eva3d_deepfashion.py

import os
import pickle
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.autograd as autograd
import numpy as np
from functools import partial
from pdb import set_trace as st
from smplx.lbs import transform_mat, blend_shapes
from pytorch3d.ops.knn import knn_gather, knn_points

from volume_renderer import SirenGenerator
from smpl_utils import init_smpl, get_J, get_shape_pose, batch_rodrigues

class VoxelSDFRenderer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, opt, xyz_min, xyz_max, style_dim=256, mode='train'):
        super().__init__()
        self.xyz_min = torch.from_numpy(xyz_min).float().cuda()
        self.xyz_max = torch.from_numpy(xyz_max).float().cuda()
        self.test = mode != 'train'
        self.perturb = opt.perturb
        self.offset_sampling = not opt.no_offset_sampling # Stratified sampling used otherwise
        self.N_samples = opt.N_samples
        self.raw_noise_std = opt.raw_noise_std
        self.return_xyz = opt.return_xyz
        self.return_sdf = opt.return_sdf
        self.static_viewdirs = opt.static_viewdirs
        self.z_normalize = not opt.no_z_normalize
        self.force_background = opt.force_background
        self.with_sdf = not opt.no_sdf
        if 'no_features_output' in opt.keys():
            self.output_features = False
        else:
            self.output_features = True

        if self.with_sdf:
            self.sigmoid_beta = nn.Parameter(0.1 * torch.ones(1))

        # create integration values
        if self.offset_sampling:
            t_vals = torch.linspace(0., 1.-1/self.N_samples, steps=self.N_samples).view(1,1,1,-1)
        else: # Original NeRF Stratified sampling
            t_vals = torch.linspace(0., 1., steps=self.N_samples).view(1,1,1,-1)

        self.register_buffer('t_vals', t_vals, persistent=False)
        self.register_buffer('inf', torch.Tensor([1e10]), persistent=False)
        self.register_buffer('zero_idx', torch.LongTensor([0]), persistent=False)

        if self.test:
            self.perturb = False
            self.raw_noise_std = 0.

        self.channel_dim = -1
        self.samples_dim = 3
        self.input_ch = 3
        self.input_ch_views = opt.input_ch_views
        self.feature_out_size = opt.width

        # print(opt.depth, opt.width)

        # set Siren Generator model
        self.network = SirenGenerator(D=opt.depth, W=opt.width, style_dim=style_dim, input_ch=self.input_ch,
                                      output_ch=4, input_ch_views=self.input_ch_views,
                                      output_features=self.output_features)

    def get_eikonal_term(self, pts, sdf):
        eikonal_term = autograd.grad(outputs=sdf, inputs=pts,
                                     grad_outputs=torch.ones_like(sdf),
                                     create_graph=True)[0]

        return eikonal_term

    def sdf_activation(self, input):
        sigma = torch.sigmoid(input / self.sigmoid_beta) / self.sigmoid_beta

        return sigma

    def volume_integration(self, raw, z_vals, rays_d, pts, return_eikonal=False):
        dists = z_vals[...,1:] - z_vals[...,:-1]
        rays_d_norm = torch.norm(rays_d.unsqueeze(self.samples_dim), dim=self.channel_dim)
        # dists still has 4 dimensions here instead of 5, hence, in this case samples dim is actually the channel dim
        dists = torch.cat([dists, self.inf.expand(rays_d_norm.shape)], self.channel_dim)  # [N_rays, N_samples]
        dists = dists * rays_d_norm

        # If sdf modeling is off, the sdf variable stores the
        # pre-integration raw sigma MLP outputs.
        if self.output_features:
            rgb, sdf, features = torch.split(raw, [3, 1, self.feature_out_size], dim=self.channel_dim)
        else:
            rgb, sdf = torch.split(raw, [3, 1], dim=self.channel_dim)

        noise = 0.
        if self.raw_noise_std > 0.:
            noise = torch.randn_like(sdf) * self.raw_noise_std

        if self.with_sdf:
            sigma = self.sdf_activation(-sdf)

            if return_eikonal:
                eikonal_term = self.get_eikonal_term(pts, sdf)
            else:
                eikonal_term = None

            sigma = 1 - torch.exp(-sigma * dists.unsqueeze(self.channel_dim))
        else:
            sigma = sdf
            eikonal_term = None

            sigma = 1 - torch.exp(-F.softplus(sigma + noise) * dists.unsqueeze(self.channel_dim))

        visibility = torch.cumprod(torch.cat([torch.ones_like(torch.index_select(sigma, self.samples_dim, self.zero_idx)),
                                              1.-sigma + 1e-10], self.samples_dim), self.samples_dim)
        visibility = visibility[...,:-1,:]
        weights = sigma * visibility


        if self.return_sdf:
            sdf_out = sdf
        else:
            sdf_out = None

        if self.force_background:
            weights[...,-1,:] = 1 - weights[...,:-1,:].sum(self.samples_dim)

        rgb_map = -1 + 2 * torch.sum(weights * torch.sigmoid(rgb), self.samples_dim)  # switch to [-1,1] value range

        if self.output_features:
            feature_map = torch.sum(weights * features, self.samples_dim)
        else:
            feature_map = None

        # Return surface point cloud in world coordinates.
        # This is used to generate the depth maps visualizations.
        # We use world coordinates to avoid transformation errors between
        # surface renderings from different viewpoints.
        if self.return_xyz:
            xyz = torch.sum(weights * pts, self.samples_dim)
            mask = weights[...,-1,:] # background probability map
        else:
            xyz = None
            mask = None

        return rgb_map, feature_map, sdf_out, mask, xyz, eikonal_term

    def run_network(self, inputs, viewdirs, styles=None):
        input_dirs = viewdirs.unsqueeze(self.samples_dim).expand(inputs.shape)
        net_inputs = torch.cat([inputs, input_dirs], self.channel_dim)
        outputs = self.network(net_inputs, styles=styles)

        return outputs

    def render_rays(self, ray_batch, styles=None, return_eikonal=False):
        batch, h, w, _ = ray_batch.shape
        split_pattern = [3, 3, 2]
        if ray_batch.shape[-1] > 8:
            split_pattern += [3]
            rays_o, rays_d, bounds, viewdirs = torch.split(ray_batch, split_pattern, dim=self.channel_dim)
        else:
            rays_o, rays_d, bounds = torch.split(ray_batch, split_pattern, dim=self.channel_dim)
            viewdirs = None

        near, far = torch.split(bounds, [1, 1], dim=self.channel_dim)
        z_vals = near * (1.-self.t_vals) + far * (self.t_vals)

        if self.perturb > 0.:
            if self.offset_sampling:
                # random offset samples
                upper = torch.cat([z_vals[...,1:], far], -1)
                lower = z_vals.detach()
                t_rand = torch.rand(batch, h, w).unsqueeze(self.channel_dim).to(z_vals.device)
            else:
                # get intervals between samples
                mids = .5 * (z_vals[...,1:] + z_vals[...,:-1])
                upper = torch.cat([mids, z_vals[...,-1:]], -1)
                lower = torch.cat([z_vals[...,:1], mids], -1)
                # stratified samples in those intervals
                t_rand = torch.rand(z_vals.shape).to(z_vals.device)

            z_vals = lower + (upper - lower) * t_rand

        pts = rays_o.unsqueeze(self.samples_dim) + rays_d.unsqueeze(self.samples_dim) * z_vals.unsqueeze(self.channel_dim)

        if return_eikonal:
            pts.requires_grad = True

        if self.z_normalize:
            normalized_pts = pts * 2 / ((far - near).unsqueeze(self.samples_dim))
        else:
            normalized_pts = pts

        raw = self.run_network(normalized_pts, viewdirs, styles=styles)
        rgb_map, features, sdf, mask, xyz, eikonal_term = self.volume_integration(raw, z_vals, rays_d, pts, return_eikonal=return_eikonal)

        return rgb_map, features, sdf, mask, xyz, eikonal_term

    def render(self, rays, styles, return_eikonal=False):
        rgb, features, sdf, mask, xyz, eikonal_term = self.render_rays(rays, styles=styles, return_eikonal=return_eikonal)

        return rgb, features, sdf, mask, xyz, eikonal_term

    def mlp_init_pass(self, styles=None):
        rays_o, rays_d, viewdirs, near, far = None #TODO: hard coding the rays
        viewdirs = viewdirs / torch.norm(viewdirs, dim=-1, keepdim=True)

        near = near.unsqueeze(-1) * torch.ones_like(rays_d[...,:1])
        far = far.unsqueeze(-1) * torch.ones_like(rays_d[...,:1])
        z_vals = near * (1.-self.t_vals) + far * (self.t_vals)

        # get intervals between samples
        mids = .5 * (z_vals[...,1:] + z_vals[...,:-1])
        upper = torch.cat([mids, z_vals[...,-1:]], -1)
        lower = torch.cat([z_vals[...,:1], mids], -1)
        # stratified samples in those intervals
        t_rand = torch.rand(z_vals.shape).to(z_vals.device)

        z_vals = lower + (upper - lower) * t_rand
        pts = rays_o.unsqueeze(self.samples_dim) + rays_d.unsqueeze(self.samples_dim) * z_vals.unsqueeze(self.channel_dim)
        if self.z_normalize:
            normalized_pts = pts * 2 / ((far - near).unsqueeze(self.samples_dim))
        else:
            normalized_pts = pts

        raw = self.run_network(normalized_pts, viewdirs, styles=styles)
        _, sdf = torch.split(raw, [3, 1], dim=self.channel_dim)
        sdf = sdf.squeeze(self.channel_dim)
        target_values = pts.detach().norm(dim=-1) - ((far - near) / 4)

        return sdf, target_values

    def forward(self, rays, styles=None, return_eikonal=False):
        rgb, features, sdf, mask, xyz, eikonal_term = self.render(rays, styles=styles, return_eikonal=return_eikonal)

        rgb = rgb.permute(0,3,1,2).contiguous()
        if self.output_features:
            features = features.permute(0,3,1,2).contiguous()

        if xyz != None:
            xyz = xyz.permute(0,3,1,2).contiguous()
            mask = mask.permute(0,3,1,2).contiguous()

        return rgb, features, sdf, mask, xyz, eikonal_term


class VoxelHuman(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, opt, smpl_cfgs, style_dim, out_im_res=(128, 64), mode='train'):
        super(VoxelHuman, self).__init__()
        self.smpl_cfgs = smpl_cfgs
        self.style_dim = style_dim
        self.opt = opt
        self.out_im_res = out_im_res
        self.is_train = (mode == 'train')
        self.stepsize = opt.stepsize
        self.with_sdf = not opt.no_sdf
        self.raw_noise_std = opt.raw_noise_std

        self.sigmoid_beta = nn.Parameter(0.1 * torch.ones(1))
        self.register_buffer('inf', torch.Tensor([1e10]), persistent=False)
        self.register_buffer('zero_idx', torch.LongTensor([0]), persistent=False)

        # create meshgrid to generate rays
        i, j = torch.meshgrid(torch.linspace(0.5, self.out_im_res[1] - 0.5, self.out_im_res[1]),
                              torch.linspace(0.5, self.out_im_res[0] - 0.5, self.out_im_res[0]))

        self.register_buffer('i', i.t().unsqueeze(0), persistent=False)
        self.register_buffer('j', j.t().unsqueeze(0), persistent=False)

        self.N_samples = opt.N_samples
        self.t_vals = torch.linspace(0., 1.-1/self.N_samples, steps=self.N_samples).view(-1).cuda()
        self.perturb = opt.perturb

        with open('assets/smpl_template_sdf.npy', 'rb') as f:
            sdf_voxels = np.load(f)
        self.sdf_voxels = torch.from_numpy(sdf_voxels).reshape(1, 1, 128, 128, 128).cuda()
        self.sdf_voxels = self.sdf_voxels.permute(0, 1, 4, 3, 2)

        # create human model
        zero_betas = torch.zeros(10)
        self.smpl_model = init_smpl(
            model_folder = smpl_cfgs['model_folder'],
            model_type = smpl_cfgs['model_type'],
            gender = smpl_cfgs['gender'],
            num_betas = smpl_cfgs['num_betas']
        )
        self.zero_init_J = get_J(zero_betas, self.smpl_model)
        parents = self.smpl_model.parents.cpu().numpy()
        self.parents = parents
        self.num_joints = num_joints = parents.shape[0]
        self.skeleton_children = np.zeros_like(parents) - 1
        for j in range(num_joints):
            pj = parents[j]
            if pj >= 0:
                self.skeleton_children[pj] = j

        self.vox_list = nn.ModuleList()
        self.vox_index = []
        self.smpl_index = []
        self.actual_vox_bbox = []

        self.smpl_seg = self.smpl_model.lbs_weights.argmax(-1)
        self.voxind2voxlist = {}

        for j in range(num_joints):
            pj = parents[j]
            j_coor = self.zero_init_J[j]
            pj_coor = self.zero_init_J[pj]
            mid = (j_coor + pj_coor) / 2.0

            xyz_min, xyz_max, cur_index = self.predefined_bbox(j)
            if xyz_min is None:
                continue
            xyz_min -= np.array([0.035, 0.035, 0.035])
            xyz_max += np.array([0.035, 0.035, 0.035])

            if j == 15:
                new_opt = opt.copy()
                if opt.is_aist:
                    new_opt.depth = 6
                else:
                    new_opt.depth = 8
                new_opt.width = 128
                cur_vox = VoxelSDFRenderer(
                    new_opt, xyz_min, xyz_max, style_dim, mode=mode
                )
            elif j in [22, 23, 10, 11]:
                new_opt = opt.copy()
                new_opt.depth = 2
                new_opt.width = 128
                cur_vox = VoxelSDFRenderer(
                    new_opt, xyz_min, xyz_max, style_dim, mode=mode
                )
            elif j in [7, 8, 20, 21, 18, 19, 4, 5]:
                new_opt = opt.copy()
                new_opt.depth = 3
                new_opt.width = 128
                cur_vox = VoxelSDFRenderer(
                    new_opt, xyz_min, xyz_max, style_dim, mode=mode
                )
            else:
                new_opt = opt.copy()
                if opt.is_aist:
                    new_opt.depth = 3
                else:
                    new_opt.depth = 4
                new_opt.width = 128
                cur_vox = VoxelSDFRenderer(
                    new_opt, xyz_min, xyz_max, style_dim, mode=mode
                )

            self.vox_list.append(cur_vox)
            self.vox_index.append(j)
            self.smpl_index.append(cur_index)
            self.voxind2voxlist[j] = len(self.vox_list) - 1
            if j == 12:
                self.voxind2voxlist[16] = len(self.vox_list) - 1
                self.voxind2voxlist[17] = len(self.vox_list) - 1
                self.voxind2voxlist[13] = len(self.vox_list) - 1
                self.voxind2voxlist[14] = len(self.vox_list) - 1
            if j == 3:
                self.voxind2voxlist[1] = len(self.vox_list) - 1
                self.voxind2voxlist[2] = len(self.vox_list) - 1

    def compute_actual_bbox(self, beta):
        actual_vox_bbox = []
        init_J = get_J(beta.reshape(1, 10), self.smpl_model)
        for j in range(self.num_joints):
            pj = self.parents[j]
            j_coor = init_J[j]
            pj_coor = init_J[pj]
            mid = (j_coor + pj_coor) / 2.0

            # spine direction
            if j in [15, 12, 6, 3]:
                h = np.abs(j_coor[1] - pj_coor[1])
                w = 0.3
                delta = np.array([w, 0.8 * h, w])

            elif j in [4, 5, 7, 8]:
                h = np.abs(j_coor[1] - pj_coor[1])
                w = 0.15
                delta = np.array([w, 0.6 * h, w])

            # arms direction
            elif j in [22, 20, 18, 23, 21, 19]:
                h = np.abs(j_coor[0] - pj_coor[0])
                w = 0.12
                delta = np.array([0.8 * h, w, w])

            # foot direction
            elif j in [10, 11]:
                h = np.abs(j_coor[2] - pj_coor[2])
                w = 0.08
                delta = np.array([w, w, 0.6 * h])

            else:
                continue

            xyz_min = mid - delta
            xyz_max = mid + delta

            if j == 15:
                xyz_max += np.array([0, 0.25, 0])
            elif j == 22:
                xyz_max += np.array([0.25, 0, 0])
            elif j == 23:
                xyz_min -= np.array([0.25, 0, 0])
            elif j == 3:
                xyz_min -= np.array([0, 0.1, 0])
            elif j == 12:
                xyz_min -= np.array([0, 0.25, 0])

            actual_vox_bbox.append((torch.from_numpy(xyz_min).float().cuda(), \
                                    torch.from_numpy(xyz_max).float().cuda()))

        return actual_vox_bbox

    def smpl_index_by_joint(self, joint_list):
        start_index = self.smpl_seg == joint_list[0]
        if len(joint_list) > 1:
            for i in range(1, len(joint_list)):
                start_index += self.smpl_seg == joint_list[i]
            return start_index > 0
        else:
            return start_index

    def predefined_bbox(self, j, only_cur_index=False):
        if j == 15:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.0901, 0.2876, -0.0891])
            xyz_max = np.array([0.0916, 0.5555+0.04, 0.1390])
            xyz_min -= np.array([0.05, 0.05, 0.05])
            xyz_max += np.array([0.05, 0.05, 0.05])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([15])
        elif j == 12:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.1752, 0.0208, -0.1198]) # combine 12 and 9
            xyz_max = np.array([0.1724, 0.2876, 0.1391])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([9, 13, 14, 6, 16, 17, 12, 15])
        elif j == 9 and only_cur_index:
            xyz_min = None
            xyz_max = None
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([9, 13, 14, 6, 16, 17, 3])
        elif j == 6:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.1569, -0.1144, -0.1095])
            xyz_max = np.array([0.1531, 0.0208, 0.1674])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([3, 6, 0, 9])
        elif j == 3:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.1888, -0.3147, -0.1224])
            xyz_max = np.array([0.1852, -0.1144, 0.1679])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([3, 0, 1, 2, 6])
        elif j == 18:
            xyz_min = np.array([0.1724, 0.1450, -0.0750])
            xyz_max = np.array([0.4321, 0.2758, 0.0406])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([13, 18, 16])
        elif j == 20:
            xyz_min = np.array([0.4321, 0.1721, -0.0753])
            xyz_max = np.array([0.6813, 0.2668, 0.0064])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([16, 20, 18])
        elif j == 22:
            xyz_min = np.array([0.6813, 0.1882, -0.1180])
            xyz_max = np.array([0.8731, 0.2445, 0.0461])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([22, 20, 18])
        elif j == 19:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.4289, 0.1426, -0.0785])
            xyz_max = np.array([-0.1752, 0.2754, 0.0460])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([14, 17, 19])
        elif j == 21:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.6842, 0.1705, -0.0780])
            xyz_max = np.array([-0.4289, 0.2659, 0.0059])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([17, 19, 21])
        elif j == 23:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.8720, 0.1839, -0.1195])
            xyz_max = np.array([-0.6842, 0.2420, 0.0465])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([23, 21, 19])
        elif j == 4:
            xyz_min = np.array([0, -0.6899, -0.0849])
            xyz_max = np.array([0.1893, -0.3147, 0.1335])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([0, 1, 4])
        elif j == 7:
            xyz_min = np.array([0.0268, -1.0879, -0.0891])
            xyz_max = np.array([0.1570, -0.6899, 0.0691])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([4, 1, 7])
        elif j == 10:
            xyz_min = np.array([0.0625, -1.1591-0.04, -0.0876])
            xyz_max = np.array([0.1600, -1.0879+0.02, 0.1669])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([7, 10, 4])
        elif j == 5:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.1935, -0.6964, -0.0883])
            xyz_max = np.array([0, -0.3147, 0.1299])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([0, 2, 5])
        elif j == 8:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.1611, -1.0948, -0.0911])
            xyz_max = np.array([-0.0301, -0.6964, 0.0649])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([2, 5, 8])
        elif j == 11:
            xyz_min = np.array([-0.1614, -1.1618-0.04, -0.0882])
            xyz_max = np.array([-0.0632, -1.0948+0.02, 0.1680])
            cur_index = self.smpl_index_by_joint([8, 11, 5])
        else:
            xyz_min = xyz_max = cur_index = None

        if only_cur_index:
            return cur_index

        return xyz_min, xyz_max, cur_index

    def batch_rigid_transform(self, rot_mats, init_J):
        joints = torch.from_numpy(init_J.reshape(1, -1, 3, 1)).cuda()
        parents = self.parents

        rel_joints = joints.clone()
        rel_joints[:, 1:] -= joints[:, parents[1:]]

        transforms_mat = transform_mat(
            rot_mats.reshape(-1, 3, 3),
            rel_joints.reshape(-1, 3, 1)).reshape(-1, joints.shape[1], 4, 4)

        transform_chain = [transforms_mat[:, 0]]
        for i in range(1, parents.shape[0]):
            curr_res = torch.matmul(transform_chain[parents[i]],
                                    transforms_mat[:, i])
            transform_chain.append(curr_res)

        transforms = torch.stack(transform_chain, dim=1)

        posed_joints = transforms[:, :, :3, 3]

        joints_homogen = F.pad(joints, [0, 0, 0, 1])

        rel_transforms = transforms - F.pad(
            torch.matmul(transforms, joints_homogen), [3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])

        return posed_joints, rel_transforms

    def transform_to_vox_local(self, rays_o, rays_d, transforms_mat, trans):
        inv_transforms_mat = torch.inverse(transforms_mat)[:3, :3].unsqueeze(0)
        rays_o_local = rays_o - trans
        rays_o_local = torch.matmul(inv_transforms_mat, (rays_o_local - transforms_mat[:3, -1]).unsqueeze(-1))[..., 0]
        rays_d_local = torch.matmul(inv_transforms_mat, rays_d.unsqueeze(-1))[..., 0]

        return rays_o_local, rays_d_local

    def forward_transform_bbox(self, i, transforms_mat, xyz_min, xyz_max):
        # xyz_min = self.vox_list[i].xyz_min
        # xyz_max = self.vox_list[i].xyz_max
        new_xyz_min = torch.matmul(transforms_mat[:3, :3], xyz_min.reshape(3, 1))[..., 0] + transforms_mat[:3, -1]
        new_xyz_max = torch.matmul(transforms_mat[:3, :3], xyz_max.reshape(3, 1))[..., 0] + transforms_mat[:3, -1]
        return new_xyz_min.detach().cpu().numpy(), new_xyz_max.detach().cpu().numpy()

    def sample_ray_bbox_intersect(self, rays_o, rays_d, xyz_min, xyz_max):
        _rays_d = rays_d / rays_d.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
        vec = torch.where(_rays_d==0, torch.full_like(_rays_d, 1e-6), _rays_d)
        rate_a = (xyz_max - rays_o) / vec
        rate_b = (xyz_min - rays_o) / vec
        t_min = torch.minimum(rate_a, rate_b).amax(-1)
        t_max = torch.maximum(rate_a, rate_b).amin(-1)
        mask_outbbox = (t_max <= t_min)
        t_min[mask_outbbox] = 10086
        t_max[mask_outbbox] = -10086
        return t_min.view(-1), t_max.view(-1), mask_outbbox.view(-1)

    def sample_ray(self, beta, theta, trans, rays_o, rays_d, K=3):
        _theta = theta.reshape(1, 24, 3, 3)
        so = self.smpl_model(betas = beta.reshape(1, 10), body_pose = _theta[:, 1:], global_orient = _theta[:, 0].view(1, 1, 3, 3))
        smpl_v = so['vertices'].clone().reshape(-1, 3)
        del so
        init_J = get_J(beta.reshape(1, 10), self.smpl_model)
        # first sample ray pts for each voxel
        rays_pts_local_list = []
        rays_d_pts_local_list = []
        mask_outbbox_list = []
        forward_skinning_transformation_list = []

        _, rel_transforms = self.batch_rigid_transform(theta, init_J)
        # inv_rel_transforms = torch.inverse(rel_transforms)

        shape_blend_shapes = blend_shapes(beta.reshape(1, 10), self.smpl_model.shapedirs).view(-1, 3)

        
        ident = torch.eye(3).cuda()
        pose_feature = (theta[:, 1:].view(1, -1, 3, 3) - ident).view(1, -1)
        pose_blend_shapes = torch.matmul(pose_feature, self.smpl_model.posedirs).view(-1, 3)
        all_blend_shapes = pose_blend_shapes + shape_blend_shapes
        inv_shape_transforms = torch.zeros([smpl_v.shape[0], 4, 4]).cuda()
        inv_shape_transforms[:, ...] = torch.eye(4)
        inv_shape_transforms[:, :3, -1] = -all_blend_shapes
        # shape_transforms = torch.zeros([smpl_v.shape[0], 4, 4]).cuda()
        # shape_transforms[:, ...] = torch.eye(4)
        # shape_transforms[:, :3, -1] = all_blend_shapes

        actual_vox_bbox = self.compute_actual_bbox(beta)

        t_min_list = []
        t_max_list = []
        mask_outbbox_list = []
        bbox_transformation_list = []

        for i, cur_vox in enumerate(self.vox_list):
            vox_i = self.vox_index[i]
            if vox_i == 15:
                cur_transforms_mat = rel_transforms[0, vox_i]
            elif vox_i == 12:
                cur_transforms_mat = rel_transforms[0, 6]
            else:
                cur_transforms_mat = rel_transforms[0, self.parents[vox_i]]
            
            rays_o_local, rays_d_local = self.transform_to_vox_local(rays_o, rays_d, cur_transforms_mat, trans)
            bbox_transformation_list.append(cur_transforms_mat)

            cur_xyz_min, cur_xyz_max = actual_vox_bbox[i]
            cur_t_min, cur_t_max, cur_mask_outbbox = self.sample_ray_bbox_intersect(
                rays_o_local, rays_d_local, cur_xyz_min, cur_xyz_max
            )
            t_min_list.append(cur_t_min)
            t_max_list.append(cur_t_max)
            mask_outbbox_list.append(cur_mask_outbbox)

        ### cumulate t_min, t_max, mask_oubbox for all vox
        all_t_min = torch.stack(t_min_list, -1)
        all_t_max = torch.stack(t_max_list, -1)
        all_mask_outbbox = torch.stack(mask_outbbox_list, -1)
        t_min = torch.min(all_t_min, -1)[0]
        t_max = torch.max(all_t_max, -1)[0]
        # st()
        mask_outbbox = torch.all(all_mask_outbbox, -1)
        assert torch.all((t_min == 10086) == (t_max == -10086))
        assert torch.all((t_min == 10086) == mask_outbbox)
        
        valid_t_min = t_min[~mask_outbbox].view(-1, 1)
        valid_t_max = t_max[~mask_outbbox].view(-1, 1)
        valid_mask_outbbox_list = [
            m[~mask_outbbox] for m in mask_outbbox_list
        ]
        z_vals = valid_t_min * (1. - self.t_vals.view(1, -1)) + valid_t_max * self.t_vals.view(1, -1)
        if self.perturb > 0:
            upper = torch.cat([z_vals[...,1:], valid_t_max], -1)
            lower = z_vals.detach()
            t_rand = torch.rand(*z_vals.shape).to(z_vals.device)
            # t_rand = torch.rand(*(z_vals.shape[:-1])).to(z_vals.device).unsqueeze(-1)
            z_vals = lower + (upper - lower) * t_rand
        _rays_d = rays_d / rays_d.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
        rays_pts_global = rays_o[~mask_outbbox].unsqueeze(1) + _rays_d[~mask_outbbox].unsqueeze(1) * z_vals.view(-1, self.N_samples, 1)
        rays_d_per_pts = _rays_d[~mask_outbbox].unsqueeze(1).repeat(1, self.N_samples, 1)
        assert rays_d_per_pts.shape == rays_pts_global.shape

        K = 1

        smpl_v_inv = torch.matmul(self.smpl_model.lbs_weights.reshape(-1, self.num_joints), rel_transforms.reshape(1, self.num_joints, 16)).reshape(-1, 4, 4)
        smpl_v_inv = torch.inverse(smpl_v_inv)

        for i, cur_vox in enumerate(self.vox_list):
            vox_i = self.vox_index[i]
            cur_transforms_mat = rel_transforms[0, self.parents[vox_i]]

            _rays_pts_local = torch.zeros_like(rays_pts_global)
            _rays_d_pts_local = torch.zeros_like(rays_pts_global)

            ### extract current related smpl vertices
            cur_smpl_v = smpl_v[self.smpl_index[i], ...] + trans
            cur_blend_weights = self.smpl_model.lbs_weights[self.smpl_index[i], ...].reshape(-1, self.num_joints)


            ### knn rays_pts_global v.s. related smpl vertices
            flat_rays_pts_global = rays_pts_global[~valid_mask_outbbox_list[i]].reshape(1, -1, 3)
            flat_rays_d_pts_global = rays_d_per_pts[~valid_mask_outbbox_list[i]].reshape(1, -1, 3)
            # flat_rays_pts_global = torch.cat([cur_smpl_v.reshape(1, -1, 3), flat_rays_pts_global], 1)
            nn = knn_points(flat_rays_pts_global, cur_smpl_v.reshape(1, -1, 3), K=K)


            ### calculate interpolation weights #TODO: pamir has a better version
            interp_weights = 1 / nn.dists.reshape(1, -1, K, 1, 1)
            interp_weights[torch.where(torch.isinf(interp_weights))] = 100086
            interp_weights = interp_weights / interp_weights.sum(-3, keepdim=True)


            ### pamir inverse transformation
            ## BUG!!!!!
            # per_point_inv_transformation = torch.matmul(cur_blend_weights, inv_rel_transforms.reshape(1, self.num_joints, 16)).reshape(-1, 4, 4)
            # cur_inv_shape_transforms = inv_shape_transforms[self.smpl_index[i], ...].reshape(-1, 4, 4)
            # per_point_inv_transformation = torch.matmul(cur_inv_shape_transforms, per_point_inv_transformation)

            ### new-way of calculating per-point inv transformation
            # per_point_transformation = torch.matmul(cur_blend_weights, rel_transforms.reshape(1, self.num_joints, 16)).reshape(-1, 4, 4)
            per_point_inv_transformation = smpl_v_inv[self.smpl_index[i], ...].reshape(-1, 4, 4)

            cur_inv_shape_transforms = inv_shape_transforms[self.smpl_index[i], ...].reshape(-1, 4, 4)
            per_point_inv_transformation = torch.matmul(cur_inv_shape_transforms, per_point_inv_transformation)
            gather_inv_T = torch.gather(per_point_inv_transformation.reshape(1, -1, 1, 4, 4).repeat(1, 1, K, 1, 1), 1, nn.idx.reshape(1, -1, K, 1, 1).repeat(1, 1, 1, 4, 4))
            inv_T = (gather_inv_T * interp_weights).sum(-3).reshape(1, -1, 4, 4)

            # cur_shape_transforms = shape_transforms[self.smpl_index[i], ...].reshape(-1, 4, 4)
            # per_point_forward_transformation = torch.matmul(per_point_transformation, cur_shape_transforms)
            # gather_T = torch.gather(per_point_forward_transformation.reshape(1, -1, 1, 4, 4).repeat(1, 1, K, 1, 1), 1, nn.idx.reshape(1, -1, K, 1, 1).repeat(1, 1, 1, 4, 4))
            # T = (gather_T * interp_weights).sum(-3).reshape(1, -1, 4, 4)
            # inv_T = torch.inverse(T)
            # inv_T = torch.cat([torch.cat([torch.transpose(T[:, :, :3, :3], 2, 3), T[:, :, 3:, :3]], 2),
            #                    torch.cat([-torch.matmul(torch.transpose(T[:, :, :3, :3], 2, 3),
            #                                             T[:, :, :3, 3:]),
            #                               T[:, :, 3:, 3:]], 2)], -1)
            # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
            # assert torch.all((correct_inv_T - inv_T) < 1e-6)


            homogen_coord = torch.ones([1, flat_rays_pts_global.shape[1], 1], dtype=rays_pts_global.dtype, device=rays_pts_global.device)
            flat_rays_pts_global = flat_rays_pts_global - trans
            flat_rays_pts_global_homo = torch.cat([flat_rays_pts_global, homogen_coord], dim=2)
            rays_pts_local = torch.matmul(inv_T, torch.unsqueeze(flat_rays_pts_global_homo, dim=-1))[:, :, :3, 0]
            rays_d_pts_local = torch.matmul(inv_T[:, :, :3, :3], flat_rays_d_pts_global.unsqueeze(-1))[:, :, :3, 0]

            # local_smpl_v = rays_pts_local[0, :cur_smpl_v.shape[0]]
            # gt_local_smpl_v = self.smpl_model.v_template[self.smpl_index[i], ...]
            # print(torch.where((local_smpl_v - gt_local_smpl_v) > 1e-2)[0].shape)
            # print((local_smpl_v - gt_local_smpl_v).max(), (local_smpl_v - gt_local_smpl_v).min())
            # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
            # rays_pts_local = rays_pts_local[0, cur_smpl_v.shape[0]:, ...]

            _rays_pts_local[~valid_mask_outbbox_list[i]] = rays_pts_local.view(-1, self.N_samples, 3)
            _rays_d_pts_local[~valid_mask_outbbox_list[i]] = rays_d_pts_local.view(-1, self.N_samples, 3)
            _rays_pts_local = _rays_pts_local.view(*rays_pts_global.shape)
            _rays_d_pts_local = _rays_d_pts_local.view(*rays_pts_global.shape)
            rays_pts_local_list.append(_rays_pts_local)
            rays_d_pts_local_list.append(_rays_d_pts_local)

            ### calculcate forward skinning transformation
            per_point_forward_transformation = torch.matmul(cur_blend_weights, rel_transforms.reshape(1, self.num_joints, 16)).reshape(-1, 4, 4)
            gather_forward_T = torch.gather(per_point_forward_transformation.reshape(1, -1, 1, 4, 4).repeat(1, 1, K, 1, 1), 1, nn.idx.reshape(1, -1, K, 1, 1).repeat(1, 1, 1, 4, 4))
            forward_T = (gather_forward_T * interp_weights).sum(-3).reshape(-1, 4, 4)
            # _rays_pts_local_forward_T[~mask_outbbox, :, :] = forward_T
            forward_skinning_transformation_list.append(forward_T)


        return rays_pts_local_list, rays_pts_global, mask_outbbox_list, valid_mask_outbbox_list, \
        mask_outbbox, forward_skinning_transformation_list, z_vals, rays_d_pts_local_list, bbox_transformation_list, smpl_v, actual_vox_bbox

    def get_rays(self, focal, c2w):
        dirs = torch.stack([(self.i - self.out_im_res[1] * .5) / focal[0],
                            (self.j - self.out_im_res[0] * .5) / focal[0],
                            torch.ones_like(self.i).expand(1,self.out_im_res[0], self.out_im_res[1])], -1).repeat(focal.shape[0], 1, 1, 1)

        # Rotate ray directions from camera frame to the world frame
        rays_d = torch.sum(dirs[..., None, :] * c2w[:,None,None,:3,:3], -1)  # dot product, equals to: [c2w.dot(dir) for dir in dirs]

        # Translate camera frame's origin to the world frame. It is the origin of all rays.
        rays_o = c2w[:,None,None,:3,-1].expand(rays_d.shape)
        viewdirs = rays_d

        return rays_o, rays_d, viewdirs

    def sdf_activation(self, input):
        self.sigmoid_beta.data.copy_(max(torch.zeros_like(self.sigmoid_beta.data) + 2e-3, self.sigmoid_beta.data))
        sigma = torch.sigmoid(input / self.sigmoid_beta) / self.sigmoid_beta
        return sigma

    def marching_cube(self, styles, resolution=128, size=1):
        assert self.opt.input_ch_views == 3
        x, y, z = torch.meshgrid(torch.linspace(-size, size, resolution),
                                 torch.linspace(-size, size, resolution),
                                 torch.linspace(-size, size, resolution))
        pts = torch.stack([x, y, z], -1).view(-1, 3) # r x r x r x 3 => r^3 x 3
        sdf = torch.zeros_like(pts[..., 0])
        counter = torch.zeros_like(pts[..., 0])

        chunk = 300**3
        split_pts = torch.split(pts, chunk)
        split_sdf = torch.split(sdf, chunk)
        split_counter = torch.split(counter, chunk)

        counter_list = []
        sdf_list = []
        for i_chunk in range(len(split_pts)):
            cur_pts = split_pts[i_chunk].cuda()
            cur_sdf = split_sdf[i_chunk].cuda()
            cur_counter = split_counter[i_chunk].cuda()
            print("Marching Cube: {}/{}".format(i_chunk, len(split_pts)))

            for i, cur_vox in enumerate(self.vox_list):
                with torch.no_grad():
                    cur_xyz_min, cur_xyz_max = cur_vox.xyz_min, cur_vox.xyz_max
                    cur_xyz_min = cur_xyz_min.view(1, 3)
                    cur_xyz_max = cur_xyz_max.view(1, 3)

                    cur_pts_ind = (cur_pts <= cur_xyz_max).sum(-1) + (cur_pts >= cur_xyz_min).sum(-1)
                    cur_pts_ind = (cur_pts_ind == 6)
                    mask_cur_pts = cur_pts[cur_pts_ind, ...].view(1, -1, 3)

                    query_pts = mask_cur_pts.reshape(1, 1, 1, -1, 3) / 1.3
                    template_sdf = torch.nn.functional.grid_sample(
                        self.sdf_voxels, query_pts,
                        padding_mode = 'border', align_corners = True
                    ).reshape(-1)

                    window_alpha = 4; window_beta = 8
                    mask_cur_pts = (mask_cur_pts - (cur_vox.xyz_min + cur_vox.xyz_max) / 2.0) / (cur_vox.xyz_max - cur_vox.xyz_min)
                    weights = torch.exp(-window_alpha * ((mask_cur_pts * 2) ** window_beta).sum(-1))
                    fake_d = torch.zeros_like(mask_cur_pts)
                    fake_d[..., 0] = 1
                    cur_input = torch.cat([
                        mask_cur_pts, fake_d
                    ], -1)
                    cur_sdf[cur_pts_ind] += (cur_vox.network(
                        cur_input, styles=styles
                    ).view(-1, 4)[..., -1] + template_sdf) * weights.view(-1)
                    cur_counter[cur_pts_ind] += weights.view(-1)

            counter_list.append(cur_counter.detach().cpu())
            sdf_list.append(cur_sdf.detach().cpu())

        sdf = torch.cat(sdf_list, 0)
        counter = torch.cat(counter_list, 0)

        mask = counter == 0
        sdf[~mask] /= counter[~mask]
        if self.with_sdf:
            sdf[mask] = 1
        return sdf.view(resolution, resolution, resolution)

    def marching_cube_posed(self, styles, beta, theta, resolution=128, size=1, w_space=False, gamma_list=None, beta_list=None):
        # assert self.opt.input_ch_views == 3
        x, y, z = torch.meshgrid(torch.linspace(-size, size, resolution),
                                 torch.linspace(-size, size, resolution),
                                 torch.linspace(-size, size, resolution))
        pts = torch.stack([x, y, z], -1).view(-1, 3) # r x r x r x 3 => r^3 x 3
        sdf = torch.zeros_like(pts[..., 0])
        counter = torch.zeros_like(pts[..., 0])

        chunk = 300**3
        split_pts = torch.split(pts, chunk)
        split_sdf = torch.split(sdf, chunk)
        split_counter = torch.split(counter, chunk)

        counter_list = []
        sdf_list = []

        theta = batch_rodrigues(theta.reshape(-1, 3)).reshape(1, 24, 3, 3)
        _theta = theta.reshape(1, 24, 3, 3)
        so = self.smpl_model(betas = beta.reshape(1, 10), body_pose = _theta[:, 1:], global_orient = _theta[:, 0].view(1, 1, 3, 3))
        smpl_v = so['vertices'].clone().reshape(-1, 3)
        del so
        init_J = get_J(beta.reshape(1, 10), self.smpl_model)
        _, rel_transforms = self.batch_rigid_transform(theta, init_J)
        actual_vox_bbox = self.compute_actual_bbox(beta)
        shape_blend_shapes = blend_shapes(beta.reshape(1, 10), self.smpl_model.shapedirs).view(-1, 3)
        ident = torch.eye(3).cuda()
        pose_feature = (theta[:, 1:].view(1, -1, 3, 3) - ident).view(1, -1)
        pose_blend_shapes = torch.matmul(pose_feature, self.smpl_model.posedirs).view(-1, 3)
        all_blend_shapes = pose_blend_shapes + shape_blend_shapes
        inv_shape_transforms = torch.zeros([smpl_v.shape[0], 4, 4]).cuda()
        inv_shape_transforms[:, ...] = torch.eye(4)
        inv_shape_transforms[:, :3, -1] = -all_blend_shapes
        smpl_v_inv = torch.matmul(self.smpl_model.lbs_weights.reshape(-1, self.num_joints), rel_transforms.reshape(1, self.num_joints, 16)).reshape(-1, 4, 4)
        smpl_v_inv = torch.inverse(smpl_v_inv)
        K = 8
        
        for i_chunk in range(len(split_pts)):
            cur_pts = split_pts[i_chunk].cuda()
            cur_sdf = split_sdf[i_chunk].cuda()
            cur_counter = split_counter[i_chunk].cuda()
            print("Marching Cube: {}/{}".format(i_chunk, len(split_pts)))

            for i, cur_vox in enumerate(self.vox_list):
                with torch.no_grad():
                    vox_i = self.vox_index[i]
                    if vox_i == 15:
                        cur_transforms_mat = rel_transforms[0, vox_i]
                    elif vox_i == 12:
                        cur_transforms_mat = rel_transforms[0, 6]
                    else:
                        cur_transforms_mat = rel_transforms[0, self.parents[vox_i]]
                    inv_transforms_mat = torch.inverse(cur_transforms_mat)[:3, :3].unsqueeze(0)
                    trans_cur_pts = torch.matmul(inv_transforms_mat, (cur_pts - cur_transforms_mat[:3, -1]).unsqueeze(-1))[..., 0]

                    cur_xyz_min, cur_xyz_max = actual_vox_bbox[i]
                    cur_xyz_min = cur_xyz_min.view(1, 3)
                    cur_xyz_max = cur_xyz_max.view(1, 3)

                    cur_pts_ind = (trans_cur_pts <= cur_xyz_max).sum(-1) + (trans_cur_pts >= cur_xyz_min).sum(-1)
                    cur_pts_ind = (cur_pts_ind == 6)
                    mask_cur_pts = trans_cur_pts[cur_pts_ind, ...].view(1, -1, 3)
                    if mask_cur_pts.shape[1] == 0:
                        continue

                    mask_cur_pts = torch.matmul(cur_transforms_mat[:3, :3].unsqueeze(0), mask_cur_pts.squeeze(0).unsqueeze(-1))[..., 0] + cur_transforms_mat[:3, -1]
                    mask_cur_pts = mask_cur_pts.unsqueeze(0)
                    cur_smpl_v = smpl_v[self.smpl_index[i], ...]
                    cur_blend_weights = self.smpl_model.lbs_weights[self.smpl_index[i], ...].reshape(-1, self.num_joints)
                    nn = knn_points(mask_cur_pts, cur_smpl_v.reshape(1, -1, 3), K=K)
                    interp_weights = 1 / nn.dists.reshape(1, -1, K, 1, 1)
                    interp_weights[torch.where(torch.isinf(interp_weights))] = 100086
                    interp_weights = interp_weights / interp_weights.sum(-3, keepdim=True)
                    per_point_inv_transformation = smpl_v_inv[self.smpl_index[i], ...].reshape(-1, 4, 4)
                    cur_inv_shape_transforms = inv_shape_transforms[self.smpl_index[i], ...].reshape(-1, 4, 4)
                    per_point_inv_transformation = torch.matmul(cur_inv_shape_transforms, per_point_inv_transformation)
                    gather_inv_T = torch.gather(per_point_inv_transformation.reshape(1, -1, 1, 4, 4).repeat(1, 1, K, 1, 1), 1, nn.idx.reshape(1, -1, K, 1, 1).repeat(1, 1, 1, 4, 4))
                    inv_T = (gather_inv_T * interp_weights).sum(-3).reshape(1, -1, 4, 4)
                    homogen_coord = torch.ones([1, mask_cur_pts.shape[1], 1], dtype=mask_cur_pts.dtype, device=mask_cur_pts.device)
                    mask_cur_pts_homo = torch.cat([mask_cur_pts, homogen_coord], dim=2)
                    rays_pts_local = torch.matmul(inv_T, torch.unsqueeze(mask_cur_pts_homo, dim=-1))[:, :, :3, 0]

                    cur_xyz_min = self.vox_list[i].xyz_min
                    cur_xyz_max = self.vox_list[i].xyz_max
                    cur_new_mask = (rays_pts_local <= cur_xyz_max).sum(-1) + (rays_pts_local >= cur_xyz_min).sum(-1)
                    cur_new_mask = (cur_new_mask == 6)
                    new_mask_rays_pts_local = rays_pts_local[cur_new_mask]

                    query_pts = new_mask_rays_pts_local.reshape(1, 1, 1, -1, 3) / 1.3
                    template_sdf = torch.nn.functional.grid_sample(
                        self.sdf_voxels, query_pts,
                        padding_mode = 'border', align_corners = True
                    ).reshape(-1)

                    window_alpha = 4; window_beta = 8
                    new_mask_rays_pts_local = (new_mask_rays_pts_local - (cur_vox.xyz_min + cur_vox.xyz_max) / 2.0) / (cur_vox.xyz_max - cur_vox.xyz_min)
                    weights = torch.exp(-window_alpha * ((new_mask_rays_pts_local * 2) ** window_beta).sum(-1))
                    fake_d = torch.zeros_like(new_mask_rays_pts_local)
                    fake_d[..., 0] = 1
                    if self.opt.input_ch_views == 3:
                        cur_input = torch.cat([
                            new_mask_rays_pts_local, fake_d
                        ], -1).unsqueeze(0)
                    else:
                        cur_input = new_mask_rays_pts_local.unsqueeze(0)
                    if w_space:
                        assert gamma_list is not None
                        assert beta_list is not None
                        new_mask_results = (cur_vox.network.forward_with_gamma_beta(
                            cur_input, gamma_list[i], beta_list[i]
                        ).view(-1, 4)[..., -1] + template_sdf) * weights.view(-1)
                    else:
                        new_mask_results = (cur_vox.network(
                            cur_input, styles=styles
                        ).view(-1, 4)[..., -1] + template_sdf) * weights.view(-1)
                    tmp_raw = torch.zeros_like(cur_sdf[cur_pts_ind])
                    tmp_raw[cur_new_mask.squeeze(0)] = new_mask_results
                    tmp_counter = torch.zeros_like(cur_counter[cur_pts_ind])
                    tmp_counter[cur_new_mask.squeeze(0)] = weights.view(-1)
                    cur_sdf[cur_pts_ind] += tmp_raw
                    cur_counter[cur_pts_ind] += tmp_counter

            counter_list.append(cur_counter.detach().cpu())
            sdf_list.append(cur_sdf.detach().cpu())

        sdf = torch.cat(sdf_list, 0)
        counter = torch.cat(counter_list, 0)

        mask = counter == 0
        sdf[~mask] /= counter[~mask]
        if self.with_sdf:
            sdf[mask] = 1
        return sdf.view(resolution, resolution, resolution)

    def forward(self, cam_poses, focals, beta, theta, trans, styles=None, return_eikonal=False, no_white_bg=False, fix_viewdir=False, w_space=False, gamma_list=None, beta_list=None):
        batch_size = cam_poses.shape[0]
        beta = beta[:1]
        theta = theta[:1]
        trans = trans[:1]
        rays_num = self.out_im_res[0] * self.out_im_res[1]
        rays_o, rays_d, viewdirs = self.get_rays(focals, cam_poses)
        rays_o = rays_o.reshape(batch_size, -1, 3)
        rays_d = rays_d.reshape(batch_size, -1, 3)
        viewdirs = viewdirs.reshape(-1, 3)
        theta_rodrigues = batch_rodrigues(theta.reshape(-1, 3)).reshape(1, 24, 3, 3)
        rays_pts_local_list, rays_pts_global, mask_outbbox_list, valid_mask_outbbox_list, \
        mask_outbbox, forward_skinning_T_list, z_vals, rays_d_pts_local_list, \
        bbox_transformation_list, smpl_v, actual_vox_bbox = \
            self.sample_ray(
                beta, theta_rodrigues, trans, rays_o[0], rays_d[0]
            )

        rays_o = rays_o.reshape(-1, 3)
        rays_d = rays_d.reshape(-1, 3)

        valid_rays_num = rays_pts_global.shape[0]

        rays_pts_local_list = [
            data.repeat(batch_size, 1, 1) for data in rays_pts_local_list
        ]
        rays_d_pts_local_list = [
            data.repeat(batch_size, 1, 1) for data in rays_d_pts_local_list
        ]
        rays_pts_global = rays_pts_global.repeat(batch_size, 1, 1)
        mask_outbbox_list = [
            data.repeat(batch_size) for data in mask_outbbox_list
        ]
        valid_mask_outbbox_list = [
            data.repeat(batch_size) for data in valid_mask_outbbox_list
        ]
        mask_outbbox = mask_outbbox.repeat(batch_size)
        forward_skinning_T_list = [
            data.repeat(batch_size, 1, 1, 1) for data in forward_skinning_T_list
        ]
        z_vals = z_vals.repeat(batch_size, 1)
        
        eikonal_term_list = []
        actual_sdf_list = []
        
        dists = (z_vals[..., 1:] - z_vals[..., :-1]).reshape(batch_size, valid_rays_num, -1)
        rays_d_norm = torch.norm(rays_d, dim=-1).unsqueeze(-1).reshape(batch_size * rays_num, 1)
        valid_rays_d_norm = rays_d_norm[~mask_outbbox].reshape(batch_size, valid_rays_num, 1)
        # dists = torch.cat([dists, self.inf.expand(valid_rays_d_norm.shape)], -1)
        dists = torch.cat([dists, dists[..., -1:]], -1)

        
        raw = torch.zeros_like(rays_pts_global[..., 0]).unsqueeze(-1).repeat(1, 1, 4)
        raw_template = torch.zeros_like(rays_pts_global[..., 0]).unsqueeze(-1).repeat(1, 1, 4)
        normal = torch.zeros_like(rays_pts_global[..., 0]).unsqueeze(-1).repeat(1, 1, 3)
        counter = torch.zeros_like(rays_pts_global[..., 0]).unsqueeze(-1)

        for i in range(len(self.vox_list)):
            cur_mask = ~valid_mask_outbbox_list[i]
            _cur_xyz = rays_pts_local_list[i][cur_mask].view(-1, 3)
            _cur_rays_d = rays_d_pts_local_list[i][cur_mask].view(-1, 3)

            ### mask out points outside the original bbox ###
            cur_xyz_min = self.vox_list[i].xyz_min
            cur_xyz_max = self.vox_list[i].xyz_max
            cur_new_mask = (_cur_xyz <= cur_xyz_max).sum(-1) + (_cur_xyz >= cur_xyz_min).sum(-1)
            cur_new_mask = (cur_new_mask == 6)
            cur_xyz = _cur_xyz[cur_new_mask]
            cur_rays_d = _cur_rays_d[cur_new_mask]
            if fix_viewdir:
                cur_rays_d = torch.zeros_like(cur_rays_d)
                cur_rays_d[..., -1] = -1
            tmp_raw = torch.zeros_like(raw[cur_mask]).view(-1, 4)
            tmp_raw_template = torch.zeros_like(raw[cur_mask]).view(-1, 4)
            tmp_counter = torch.zeros_like(raw[cur_mask][..., 0]).view(-1)
            #################################################

            template_sdf = torch.nn.functional.grid_sample(
                self.sdf_voxels, cur_xyz.reshape(1, 1, 1, -1, 3) / 1.3,
                padding_mode = 'border', align_corners = True
            ).reshape(-1, 1)

            window_alpha = 4; window_beta = 8
            cur_xyz = (cur_xyz - (self.vox_list[i].xyz_min + self.vox_list[i].xyz_max) / 2.) / (self.vox_list[i].xyz_max - self.vox_list[i].xyz_min)
            weights = torch.exp(-window_alpha * ((cur_xyz * 2) ** window_beta).sum(-1))
            if return_eikonal:
                cur_xyz.requires_grad = True
            if self.opt.input_ch_views == 3:
                cur_input = torch.cat([
                    cur_xyz.view(batch_size, -1, 3),
                    cur_rays_d.view(batch_size, -1, 3)
                ], -1)
            elif self.opt.input_ch_views == 0:
                # raise NotImplementedError
                cur_input = cur_xyz.view(batch_size, -1, 3)
            else:
                raise NotImplementedError
            
            if w_space:
                assert gamma_list is not None
                assert beta_list is not None
                tmp_output = self.vox_list[i].network.forward_with_gamma_beta(
                    cur_input, gamma_list[i], beta_list[i]
                ).view(-1, 4)
            else:
                tmp_output = self.vox_list[i].network(
                    cur_input, styles=styles
                ).view(-1, 4)
            actual_sdf_list.append(tmp_output[:, -1:].view(-1).clone())
            tmp_output[:, -1:] = tmp_output[:, -1:] + template_sdf

            tmp_raw[cur_new_mask] = tmp_output * weights.view(-1, 1)
            tmp_raw_template[cur_new_mask] = template_sdf * weights.view(-1, 1)
            tmp_counter[cur_new_mask] += weights.view(-1)

            raw[cur_mask] += tmp_raw.view(-1, self.N_samples, 4)
            raw_template[cur_mask] += tmp_raw_template.view(-1, self.N_samples, 4)
            counter[cur_mask] += tmp_counter.view(-1, self.N_samples, 1)


            if return_eikonal:
                eikonal_term = self.vox_list[i].get_eikonal_term(
                    cur_xyz, tmp_output[..., -1]
                )
                eikonal_term_list.append(eikonal_term)
                normal_tmp = torch.zeros_like(normal[cur_mask]).view(-1, 3)
                normal_tmp[cur_new_mask] = eikonal_term * weights.view(-1, 1)
                try:
                    if torch.any(cur_mask):
                        normal_tmp = torch.matmul(forward_skinning_T_list[i][..., :3, :3].reshape(-1, 3, 3), normal_tmp.reshape(-1, 3).unsqueeze(-1))[..., 0].view(-1, self.N_samples, 3)
                        normal[cur_mask] += normal_tmp.view(-1, self.N_samples, 3)
                except Exception as e:
                    print(e)
                    st()

        sdf = raw[..., -1]
        sdf[counter.squeeze(-1) == 0] = 1
        raw[..., -1] = sdf
        
        sdf_template = raw_template[..., -1]
        sdf_template[counter.squeeze(-1) == 0] = 1
        raw_template[..., -1] = sdf_template

        counter[torch.isclose(counter, torch.zeros_like(counter).cuda())] = 1
        
        raw = raw / counter

        raw_template = raw_template / counter

        normal = normal / counter

        # Render All
        if self.with_sdf:
            sigma = self.sdf_activation(-raw[..., -1].view(batch_size, valid_rays_num, -1))
            sigma = 1 - torch.exp(-sigma * dists)
            sigma_template = self.sdf_activation(-raw_template[..., -1].view(batch_size, valid_rays_num, -1))
            sigma_template = 1 - torch.exp(-sigma_template * dists)
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError

        visibility = torch.cumprod(torch.cat([torch.ones_like(torch.index_select(sigma, 2, self.zero_idx)), 1.-sigma + 1e-10], 2), 2)
        visibility = visibility[...,:-1]
        _weights = sigma * visibility

        visibility_template = torch.cumprod(torch.cat([torch.ones_like(torch.index_select(sigma_template, 2, self.zero_idx)), 1.-sigma_template + 1e-10], 2), 2)
        visibility_template = visibility_template[...,:-1]
        _weights_template = sigma_template * visibility_template

        _rgb_map = torch.sum(_weights.unsqueeze(-1) * torch.sigmoid(raw[..., :3].view(batch_size, valid_rays_num, -1, 3)), 2)
        _xyz_map = torch.sum(_weights.unsqueeze(-1) * rays_pts_global.view(batch_size, valid_rays_num, -1, 3), 2)
        _depth_map = torch.sum(_weights * z_vals.view(batch_size, valid_rays_num, -1), -1)
        _depth_map_template = torch.sum(_weights_template * z_vals.view(batch_size, valid_rays_num, -1), -1)
        _weights_map = _weights.sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
        _weights_map_template = _weights_template.sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
            
        if return_eikonal:
            normal = torch.sum(_weights.unsqueeze(-1) * normal.view(batch_size, valid_rays_num, -1, 3), 2)

        if return_eikonal:
            cat_eikonal_term = torch.cat(eikonal_term_list, -2)
        else:
            cat_eikonal_term = None

        if self.opt.white_bg and not no_white_bg:
            _rgb_map = _rgb_map + 1 - _weights_map.view(batch_size, valid_rays_num, 1) 


        H, W = self.out_im_res

        rgb_map = torch.zeros(batch_size * H * W, 3).to(_rgb_map.device)
        if self.opt.white_bg and not no_white_bg:
            rgb_map += 1
        rgb_map[~mask_outbbox] = _rgb_map.view(-1, 3)
        rgb_map = rgb_map.view(batch_size, H, W, 3)

        xyz_map = torch.zeros(batch_size * H * W, 3).to(_xyz_map.device)
        xyz_map[~mask_outbbox] = _xyz_map.view(-1, 3)
        xyz = xyz_map.view(batch_size, H, W, 3)

        depth_map = torch.zeros(batch_size * H * W, 1).to(_depth_map.device) + _depth_map.max()
        depth_map[~mask_outbbox] = _depth_map.view(-1, 1)
        depth = depth_map.view(batch_size, H, W)
        
        depth_map_template = torch.zeros(batch_size * H * W, 1).to(_depth_map_template.device) + _depth_map_template.max()
        depth_map_template[~mask_outbbox] = _depth_map_template.view(-1, 1)
        depth_template = depth_map_template.view(batch_size, H, W)

        weights_map = torch.zeros(batch_size * H * W, 1).to(_weights_map.device)
        weights_map[~mask_outbbox] = _weights_map.view(-1, 1)
        mask = weights_map.view(batch_size, H, W)

        weights_map_template = torch.zeros(batch_size * H * W, 1).to(_weights_map_template.device)
        weights_map_template[~mask_outbbox] = _weights_map_template.view(-1, 1)
        mask_template = weights_map_template.view(batch_size, H, W)

        if return_eikonal:
            normal_map = torch.zeros(batch_size * H * W, 3).to(normal.device)
            normal_map[~mask_outbbox] = normal.view(-1, 3)
            feature_map = normal_map.view(batch_size, H, W, 3)
        else:
            feature_map = None

        if torch.any(torch.isnan(rgb_map)):
            st()

        rgb_map = -1 + 2 * rgb_map
        sdf = torch.cat(actual_sdf_list, 0)

        return rgb_map, feature_map, [sdf], mask, [xyz, depth, depth_template, mask_template], cat_eikonal_term