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<h1 id="javascript-in-the-oracle-database">JavaScript in the Oracle Database</h1>
<p>This page describes how to run JavaScript in an Oracle Database using the Oracle Database Multilingual Engine (MLE).
MLE is powered by GraalVM: it can run JavaScript code in Oracle Database 23ai (and later) on Linux x64.</p>
<h2 id="preparation">Preparation</h2>
<ol>
<li>Get an <a href="https://www.oracle.com/cloud/free">Oracle Cloud Free Tier</a> account and choose a home region that offers Oracle Database 23ai or later.</li>
<li><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/iaas/autonomous-database-serverless/doc/autonomous-provision.html">Provision an Autonomous Database Transaction Processing instance</a> and start your favorite SQL IDE, such as one of the following:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/iaas/autonomous-database-serverless/doc/connect-tools.html">Oracle SQL Developer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.oracle.com/database/sqldeveloper/technologies/db-actions/">Oracle Database Actions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.oracle.com/database/sqldeveloper/vscode/">SQL Developer for VS Code</a></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Prerequisites</strong>: see the section titled “Prerequisites for using JavaScript in Oracle Database 23c Free - Developer Release” in <a href="https://blogs.oracle.com/developers/post/introduction-javascript-oracle-database-23c-free-developer-release">Introduction to JavaScript in Oracle Database 23c Free - Developer Release</a>. (Although targeted at an earlier release, they are still valid.)</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
<p>The examples assume that you have created a database account with the necessary privileges to create MLE modules and environments, as well as PL/SQL functions, procedures, and packages.
The account has also been granted the privilege to execute JavaScript code.
(For more information, see <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/23/mlejs/mle-security.html">MLE Security</a>.)</p>
<!-- based on the LiveLab https://apexapps.oracle.com/pls/apex/r/dbpm/livelabs/view-workshop?wid=3696 -->
<ol>
<li>
<p>The first example shows how to create an MLE module.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"> create or replace mle module helper_module_inline
language javascript as
/**
* Convert a delimited string into key-value pairs and return JSON
* @param {string} inputString - the input string to be converted
* @returns {JSON}
*/
function string2obj(inputString) {
if ( inputString === undefined ) {
throw `must provide a string in the form of key1=value1;...;keyN=valueN`;
}
let myObject = {};
if ( inputString.length === 0 ) {
return myObject;
}
const kvPairs = inputString.split(";");
kvPairs.forEach( pair => {
const tuple = pair.split("=");
if ( tuple.length === 1 ) {
tuple[1] = false;
} else if ( tuple.length != 2 ) {
throw "parse error: you need to use exactly one '=' between " +
"key and value and not use '=' in either key or value";
}
myObject[tuple[0]] = tuple[1];
});
return myObject;
}
/**
* Convert a JavaScript object to a string
* @param {object} inputObject - the object to transform to a string
* @returns {string}
*/
function obj2String(inputObject) {
if ( typeof inputObject != 'object' ) {
throw "inputObject isn't an object";
}
return JSON.stringify(inputObject);
}
export { string2obj, obj2String }
/
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Note</strong>: MLE only supports ECMA Script modules.
CommonJS and other popular techniques are not available.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The above module defines two functions:</p>
<ol>
<li><code>string2obj()</code></li>
<li><code>obj2Str()</code></li>
</ol>
<p>The <code>export</code> keyword at end of the module means that these functions can be called by other MLE modules, PL/SQL, as well as SQL.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The second example shows how to make these functions available in SQL and PL/SQL.
Functions within JavaScript modules cannot be called directly in SQL and PL/SQL.
Instead, you create a call specification for them.
A call specification can be thought of as a “wrapper” in PL/SQL.
Depending on your requirements you can either use standalone functions and procedures, or group them in a package.
Since these two functions belong to the <code>helper_module</code> they go in a package.</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql"> create or replace package helper_pkg as
function string2obj(
p_inputString varchar2
) return JSON
as mle module helper_module_inline
signature 'string2obj';
function obj2String(
p_inputObject JSON
) return varchar2
as mle module helper_module_inline
signature 'obj2String';
end helper_pkg;
/
</code></pre>
<p>With the call specification in place you can convert a string, delimited by <code>;</code> into a JavaScript object and return it to the caller, as follows</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql"> select json_serialize(
helper_pkg.string2obj(
'order_id=1;order_date=2023-04-24T10:27:52;order_mode=mail;promotion_id=1'
)
pretty
) string2obj;
</code></pre>
<p>You should see the following output:</p>
<pre><code> STRING2OBJ
----------------------------------------
{
"order_id" : "1",
"order_date" : "2023-04-24T10:27:52",
"order_mode" : "mail",
"promotion_id" : "1"
}
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Beginning with Oracle Database 23.3 it is possible to provide the JavaScript code <em>in line</em> with the call specification if all you need to do is invoke a standard piece of JavaScript code, as shown below:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql"> create or replace function date_to_epoch(
"ts" timestamp
) return number
as mle language javascript
;
/
</code></pre>
<p>Inline JavaScript procedures have some limitations, e.g. they cannot import other MLE modules (they can, however require the <a href="https://oracle-samples.github.io/mle-modules/">libraries that ship with MLE</a>).
This is why you should consider using MLE modules for writing more complex logic and/or making it re-usable within other modules.
You can now invoke the <code>date_to_epoch()</code> function directly from SQL as shown in this example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql"> select
date_to_epoch (
to_timestamp('2000-01-01 12:00:00', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')
) seconds_since_epoch
/
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>You can invoke MLE modules from other modules.
This is typically the case when CREATING more complex logic, or third-party modules.
Load the popular <code>validator.js</code> module into the database as described in <a href="https://blogs.oracle.com/developers/post/using-javascript-community-modules-in-oracle-database-23c-free-developer-release">Using JavaScript community modules in Oracle Database 23c Free - Developer Release</a>—adhering to the caveats such as license and compliance.
Now you can import the ECMASCript (ESM) version of the module from your favorite Content Delivery Network (CDN), as described in the article above.
Assume the validator module is created as <code>validator_module</code> in the database.
You can use the module in your own code as follows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql"> create or replace mle module validator_usage_demo_module
language javascript as
import validator from 'validator';
export function emailCheck(str) {
return validator.isEMail(str);
}
</code></pre>
<p>The element that maps the import name (<code>validator</code>) to the module is called an <em>MLE environment</em>. Because there is no file system that MLE can use to resolve import names, you have to explicitly declare the mapping, as follows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql"> create or replace mle env validator_env imports (
'validator' module validator_module
);
</code></pre>
<p>The MLE environment helps map import names to modules in call specifications.
If you want to expose the SQL function <code>emailCheck()</code>, then create the following call specification:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql"> create or replace function email_check(p_str varchar2)
return boolean
as mle module validator_usage_demo_module
env validator_env
signature 'emailCheck';
/
</code></pre>
<p>Now you can call <code>email_check</code> almost anywhere.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="type-conversions">Type Conversions</h2>
<p>Knowing how type conversions work is very important—whenever your code “leaves” SQL or PL/SQL, the types must be converted to their analogous JavaScript types.
(For more information about Type Conversions, see <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/23/mlejs/mle-type-conversions.html">MLE Type Conversions</a>.)</p>
<p>You may know that a JavaScript <code>Number</code> is implemented as a double-precision 64-bit binary format IEEE 754 value.
There might be problems with the maximum number it can store as well as loss of precision.
The following examples demonstrate the potential loss of precision.</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql">create table demo_table (
id number constraint pk_demo_table primary key,
value number not null
);
insert into demo_table(
id,
value
) values
(1, 0.1),
(2, 0.2);
create or replace procedure precision_loss(
"id1" demo_table.id%type,
"id2" demo_table.id%type)
as mle language javascript
;
/
begin precision_loss(1, 2); end;
/
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>precision_loss()</code> procedure prints a value of <code>0.30000000000000004</code> to the console (instead of <code>0.3</code>).
To circumvent the loss of precision you can follow many strategies laid out in <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/23/mlejs/calling-plsql-and-sql-from-mle-js-code.html">Calling PL/SQL and SQL from the MLE JavaScript SQL Driver</a>.
One approach is to instruct the SQL driver to return the number as the type <code>OracleNumber</code>: a wrapper type for Oracle’s Number data type in JavaScript:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql">create or replace procedure precision_preserved(
"id1" demo_table.id%type,
"id2" demo_table.id%type)
as mle language javascript
;
/
begin precision_preserved(1, 2); end;
/
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>precision_preserved()</code> procedure now prints the correct result (<code>0.3</code>) to the console.
Wrapper data types are documented in the <a href="https://oracle-samples.github.io/mle-modules/docs/mle-js-plsqltypes/23c"><code>mle-js-plsqltypes</code> module</a>.
Whenever you require number precision, consider using one of the wrapper data types.</p>
<h2 id="dynamic-javascript-execution">Dynamic JavaScript execution</h2>
<p>Oracle Database 21c introduced MLE in form of the <code>DBMS_MLE</code> package.
It is still available, however its focus has shifted to framework developers and embedding into REPL (Read Eval Print Loop) systems.
APEX, Database Actions and others use the package under the covers.</p>
<p>Here is a basic example how to code with <code>DBMS_MLE</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">set serveroutput on;
declare
l_ctx dbms_mle.context_handle_t;
l_source_code clob;
begin
-- Create execution context for MLE execution
l_ctx := dbms_mle.create_context();
-- using q-quotes to avoid problems with unwanted string termination
l_source_code :=
q'~
const result = session.execute(
`select 'hello, world'`,
[],
{
outFormat: oracledb.OUT_FORMAT_ARRAY
}
);
const message = result.rows[0][0];
console.log(message);
~';
dbms_mle.eval(
context_handle => l_ctx,
language_id => 'JAVASCRIPT',
source => l_source_code,
source_name => 'example01'
);
dbms_mle.drop_context(l_ctx);
exception
when others then
dbms_mle.drop_context(l_ctx);
raise;
end;
/
</code></pre>
<p>The anonymous PL/SQL block prints <code>hello, world</code> to the console.
If you want to use modules other than those built into MLE, you must use MLE environments.
Building on the foundation laid by the previously created <code>validator_env</code>, you can verify an email using <code>DBMS_MLE</code> as follows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sql">set serveroutput on;
declare
l_ctx dbms_mle.context_handle_t;
l_source_code clob;
begin
-- Create execution context for MLE execution and provide an environment
l_ctx := dbms_mle.create_context('VALIDATOR_ENV');
-- using q-quotes to avoid problems with unwanted string termination
l_source_code :=
q'~
(async() => {
const { default: validator } = await import ('validator');
const str = 'not an email address';
console.log(`Is ${str} a valid email address? ${validator.isEmail(str)}`);
})()
~';
dbms_mle.eval(
context_handle => l_ctx,
language_id => 'JAVASCRIPT',
source => l_source_code,
source_name => 'example02'
);
dbms_mle.drop_context(l_ctx);
exception
when others then
dbms_mle.drop_context(l_ctx);
raise;
end;
/
</code></pre>
<p>You cannot use static <code>import</code> statements because DBMS_MLE evaluates JavaScript code in <em>script</em> mode.
However, you can use dynamic imports as illustrated in the snippet above.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>APEX and Database Actions are great tools because they allow you to focus on writing JavaScript (<code>l_source_code</code> in the above example).</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="related-documentation">Related Documentation</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/23/mlejs/">Oracle® Database JavaScript Developer’s Guide</a>.</li>
<li>Martin Bach’s <a href="https://blogs.oracle.com/authors/martin-bach">blog posts on using JavaScript in Oracle Database</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://oracle-samples.github.io/mle-modules/">Using MLE Modules</a>.</li>
</ul>
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