is', 'planned', 'for', 'ios', 'and', 'android', 'devices', 'the', 'following', 'year', '.', 'it', 'was', 'designed', 'by', 'magic', ':', 'the', 'gathering', 'creator', 'richard', 'garfield', 'and', 'is', 'developed', 'alongside', 'dota', '2', 'introducing', 'new', 'heroes', 'and', 'other', 'content', 'for', 'both', 'games', 'in', 'tandem', '.', 'promotional', 'tie-ins', 'to', 'other', 'video', 'games', 'and', 'media', 'have', 'been', 'added', 'to', 'dota', '2', 'since', 'release', ',', 'including', 'custom', 'half-life', '2', 'bastion', 'portal', 'the', 'stanley', 'parable', 'rick', 'and', 'morty', 'fallout', '4', 'deus', 'ex', ':', 'mankind', 'divided', 'and', 'darkest', 'dungeon', 'announcer', 'packs', ',', 'which', 'replace', 'the', 'game', \"'s\", 'default', 'announcer', 'with', 'ones', 'based', 'on', 'those', 'franchises', '.', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'announcer', 'packs', ',', 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'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'htc', 'vive', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'linux', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'lua-scripted', 'video', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'macos', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'multiplayer', 'and', 'single-player', 'video', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'multiplayer', 'online', 'battle', 'arena', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'source', '(', 'game', 'engine', ')', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'source', '2', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'steam', 'workshop', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'valve', 'corporation', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'censored', 'video', 'games', \"'\", ',', 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'*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'windows', 'games', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'cs1', 'spanish-language', 'sources', '(', 'es', ')', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'cs1', ':', 'long', 'volume', 'value', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'cs1', 'chinese-language', 'sources', '(', 'zh', ')', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'cs1', 'german-language', 'sources', '(', 'de', ')', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'articles', 'with', 'short', 'description', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'wikipedia', 'pages', 'under', '30-500', 'editing', 'restriction', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'use', 'mdy', 'dates', 'from', 'april', '2019', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'articles', 'using', 'infobox', 'video', 'game', 'using', 'locally', 'defined', 'parameters', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'articles', 'using', 'wikidata', 'infoboxes', 'with', 'locally', 'defined', 'images', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'articles', 'using', 'video', 'game', 'reviews', 'template', 'in', 'single', 'platform', 'mode', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'commons', 'category', 'link', 'from', 'wikidata', \"'\", ',', '*related', 'wiki', 'topic*', \"'\", ',', '•', 'good', 'articles', 'not', 'logged', 'in', 'talk', 'contributions', 'create', 'account', 'log', 'in', 'article', 'talk', 'read', 'view', 'source', 'view', 'history', 'main', 'page', 'contents', 'featured', 'content', 'current', 'events', 'random', 'article', 'donate', 'to', 'wikipedia', 'wikipedia', 'store', 'help', 'about', 'wikipedia', 'community', 'portal', 'recent', 'changes', 'contact', 'page', 'what', 'links', 'here', 'related', 'changes', 'upload', 'file', 'special', 'pages', 'permanent', 'link', 'page', 'information', 'wikidata', 'item', 'cite', 'this', 'page', 'create', 'a', 'book', 'download', 'as', 'pdf', 'printable', 'version', 'wikimedia', 'commons', 'العربية', 'asturianu', 'azərbaycanca', 'تۆرکجه', 'cebuano', 'čeština', 'dansk', 'deutsch', 'ελληνικά', 'español', 'esperanto', 'فارسی', 'français', '한국어', 'հայերեն', 'bahasa', 'indonesia', 'íslenska', 'italiano', 'עברית', 'jawa', 'қазақша', 'кыргызча', 'latviešu', 'lietuvių', 'magyar', 'македонски', 'bahasa', 'melayu', 'монгол', 'မြန်မာဘာသာ', 'nederlands', '日本語', 'norsk', 'polski', 'português', 'русский', 'scots', 'simple', 'english', 'српски', '/', 'srpski', 'suomi', 'svenska', 'tagalog', 'ไทย', 'türkçe', 'українська', 'tiếng', 'việt', '吴语', '中文', 'this', 'page', 'was', 'last', 'edited', 'on', '23', 'may', '2019', ',', 'at', '12:10', '(', 'utc', ')', '.', 'text', 'is', 'available', 'under', 'the', 'creative', 'commons', 'attribution-sharealike', 'license', ';', 'additional', 'terms', 'may', 'apply', '.', 'by', 'using', 'this', 'site', ',', 'you', 'agree', 'to', 'the', 'terms', 'of', 'use', 'and', 'privacy', 'policy', '.', 'wikipedia®', 'is', 'a', 'registered', 'trademark', 'of', 'the', 'wikimedia', 'foundation', ',', 'inc.', 'a', 'non-profit', 'organization', '.', 'privacy', 'policy', 'about', 'wikipedia', 'disclaimers', 'contact', 'wikipedia', 'developers', 'cookie', 'statement', 'mobile', 'view']\n",
      "Wikipedia page loaded successfully!! Type variablename.HELP() for documentation of functions.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Dota 2 is a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. The game is a sequel to Defense of the Ancients (DotA), which was a community-created mod for Blizzard Entertainment's Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and its expansion pack, The Frozen Throne. Dota 2 is played in matches between two teams of five players, with each team occupying and defending their own separate base on the map. Each of the ten players independently controls a powerful character, known as a \"hero\", who all have unique abilities and differing styles of play. During a match, players collect experience points and items for their heroes to successfully defeat the opposing team's heroes in player versus player combat. A team wins by being the first to destroy a large structure located in the opposing team's base, called the \"Ancient\".\n",
      " \n",
      "\n",
      "Development of Dota 2 began in 2009 when IceFrog lead designer of the original Defense of the Ancients mod, was hired by Valve to create a modernized remake for them in the Source game engine. It was officially released for Microsoft Windows OS X and Linux-based personal computers via the digital distribution platform Steam in July 2013, following a Windows-only open beta phase that began two years prior. As the game is fully free-to-play with no heroes needing to be bought or otherwise unlocked, revenue is instead made from microtransactions such as loot boxes and a battle pass subscription system called Dota Plus, which all only offer non-gameplay altering virtual goods such as hero cosmetics and voice-line packs, in return. The game has also been updated with various other features since release, such as a full transition to the Source 2 engine and virtual reality support.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = wiki2('Dota 2')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{',': 1527,\n",
       " '``': 356,\n",
       " 'dota': 335,\n",
       " '2': 321,\n",
       " 'original': 288,\n",
       " \"'\": 240,\n",
       " '2016': 209,\n",
       " 'game': 182,\n",
       " '2017': 130,\n",
       " '(': 127,\n",
       " ')': 127,\n",
       " 'valve': 117,\n",
       " \"'s\": 113,\n",
       " '*related': 108,\n",
       " 'topic*': 108,\n",
       " '2013': 107,\n",
       " '2018': 94,\n",
       " ':': 86,\n",
       " 'games': 83,\n",
       " 'pc': 60,\n",
       " 'players': 55,\n",
       " '2012': 54,\n",
       " '2015': 51,\n",
       " 'gamer': 49,\n",
       " '2014': 46,\n",
       " 'heroes': 44,\n",
       " 'video': 40,\n",
       " 'international': 39,\n",
       " '12': 36,\n",
       " ';': 35,\n",
       " 'hero': 33,\n",
       " '9': 32,\n",
       " 'ign': 32,\n",
       " '1': 32,\n",
       " 'team': 31,\n",
       " '13': 31,\n",
       " 'major': 30,\n",
       " 'best': 30,\n",
       " '25': 29,\n",
       " '2011': 29,\n",
       " 'steam': 28,\n",
       " '10': 28,\n",
       " '7': 28,\n",
       " '3': 27,\n",
       " '29': 27,\n",
       " 'known': 25,\n",
       " 'polygon': 25,\n",
       " '20': 25,\n",
       " '8': 25,\n",
       " 'defense': 24,\n",
       " 'ancients': 24,\n",
       " '15': 24,\n",
       " '16': 24,\n",
       " 'million': 23,\n",
       " 'announced': 23,\n",
       " '24': 23,\n",
       " '21': 23,\n",
       " 'being': 22,\n",
       " 'awards': 22,\n",
       " 'player': 21,\n",
       " 'mode': 21,\n",
       " '.mw-parser-output': 21,\n",
       " 'source': 20,\n",
       " 'system': 20,\n",
       " '30': 20,\n",
       " 'esports': 19,\n",
       " 'had': 19,\n",
       " '$': 19,\n",
       " 'chris': 19,\n",
       " '4': 19,\n",
       " '27': 19,\n",
       " 'each': 18,\n",
       " 'released': 18,\n",
       " 'update': 18,\n",
       " 'more': 17,\n",
       " 'were': 17,\n",
       " '22': 17,\n",
       " 'battle': 16,\n",
       " 'world': 16,\n",
       " '2019': 16,\n",
       " '28': 16,\n",
       " '14': 16,\n",
       " 'play': 15,\n",
       " 'gamespot': 15,\n",
       " '{': 15,\n",
       " '}': 15,\n",
       " '23': 15,\n",
       " '19': 15,\n",
       " 'teams': 14,\n",
       " 'map': 14,\n",
       " 'event': 14,\n",
       " 'events': 14,\n",
       " 'community': 14,\n",
       " 'later': 14,\n",
       " 'custom': 14,\n",
       " '18': 14,\n",
       " 'league': 14,\n",
       " 'espn': 14,\n",
       " 'kotaku': 14,\n",
       " 'items': 13}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.commonwords()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Total word count is 20485\n",
      "Total word count is 12277 after implementing banlist\n",
      "\n",
      "Unique word count is 2832 for the Wikipedia site titled Dota 2\n",
      "Unique word count AFTER BANLIST is 2715 for the Wikipedia site titled Dota 2\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[20485, 12277, 2832, 2715]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.totalwords()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "# coding: utf-8\n",
    "\n",
    "# In[17]:\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "import requests #Get the HTML code\n",
    "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup #Tidy up the code\n",
    "from collections import Counter #Counter to count occurances of each word\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #graph plotting\n",
    "import re #regular expression to check if language setting is exactly 2 letters (for non common langs) in the argument\n",
    "import os #for plotwords to tell where file is saved\n",
    "from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize, word_tokenize\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "class wiki:\n",
    "\n",
    "    #the main features of cleaning the wiki site and whether the site is valid is run in __init__\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self,title,option='Yes',lang='en',checknltk='No'):\n",
    "        import time\n",
    "        start_time = time.time()\n",
    "        \n",
    "        print(\"Page is loading...\\n\")\n",
    "\n",
    "        if isinstance(title, str) == True:\n",
    "            if str(option).lower() == 'yes' or str(option) == '':\n",
    "                self.title = str(title.title()) #title on LHS is variable input, RHS is function for proper case/title case\n",
    "                print(\"Search text formatted to title/proper case by default. Set second argument as 'No' to disable formatting\")\n",
    "            elif str(option).lower() == 'no':\n",
    "                print(\"Search text has preserved the cases of each letter. Set second argument as 'Yes' to format to title/proper case\")\n",
    "                self.title = title\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                self.title = title.title() #title on LHS is variable input, RHS is function for proper case/title case\n",
    "                print('Invalid option for preserving case of search text, title/proper case will be used by default')\n",
    "            #As long as title is string, regardless of option the replacement for title for URL can be done\n",
    "            self.title = str(self.title.replace(\" \", \"_\")) #Convert spaces to _ as is Wikipedia page format\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('Error encountered, search text (first argument) is not written as a string with quotes. Please try again')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        #Checking if you should use NLTK library, default set to False\n",
    "        self.nltkrun = False #default is don't use it for stoplist\n",
    "        if isinstance(checknltk, str): #check for string yes, no and other permutations\n",
    "            if checknltk.lower().strip() in {'yes','true','y','t'}:\n",
    "                import nltk\n",
    "                nltk.download('stopwords')\n",
    "                nltk.download('wordnet')\n",
    "                from nltk.corpus import stopwords\n",
    "                from nltk.corpus import wordnet\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = True\n",
    "            elif checknltk.lower().strip() in {'no','false','n','f','na','n/a','nan'}:\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = False\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = False\n",
    "        elif isinstance(checknltk, bool): #check for boolean yes/no\n",
    "            if checknltk == True:\n",
    "                import nltk\n",
    "                nltk.download('stopwords')\n",
    "                nltk.download('wordnet')\n",
    "                from nltk.corpus import stopwords\n",
    "                from nltk.corpus import wordnet\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = True\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                self.nltkrun = False\n",
    "        else: #run default if options are invalid - don't run nltk stoplist\n",
    "            self.nltkrun = False\n",
    "\n",
    "        #Default: Stopword list obtained from nltk\n",
    "        self.nltkstopword = []\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #Detect language settings in third argument\n",
    "        self.lang = 'en'  \n",
    "        if isinstance(lang, str) == True:\n",
    "            if lang.lower().lstrip() in {'en','england','uk','u.k.','english','eng'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'en'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('english') \n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for English will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'de','germany','german','deutschland','deutsche','deutsch'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'de'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('german')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for German will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'ru','russian','russia','русский','российский','русская','россия'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'ru'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('russian')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Russian will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'it','italy','italian','italia','italiano'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'it'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('italian')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Italian will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'pt','por','portugal','portuguese','portogallo','portoghese','brazil','brasile','brasiliano','brazilian'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'pt'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('portuguese')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Portuguese will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'ja','japan','japanese','jp','日本','ジャパン','日本語','にほん','にほんご'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'ja'\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'es','sp','spain','spanish','españa','espana','español','español','castellano','hispano'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'es'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('spanish')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Spanish will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'fr','france','french','français','francais'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'fr'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('french')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for French will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'zh','cn','china','chinese','中文','华文','華文','汉语','漢語','中国','中國','漢語','华语','華語'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'zh'\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'pl','po','polish','poland','polska','polskie','polski'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'pl'\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'nl','netherlands','dutch','the netherlands','nederland','nederlands','holland','hollands'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'nl'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('dutch')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Dutch will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'sv','sw','sweden','swedish','sverige','svenska','svensk'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'sv'\n",
    "                if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "                    self.nltkstopword = stopwords.words('swedish')\n",
    "                    print('Stopword list for Swedish will be used to remove common words\\n')\n",
    "            elif lang.lower().lstrip() in {'vi','vietnam','vn','vietnamese','việt nam','việtnam','tiếng việt','tiếng Việt'}:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'vi'\n",
    "            elif re.search(r\"[a-z]{2}\",lang,re.I) != None: #search for two letter character as lang set, not case sensitive re.I\n",
    "            #elif len((lang.lower()).lstrip()) == 2:\n",
    "                self.lang = lang\n",
    "                print('Language set to ' + \"'\" + lang + \"'\")\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                self.lang = 'en'\n",
    "                print('Invalid language settings, English articles searched by default\\n')\n",
    "                \n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            self.lang = 'en'\n",
    "            print('Invalid language settings or not in string format, hence English articles used by default\\n')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.url = 'https://' + self.lang + '.wikipedia.org/wiki/' + self.title #combine the two to get full URL\n",
    "\n",
    "        try: \n",
    "            self.page = requests.get(self.url) #retrieve HTML info from site\n",
    "        except:\n",
    "            self.lang = 'en'\n",
    "            self.url = 'https://' + self.lang + '.wikipedia.org/wiki/' + self.title\n",
    "            self.page = requests.get(self.url)\n",
    "            print('Error with language settings, English used as default\\n')\n",
    "\n",
    "        self.contents = self.page.content \n",
    "        self.soup = BeautifulSoup(self.contents, 'html.parser') #Parse the HTML nicely with formatting\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.trancetext = self.soup.find_all('p') #obtain all paragraphs starting with tag <p>\n",
    "        self.trancetext2 = self.soup.find_all('li') #obtain all paragraphs starting with tag <li>\n",
    "\n",
    "        #get paragraphs from trancetext with special format into a list\n",
    "        self.para=[]\n",
    "        for paragraph in self.trancetext: #append paragraphs starting with <p>\n",
    "            self.para.append(paragraph)\n",
    "\n",
    "        self.relatedtopic = \",*RELATED WIKI TOPIC*\" #to add to points with a link and are on sidebar\n",
    "        for paragraph in self.trancetext2: #append paragraphs starting with <li>\n",
    "            if str(paragraph).find('<li><a href=') != -1:\n",
    "                if str(paragraph).find('</a></li>') != -1 or str(paragraph).find('</a></sup></li>') != -1: \n",
    "                    self.para.append(self.relatedtopic)\n",
    "            if str(paragraph).find('toctext') == -1: #remove Wiki headers 1.2.3 with toctext as they can't be arranged properly\n",
    "                self.para.append(paragraph)\n",
    "    \n",
    "        #REASON WHY WE HAVE TO DO TWO FOR LOOPS WITH TWO TRANCETEXT IS BECAUSE THE FIND_ALL FOR ARRAY IS NOT IN ORDER\n",
    "        #COMMENCE CLEANING OF NONSENSE HTML <> and WIKI LINK [no]\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #For FIXING the summary function\n",
    "        self.troubleshoot = self.para\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.para = list(str(self.para)) #chop everything into letters for cleaning\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #This block of code removes the first letter [, removes any words with <> html tag or [] citation\n",
    "        #When it detects a <li> it will create two blanks\n",
    "        self.start = 0 #is letter currently inside tag <>\n",
    "        self.end = 0 #has <> just ended, need to check for , if it just ended to not copy a comma after <>\n",
    "        self.first = 1 #first letter is [, need to omit\n",
    "        self.bracket = 0 #check if letter is inside bracket\n",
    "        self.li = 0 #check for <li> to line break\n",
    "        self.p = 0 #check for <p> to line break\n",
    "        self.point = 0 #after <li>, puts a • before adding new letter\n",
    "        self.para2 = []\n",
    "        for letter in self.para:\n",
    "            if self.first == 0:\n",
    "                if letter == '<': #tells python to stop reading letters inside a bracket\n",
    "                    self.start = 1\n",
    "                elif letter == '>': #next letter can be read since its out of bracket, unless its another <\n",
    "                    self.start = 0\n",
    "                    self.end = 1\n",
    "                elif self.end == 1 and letter == ',': #skip COMMA reading when it occurs like </p>, at end of para\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "                elif letter == '[':\n",
    "                    self.bracket = 1\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                elif letter == ']':\n",
    "                    self.bracket = 0\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                elif self.start == 0 and self.bracket == 0: #ALL CLEAR TO READ LETTER\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                    if self.point == 1:\n",
    "                        self.para2.append('• ')\n",
    "                        self.point = 0\n",
    "                    self.para2.append(letter)\n",
    "            if letter == '<':\n",
    "                self.li = 1\n",
    "            elif letter != 'l' and self.li == 1:\n",
    "                self.li = 0\n",
    "            elif letter == 'l' and self.li == 1:\n",
    "                self.li = 2\n",
    "            elif letter == 'i' and self.li == 2:\n",
    "                self.li = 3\n",
    "            elif letter != '>' and self.li == 3:\n",
    "                self.li = 0\n",
    "            elif letter == '>' and self.li == 3:\n",
    "                self.para2.append('\\n\\n')\n",
    "                self.li = 0\n",
    "                self.point = 1\n",
    "            if letter == '<':\n",
    "                self.p = 1\n",
    "            elif letter != 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                self.p = 0\n",
    "            elif letter == 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                self.p = 2\n",
    "            elif letter == '>' and self.p == 2:\n",
    "                self.para2.append('\\n')\n",
    "                self.p = 0\n",
    "            self.first = 0 #Had an issue with the first letter being [, after skipping this, the [number] checks can run\n",
    "\n",
    "        self.para2=''.join(self.para2) #combine back all letters and spaces\n",
    "        #REMOVE UNWANTED ARRAYS\n",
    "        self.para1 = []\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        #WORD COUNT (SELF.PARA3) AND COMMON WORDS (SELF.TRANCECOUNTER)\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.para3 = self.para2.split() #split paragraphs into words again for counting\n",
    "        self.niceword = ''\n",
    "        self.punctuation = ('.',',','(',')','\"',\"'\",'?','!','*','|',':',';')\n",
    "        for index, word in enumerate(self.para3):\n",
    "            self.niceword = word\n",
    "            self.niceword = self.niceword.lower() #standardize all to lower case before counting\n",
    "            for punctuation in self.punctuation:\n",
    "                self.niceword = self.niceword.replace(punctuation,'') #clean up bad punctuation\n",
    "            self.para3[index] = self.niceword \n",
    "        self.trancecounter = Counter(self.para3) \n",
    "        #counter solely used for word count, cannot be used as banlist not implemented yet. \n",
    "        #Make new trancecounter2+banlist for use\n",
    "        self.allwords = dict(self.trancecounter.most_common()) \n",
    "        #convert to dictionary so that for loop can extract words + do unique word count + total word count\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.trancelist = [] #full list of words to fill up, cannot be used yet as banlist not implemented\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #FIND OUT UNIQUE WORD COUNT AND TOTAL WORD COUNT BEFORE BANLIST\n",
    "        self.fullcount = 0\n",
    "        self.fullwords = 0\n",
    "        for key in self.allwords:\n",
    "            self.fullcount += self.allwords[key]\n",
    "            self.fullwords += 1\n",
    "            self.trancelist.append(key)\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #IMPLEMENT BAN LIST (FROM WIKIPEDIA) BY DEL FUNCTION FOR COUNTER TRANCECOUNT AND WORD LIST SELF.TRANCELIST\n",
    "        banlist = ('the', 'be', 'to', 'of', 'and', 'a', 'in', 'that', 'have', 'I', 'it', 'for', 'not', 'on', 'with', \n",
    "                   'he', 'as', 'you', 'do', 'at', 'this', 'but', 'his', 'by', 'from', 'they', 'we', 'say', 'her', 'she', \n",
    "                   'or', 'an', 'will', 'my', 'one', 'all', 'would', 'there', 'their', 'what', 'so', 'up', 'out', 'if', \n",
    "                   'about', 'who', 'get', 'which', 'go', 'me', 'when', 'make', 'can', 'like', 'time', 'no', 'just', \n",
    "                   'him', 'know', 'take', 'people', 'into', 'year', 'your', 'good', 'some', 'could', 'them', 'see', \n",
    "                   'other', 'than', 'then', 'now', 'look', 'only', 'come', 'its', 'over', 'think', 'also', 'back', \n",
    "                   'after', 'use', 'two', 'how', 'our', 'work', 'first', 'well', 'way', 'even', 'new', 'want','topic', \n",
    "                   'because', 'any', 'these', 'give', 'day', 'most', 'us','retrieved','^','archived',\"•\",'related',\n",
    "                   \"',*related\",\"wiki\",\"topic*',\",\"is\",\"are\",'was','since','such','articles','has','&amp;','p','b',\n",
    "                  'january','february','march','april','may','june','july','august','september','october','november',\n",
    "                  'december')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #English banlist from top 100 common words and some extra terms\n",
    "        if self.lang == 'en':\n",
    "            for word in banlist: #delete words in counter and list only if it's in english\n",
    "                del self.trancecounter[word]\n",
    "                self.allwords.pop(word, None)\n",
    "            \n",
    "        #If NLTK stoplist is used, delete words from their stoplist as well\n",
    "        if self.nltkrun == True:\n",
    "            for word in self.nltkstopword: #delete words in counter and list\n",
    "                del self.trancecounter[word]\n",
    "                self.allwords.pop(word, None)\n",
    "            \n",
    "        #DELETE '',.,·,•,↑,space,null,related,wiki,common from counter and dictionary\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"''\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"''\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\".\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\".\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"·\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"·\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"•\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"•\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"↑\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"↑\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\" \"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\" \", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"-\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"-\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"–\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"–\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"related\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"related\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"wiki\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"wiki\", None)\n",
    "        del self.trancecounter[\"common\"]\n",
    "        self.allwords.pop(\"common\", None)\n",
    "        \n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #FIND OUT TOTAL WORD COUNT AFTER BANLIST FOR FUNCTION COMMONWORDPCT THAT USES PERCENTAGE OF THRESHOLD FOR WORD COUNT\n",
    "        self.fullcount2 = 0\n",
    "        self.fullwords2 = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.trancelist2 = [] #NOT USED!!\n",
    "        \n",
    "        for key in self.allwords: #SELF.ALLWORDS HAVE WORDS REMOVED ON ITSELF VIA BANLIST, DONT NEED NEW VARIABLE\n",
    "            self.fullcount2 += self.allwords[key] #FULLCOUNT2 used for COMMONWORDPCT and TOTAL WORDS function to show total word count aft removing banlist\n",
    "            self.fullwords2 += 1 #FULLWORDS2 used in TOTAL WORDS function to show unique word count aft removing banlist\n",
    "            self.trancelist2.append(key) #NOT USED!!!\n",
    "    \n",
    "\n",
    "        #This section checks if the Wiki site was loaded successfully..\n",
    "        self.missing = self.soup.find_all('b') \n",
    "        #Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name.\n",
    "        #This sentence that always appears for Error 404 pages, is bolded, so <b> tag can help to find it\n",
    "                \n",
    "        #Check for sentence that tells of Error 404 website using a counter.\n",
    "        self.goodsite = 1\n",
    "        self.offsite = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "        for sentence in self.trancetext: #check if a site goes through but it is an ambiguous site (recommendations page)\n",
    "            #refer to: phrase belongs in a <p> paragraph\n",
    "            if str(sentence).find(\"refer to:\") != -1:\n",
    "                self.offsite = 1            \n",
    "        \n",
    "        for sentence in self.missing: #RUN THROUGH EVERY ELEMENT IN LIST\n",
    "            if str(sentence) == \"<b>Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name.</b>\": #CONVERT ELEMENT TO STRING TYPE BEFORE CHECK!!!\n",
    "                self.goodsite = 0 #sentence exists, bad site means counter flips to 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "        if self.goodsite == 1 and self.offsite == 0:\n",
    "            print('Wikipedia page loaded successfully!! Type variablename.HELP() for documentation of functions.')\n",
    "        \n",
    "#             WHEN SEARCH IS SUCCESSFUL, PRINT 2 PARAGRAPHS FOR PREVIEW\n",
    "            self.parashort = []\n",
    "            self.noofpara = 0\n",
    "            for paragraph in self.trancetext: #append ONLY 2 paragraphs starting with <p>\n",
    "                if self.noofpara < 2 and str(paragraph) != '<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\\n</p>' and len(str(paragraph)) > 199: \n",
    "                    self.parashort.append(paragraph)\n",
    "                    self.noofpara += 1\n",
    "\n",
    "            self.parashort = list(str(self.parashort)) #chop everything into letters for usage\n",
    "            self.start = 0 #is letter currently inside tag <>\n",
    "            self.end = 0 #has <> just ended, need to check for , if it just ended to not copy a comma after <>\n",
    "            self.first = 1 #first letter is [, need to omit\n",
    "            self.bracket = 0 #check if letter is inside bracket\n",
    "            self.li = 0 #check for <li> to line break\n",
    "            self.p = 0 #check for <p> to line break\n",
    "            self.parashort2 = []\n",
    "            for letter in self.parashort:\n",
    "                if self.first == 0:\n",
    "                    if letter == '<': #tells python to stop reading letters inside a bracket\n",
    "                        self.start = 1\n",
    "                    elif letter == '>': #next letter can be read since its out of bracket, unless its another <\n",
    "                        self.start = 0\n",
    "                        self.end = 1\n",
    "                    elif self.end == 1 and letter == ',': #skip COMMA reading when it occurs like </p>, at end of para\n",
    "                        self.end = 0\n",
    "                        continue\n",
    "                    elif letter == '[':\n",
    "                        self.bracket = 1\n",
    "                        self.end = 0\n",
    "                    elif letter == ']':\n",
    "                        self.bracket = 0\n",
    "                        self.end = 0\n",
    "                    elif self.start == 0 and self.bracket == 0: #ALL CLEAR TO READ LETTER\n",
    "                        self.end = 0\n",
    "                        self.parashort2.append(letter)\n",
    "                if letter == '<':\n",
    "                    self.p = 1\n",
    "                elif letter != 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                    self.p = 0\n",
    "                elif letter == 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                    self.p = 2\n",
    "                elif letter == '>' and self.p == 2:\n",
    "                    self.parashort2.append('\\n\\n')\n",
    "                    self.p = 0\n",
    "                self.first = 0 #Had an issue with the first letter being [, after skipping this, the [number] checks can run\n",
    "\n",
    "            self.parashort2=''.join(self.parashort2) #combine back all letters and spaces\n",
    "            #REMOVE UNWANTED ARRAYS\n",
    "            self.parashort = []        \n",
    "\n",
    "            #END OF DATA PROCESSING FOR AUTOMATIC SUMMARY PRINTED WHEN SEARCHING\n",
    "\n",
    "            print(self.parashort2)\n",
    "            #print two paragraphs when search is successful\n",
    "            \n",
    "        elif self.goodsite == 1 and self.offsite == 1:\n",
    "            print('\\nThe title \"'+ self.title.replace(\"_\", \" \") + '\" you specified is ambiguous. As a result, you are linked to a clarification page.\\n\\n')\n",
    "            print('Here are some suggestions to use: \\n')\n",
    "            \n",
    "            self.all_links = self.soup.find_all(\"a\") #ALL HTML TAGS STARTING WITH <A, E.G. <A HREF, <A TITLE AND FULL PARAGRAPH\n",
    "            self.wiktwords = []\n",
    "            for link in self.all_links:\n",
    "                self.wiktwords.append(link.get(\"title\")) #TAG STARTING WITH A, CONTENT ENCLOSED INSIDE TITLE=\"\"\n",
    "                #print(link.get(\"title\")) #shows list of items appended, common words all start with wikt:\n",
    "\n",
    "            self.cleanlink = []\n",
    "            for words in self.wiktwords: \n",
    "                self.words2 = str(words) #words are not string yet so need str function before saving into new var\n",
    "                self.cleanlink.append(self.words2)\n",
    "#                 if self.words2.find(\"wiktionary:\") != -1:\n",
    "#                     self.tempsliceword = list(str(self.words2))\n",
    "#                     self.newword = []\n",
    "#                     self.x = 0\n",
    "#                     for letter in self.tempsliceword:\n",
    "#                         if self.x > 10:\n",
    "#                             self.newword.append(letter)\n",
    "#                         self.x += 1\n",
    "#                     self.cleanword = ''.join(self.newword)\n",
    "#                     self.cleanlink.append(self.cleanword)\n",
    "#                 elif self.words2 != 'None':\n",
    "#                     self.cleanlink.append(self.words2)\n",
    "\n",
    "            for link in self.cleanlink:\n",
    "                if link.find(\"Help:\") != -1:\n",
    "                    break\n",
    "                elif link.find(\"Edit section:\") != -1:\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "                else:\n",
    "                    print(link)\n",
    "            \n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('Wikipedia page could not be found for \"' + str(self.title.replace(\"_\", \" \")) + '\". Please try again!') \n",
    "            print('Other useful information: Enclose title argument with single quotes. Spaces are allowed, and title is case insensitive.')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        print (\"Time taken is \" + str(time.time()-start_time) + \" seconds.\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def gettext(self,outfull='No'): #comes after init\n",
    "        if isinstance(outfull, str): #check for string yes, no and other permutations\n",
    "            if outfull.lower().strip() in {'yes','true','y','t'}:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is output. To print it instead, put 'no' in argument\")\n",
    "                return self.para2\n",
    "            elif outfull.lower().strip() in {'no','false','n','f','na','n/a','nan'}:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is printed. To set as output, put 'yes' in argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.para2)\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is invalid, summary is printed by default. To set as output, put 'yes' in argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.para2)\n",
    "        elif isinstance(outfull, bool): #check for boolean yes/no\n",
    "            if outfull == True:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is output. To print it instead, put False or 'no' in argument\")\n",
    "                return self.para2\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print(\"Full text is printed. To set as output, put True or 'yes' in argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.para2)   \n",
    "        else: #run default - print if invalid option\n",
    "            print(\"2nd argument not a string, full text is printed by default. To set as output, put 'yes' in argument\")\n",
    "            print(self.para2)\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def commonwords(self,wordcount=100):\n",
    "        self.wordcount = 100\n",
    "        if wordcount != 100 and isinstance(wordcount, int) == True:\n",
    "            self.wordcount = wordcount\n",
    "        elif wordcount != 100 and isinstance(wordcount, int) == False:\n",
    "            print('Word count specified is currently not an integer. Hence default of 100 words is used\\n')\n",
    "        #convert counter to list to dictionary then sum up total word count using for loop in word[key]\n",
    "        self.topwords = dict(self.trancecounter.most_common(self.wordcount))\n",
    "        return self.topwords\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def commonwordspct(self,percent=10):\n",
    "        self.percent = 10\n",
    "        if isinstance(percent, int) == True or isinstance(percent, float) == True:\n",
    "            if percent != 10 and 0 < percent <= 100:\n",
    "                self.percent = percent\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('The percent specified is either not an integer or float, 0% or over 100% which is not allowed. Hence, 10% set by default.\\n')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.wordcount2 = int(self.percent/100*self.fullcount2) #full count 2 is word count after banlist\n",
    "        print(str(self.percent) + \"% threshold means the most common words shown/output below appeared equal to or less than \" + str(self.wordcount2) + ' times out of ' + str(self.fullcount2) + \" total word count.\\n\")\n",
    "        self.partialcount = 0\n",
    "        self.partialtrancelist = []\n",
    "        for key in self.allwords:\n",
    "            self.partialcount += self.allwords[key]\n",
    "            if self.partialcount <= self.wordcount2:\n",
    "                self.partialtrancelist.append(key)\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                break\n",
    "        self.partialcounttowordno = 0\n",
    "        for word in self.partialtrancelist:\n",
    "            self.partialcounttowordno += 1\n",
    "        self.topwords2 = dict(self.trancecounter.most_common(self.partialcounttowordno))\n",
    "        if self.partialcounttowordno != 0:\n",
    "            print('For the word count threshold, the ' + str(self.partialcounttowordno) + ' most common words are shown/output.\\n\\n')\n",
    "            return self.topwords2\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('The most common word has a percentage occurance higher than the threshold set as the percentage set is too low.\\n')\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def totalwords(self): #word count are all BEFORE banlist\n",
    "        print('Total word count is ' + str(self.fullcount))\n",
    "        print('Total word count is ' + str(self.fullcount2) + ' after implementing banlist\\n')\n",
    "        print('Unique word count is ' + str(self.fullwords) + ' for the Wikipedia site titled ' + str(self.title.replace(\"_\", \" \")))\n",
    "        print('Unique word count AFTER BANLIST is ' + str(self.fullwords2) + ' for the Wikipedia site titled ' + str(self.title.replace(\"_\", \" \")))\n",
    "        return [self.fullcount,self.fullcount2,self.fullwords,self.fullwords2]\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def plotwords(self,wordcount2=20):\n",
    "        self.wordcount2 = 20\n",
    "        if wordcount2 != 20 and isinstance(wordcount2, int) == True:\n",
    "            self.wordcount2 = wordcount2\n",
    "        elif wordcount2 != 20 and isinstance(wordcount2, int) == False:\n",
    "            print('Word count specified is currently not an integer. Hence default of 20 words is used for graph\\n')\n",
    "        #convert counter to list to dictionary then sum up total word count using for loop in word[key]\n",
    "        self.topwords2 = dict(self.trancecounter.most_common(self.wordcount2))\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #matplotlib.pyplot.bar(range, height, tick_label)\n",
    "        self.wordnames = list(self.topwords2.keys())\n",
    "        self.wordvalues = list(self.topwords2.values())\n",
    "\n",
    "        #tick_label does the some work as plt.xticks()\n",
    "        plt.figure(figsize=(22, 12), dpi= 80, facecolor='w', edgecolor='k')\n",
    "        plt.bar(range(len(self.topwords2)),self.wordvalues,tick_label=self.wordnames)\n",
    "        plt.savefig('wordcount.png')\n",
    "        plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [22, 12]\n",
    "        plt.show()\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.cwd = os.getcwd()\n",
    "        return 'Graph is saved as wordcount.png in directory: ' + str(self.cwd)\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "#         plt.bar(range(len(self.topwords2)), self.topwords2.values(), align='center')\n",
    "#         plt.xticks(range(len(self.topwords2)), list(self.topwords2.keys()))\n",
    "#         plt.show()\n",
    "    \n",
    "\n",
    "    def summary(self, paravalue=2, outsummary='no'):\n",
    "        self.paravalue = 2\n",
    "        if isinstance(paravalue, int) == True:\n",
    "            if paravalue > 0:\n",
    "                self.paravalue = paravalue\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print('The number of paragraphs specified is not valid. Default 2 paragraphs will be displayed \\n')\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('The number of paragraphs specified is not an integer. Default 2 paragraphs will be displayed \\n')\n",
    "        \n",
    "        #MAKE AN ARRAY AND STRING FOR JUST 2 PARAGRAPHS!\n",
    "        self.parashort = []\n",
    "        self.noofpara = 0\n",
    "        for paragraph in self.trancetext: #append ONLY 2 paragraphs starting with <p>\n",
    "            if self.noofpara < self.paravalue and str(paragraph) != '<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\\n</p>' and len(str(paragraph)) > 199: \n",
    "                self.parashort.append(paragraph)\n",
    "                self.noofpara += 1\n",
    "\n",
    "        self.parashort = list(str(self.parashort)) #chop everything into letters for usage\n",
    "        self.start = 0 #is letter currently inside tag <>\n",
    "        self.end = 0 #has <> just ended, need to check for , if it just ended to not copy a comma after <>\n",
    "        self.first = 1 #first letter is [, need to omit\n",
    "        self.bracket = 0 #check if letter is inside bracket\n",
    "        self.li = 0 #check for <li> to line break\n",
    "        self.p = 0 #check for <p> to line break\n",
    "        self.parashort2 = []\n",
    "        for letter in self.parashort:\n",
    "            if self.first == 0:\n",
    "                if letter == '<': #tells python to stop reading letters inside a bracket\n",
    "                    self.start = 1\n",
    "                elif letter == '>': #next letter can be read since its out of bracket, unless its another <\n",
    "                    self.start = 0\n",
    "                    self.end = 1\n",
    "                elif self.end == 1 and letter == ',': #skip COMMA reading when it occurs like </p>, at end of para\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                    continue\n",
    "                elif letter == '[':\n",
    "                    self.bracket = 1\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                elif letter == ']':\n",
    "                    self.bracket = 0\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                elif self.start == 0 and self.bracket == 0: #ALL CLEAR TO READ LETTER\n",
    "                    self.end = 0\n",
    "                    self.parashort2.append(letter)\n",
    "            if letter == '<':\n",
    "                self.p = 1\n",
    "            elif letter != 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                self.p = 0\n",
    "            elif letter == 'p' and self.p == 1:\n",
    "                self.p = 2\n",
    "            elif letter == '>' and self.p == 2:\n",
    "                self.parashort2.append('\\n\\n')\n",
    "                self.p = 0\n",
    "            self.first = 0 #Had an issue with the first letter being [, after skipping this, the [number] checks can run\n",
    "        \n",
    "        self.parashort2=''.join(self.parashort2) #combine back all letters and spaces\n",
    "        #REMOVE UNWANTED ARRAYS\n",
    "        self.parashort = []        \n",
    "        \n",
    "        #END OF DATA PROCESSING FOR SUMMARY FUNCTION! i.e. 2 paragraph of wiki\n",
    "\n",
    "        #Checking if you should print or output argument\n",
    "        if isinstance(outsummary, str): #check for string yes, no and other permutations\n",
    "            if outsummary.lower().strip() in {'yes','true','y','t'}:\n",
    "                print(\"Summary is output. To print it instead, put 'no' in argument\")\n",
    "                return self.parashort2\n",
    "            elif outsummary.lower().strip() in {'no','false','n','f','na','n/a','nan'}:\n",
    "                print(\"Summary is printed. To set as output, put 'yes' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.parashort2)\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print(\"2nd argument is invalid, summary is printed by default. To set as output, put 'yes' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.parashort2)\n",
    "        elif isinstance(outsummary, bool): #check for boolean yes/no\n",
    "            if outsummary == True:\n",
    "                print(\"Summary is output. To print it instead, put False or 'no' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "                return self.parashort2\n",
    "            else:\n",
    "                print(\"Summary is printed. To set as output, put True or 'yes' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "                print(self.parashort2)   \n",
    "        else: #run default - print if invalid option\n",
    "            print(\"2nd argument not a string, summary is printed by default. To set as output, put 'yes' in 2nd argument\")\n",
    "            print(self.parashort2)\n",
    "            \n",
    "         \n",
    "    def HELP(self):\n",
    "        print('The wiki() class accepts 4 arguments. The first one is a compulsory title of the Wikipedia page. Second is to preserve the search casing (Yes/No).\\n')\n",
    "        print('Third is for language settings (e.g. English, de, francais, etc.). Fourth is for implementing NLTK stoplist in provided languages (Yes/No).\\n')\n",
    "        print('commonwords accepts 1 optional argument (default: 100) for the number of most common words in the site to show\\n')\n",
    "        print('commonwordspct accepts 1 optional argument (default: 10) on the percentage threshold of word count to determine the most common words\\n')\n",
    "        print('plotwords accepts 1 optional argument (default: 20) for the number of most common words to show as a GRAPH\\n')\n",
    "        print('totalwords accepts 0 arguments and shows the total word count and unique word count\\n')\n",
    "        print('summary accepts 1 optional argument for the number of paragraphs (default: 2) and gives a summary of the Wikipedia page\\n')\n",
    "        print('gettext accepts 0 arguments and retrieves the full text of the Wikipedia title\\n')\n",
    "        \n",
    "#     def troubletest(self):\n",
    "#         index = 0\n",
    "#         for paragraph in self.troubleshoot:\n",
    "#             index += 1\n",
    "#             print(index)\n",
    "#             print(paragraph)\n",
    "            \n",
    "#     def troublesoup(self):\n",
    "#         print(self.soup)\n",
    "        \n",
    "\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Page is loading...\n",
      "\n",
      "Search text formatted to title/proper case by default. Set second argument as 'No' to disable formatting\n",
      "Wikipedia page loaded successfully!! Type variablename.HELP() for documentation of functions.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ (listen); born August 4, 1961) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008.\n",
      " \n",
      "\n",
      "Obama was born in Honolulu Hawaii. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled in Harvard Law School where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He represented the 13th district for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 until 2004 when he ran for the U.S. Senate. He received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after his campaign began and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton. He was elected over Republican John McCain and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.\n",
      "\n",
      "Time taken is 3.8402957916259766 seconds.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = wiki('BARACK OBAMA')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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