diff --git a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/cmd_build.go b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/cmd_build.go
index 2a0564026e4..edb7c382e96 100644
--- a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/cmd_build.go
+++ b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/cmd_build.go
@@ -44,8 +44,9 @@ type cBuild struct {
 }
 
 const (
-	cBuildBrief = `cross-building go project for lots of platforms`
-	cBuildEg    = `
+	cBuildDefaultFile = "main.go"
+	cBuildBrief       = `cross-building go project for lots of platforms`
+	cBuildEg          = `
 gf build main.go
 gf build main.go --ps public,template
 gf build main.go --cgo
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ type cBuildInput struct {
 	Arch          string `short:"a"  name:"arch"    brief:"output binary architecture, multiple arch separated with ','"`
 	System        string `short:"s"  name:"system"  brief:"output binary system, multiple os separated with ','"`
 	Output        string `short:"o"  name:"output"  brief:"output binary path, used when building single binary file"`
-	Path          string `short:"p"  name:"path"    brief:"output binary directory path, default is './temp'" d:"./temp"`
+	Path          string `short:"p"  name:"path"    brief:"output binary directory path, default is '.'" d:"."`
 	Extra         string `short:"e"  name:"extra"   brief:"extra custom \"go build\" options"`
 	Mod           string `short:"m"  name:"mod"     brief:"like \"-mod\" option of \"go build\", use \"-m none\" to disable go module"`
 	Cgo           bool   `short:"c"  name:"cgo"     brief:"enable or disable cgo feature, it's disabled in default" orphan:"true"`
@@ -152,12 +153,13 @@ func (c cBuild) Index(ctx context.Context, in cBuildInput) (out *cBuildOutput, e
 
 	var (
 		parser = gcmd.ParserFromCtx(ctx)
-		file   = parser.GetArg(2).String()
+		file   = in.File
 	)
-	if len(file) < 1 {
+	if file == "" {
+		file = parser.GetArg(2).String()
 		// Check and use the main.go file.
-		if gfile.Exists("main.go") {
-			file = "main.go"
+		if gfile.Exists(cBuildDefaultFile) {
+			file = cBuildDefaultFile
 		} else {
 			mlog.Fatal("build file path is empty or main.go not found in current working directory")
 		}
@@ -239,13 +241,7 @@ func (c cBuild) Index(ctx context.Context, in cBuildInput) (out *cBuildOutput, e
 	} else {
 		genv.MustSet("CGO_ENABLED", "0")
 	}
-	var (
-		cmd = ""
-		ext = ""
-	)
 	for system, item := range platformMap {
-		cmd = ""
-		ext = ""
 		if len(customSystems) > 0 && customSystems[0] != "all" && !gstr.InArray(customSystems, system) {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -258,58 +254,22 @@ func (c cBuild) Index(ctx context.Context, in cBuildInput) (out *cBuildOutput, e
 				// For example:
 				// `gf build`
 				// `gf build -o main.exe`
-				if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
-					ext = ".exe"
-				}
-				var outputPath string
-				if len(in.Output) > 0 {
-					outputPath = "-o " + in.Output
-				} else {
-					outputPath = "-o " + in.Name + ext
-				}
-				cmd = fmt.Sprintf(
-					`go build %s -ldflags "%s" %s %s`,
-					outputPath, ldFlags, in.Extra, file,
+				c.doBinaryBuild(
+					ctx, file,
+					in.Output, in.Path,
+					runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH, in.Name, ldFlags, in.Extra,
+					in.ExitWhenError,
+					true,
 				)
 			} else {
-				// Cross-building, output the compiled binary to specified path.
-				if system == "windows" {
-					ext = ".exe"
-				}
-				genv.MustSet("GOOS", system)
-				genv.MustSet("GOARCH", arch)
-
-				var outputPath string
-				if len(in.Output) > 0 {
-					outputPath = "-o " + in.Output
-				} else {
-					outputPath = fmt.Sprintf(
-						"-o %s/%s/%s%s",
-						in.Path, system+"_"+arch, in.Name, ext,
-					)
-				}
-				cmd = fmt.Sprintf(
-					`go build %s -ldflags "%s" %s%s`,
-					outputPath, ldFlags, in.Extra, file,
+				c.doBinaryBuild(
+					ctx, file,
+					in.Output, in.Path,
+					system, arch, in.Name, ldFlags, in.Extra,
+					in.ExitWhenError,
+					false,
 				)
 			}
-			mlog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("build for GOOS=%s GOARCH=%s", system, arch))
-			mlog.Debug(cmd)
-			// It's not necessary printing the complete command string.
-			cmdShow, _ := gregex.ReplaceString(`\s+(-ldflags ".+?")\s+`, " ", cmd)
-			mlog.Print(cmdShow)
-			if result, err := gproc.ShellExec(ctx, cmd); err != nil {
-				mlog.Printf(
-					"failed to build, os:%s, arch:%s, error:\n%s\n\n%s\n",
-					system, arch, gstr.Trim(result),
-					`you may use command option "--debug" to enable debug info and check the details`,
-				)
-				if in.ExitWhenError {
-					os.Exit(1)
-				}
-			} else {
-				mlog.Debug(gstr.Trim(result))
-			}
 			// single binary building.
 			if len(customSystems) == 0 && len(customArches) == 0 {
 				goto buildDone
@@ -322,6 +282,68 @@ buildDone:
 	return
 }
 
+func (c cBuild) doBinaryBuild(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	filePath string,
+	outputPath, dirPath string,
+	system, arch, name, ldFlags, extra string,
+	exitWhenError bool,
+	singleBuild bool,
+) {
+	var (
+		cmd string
+		ext string
+	)
+	// Cross-building, output the compiled binary to specified path.
+	if system == "windows" {
+		ext = ".exe"
+	}
+	genv.MustSet("GOOS", system)
+	genv.MustSet("GOARCH", arch)
+
+	if outputPath != "" {
+		outputPath = "-o " + outputPath
+	} else {
+		if dirPath == "" {
+			dirPath = "."
+		} else {
+			dirPath = gstr.TrimRight(dirPath, "/")
+		}
+		if singleBuild {
+			outputPath = fmt.Sprintf(
+				"-o %s/%s%s",
+				dirPath, name, ext,
+			)
+		} else {
+			outputPath = fmt.Sprintf(
+				"-o %s/%s/%s%s",
+				dirPath, system+"_"+arch, name, ext,
+			)
+		}
+	}
+	cmd = fmt.Sprintf(
+		`go build %s -ldflags "%s" %s%s`,
+		outputPath, ldFlags, extra, filePath,
+	)
+	mlog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("build for GOOS=%s GOARCH=%s", system, arch))
+	mlog.Debug(cmd)
+	// It's not necessary printing the complete command string, filtering ldFlags.
+	cmdShow, _ := gregex.ReplaceString(`\s+(-ldflags ".+?")\s+`, " ", cmd)
+	mlog.Print(cmdShow)
+	if result, err := gproc.ShellExec(ctx, cmd); err != nil {
+		mlog.Printf(
+			"failed to build, os:%s, arch:%s, error:\n%s\n\n%s\n",
+			system, arch, gstr.Trim(result),
+			`you may use command option "--debug" to enable debug info and check the details`,
+		)
+		if exitWhenError {
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	} else {
+		mlog.Debug(gstr.Trim(result))
+	}
+}
+
 // getBuildInVarStr retrieves and returns the custom build-in variables in configuration
 // file as json.
 func (c cBuild) getBuildInVarStr(ctx context.Context, in cBuildInput) string {
diff --git a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/cmd_z_unit_build_test.go b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/cmd_z_unit_build_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..33925969189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/cmd_z_unit_build_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright GoFrame gf Author(https://goframe.org). All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the MIT License.
+// If a copy of the MIT was not distributed with this file,
+// You can obtain one at https://github.com/gogf/gf.
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gogf/gf/v2/os/gfile"
+	"github.com/gogf/gf/v2/os/gproc"
+	"github.com/gogf/gf/v2/test/gtest"
+	"github.com/gogf/gf/v2/text/gstr"
+)
+
+func Test_Build_Single(t *testing.T) {
+	gtest.C(t, func(t *gtest.T) {
+		var (
+			buildPath  = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `single`)
+			pwd        = gfile.Pwd()
+			binaryName = `t.test`
+			binaryPath = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `single`, binaryName)
+			f          = cBuild{}
+		)
+		defer gfile.Chdir(pwd)
+		defer gfile.Remove(binaryPath)
+		err := gfile.Chdir(buildPath)
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPath), false)
+		_, err = f.Index(ctx, cBuildInput{
+			File: cBuildDefaultFile,
+			Name: binaryName,
+		})
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPath), true)
+	})
+}
+
+func Test_Build_Single_Output(t *testing.T) {
+	gtest.C(t, func(t *gtest.T) {
+		var (
+			buildPath     = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `single`)
+			pwd           = gfile.Pwd()
+			binaryName    = `tt`
+			binaryDirPath = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `single`, `tt`)
+			binaryPath    = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `single`, `tt`, binaryName)
+			f             = cBuild{}
+		)
+		defer gfile.Chdir(pwd)
+		defer gfile.Remove(binaryDirPath)
+		err := gfile.Chdir(buildPath)
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPath), false)
+		_, err = f.Index(ctx, cBuildInput{
+			Output: "./tt/tt",
+		})
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPath), true)
+	})
+}
+
+func Test_Build_Single_Path(t *testing.T) {
+	gtest.C(t, func(t *gtest.T) {
+		var (
+			buildPath     = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `single`)
+			pwd           = gfile.Pwd()
+			dirName       = "ttt"
+			binaryName    = `main`
+			binaryDirPath = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `single`, dirName)
+			binaryPath    = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `single`, dirName, binaryName)
+			f             = cBuild{}
+		)
+		defer gfile.Chdir(pwd)
+		defer gfile.Remove(binaryDirPath)
+		err := gfile.Chdir(buildPath)
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPath), false)
+		_, err = f.Index(ctx, cBuildInput{
+			Path: "ttt",
+		})
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPath), true)
+	})
+}
+
+func Test_Build_Single_VarMap(t *testing.T) {
+	gtest.C(t, func(t *gtest.T) {
+		var (
+			buildPath  = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `varmap`)
+			pwd        = gfile.Pwd()
+			binaryName = `main`
+			binaryPath = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `varmap`, binaryName)
+			f          = cBuild{}
+		)
+		defer gfile.Chdir(pwd)
+		defer gfile.Remove(binaryPath)
+		err := gfile.Chdir(buildPath)
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPath), false)
+		_, err = f.Index(ctx, cBuildInput{
+			VarMap: map[string]interface{}{
+				"a": "1",
+				"b": "2",
+			},
+		})
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPath), true)
+
+		result, err := gproc.ShellExec(ctx, binaryPath)
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+		t.Assert(gstr.Contains(result, `a: 1`), true)
+		t.Assert(gstr.Contains(result, `b: 2`), true)
+	})
+}
+
+func Test_Build_Multiple(t *testing.T) {
+	gtest.C(t, func(t *gtest.T) {
+		var (
+			buildPath         = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `multiple`)
+			pwd               = gfile.Pwd()
+			binaryDirPath     = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `multiple`, `temp`)
+			binaryPathLinux   = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `multiple`, `temp`, `v1.1`, `linux_amd64`, `ttt`)
+			binaryPathWindows = gtest.DataPath(`build`, `multiple`, `temp`, `v1.1`, `windows_amd64`, `ttt.exe`)
+			f                 = cBuild{}
+		)
+		defer gfile.Chdir(pwd)
+		defer gfile.Remove(binaryDirPath)
+		err := gfile.Chdir(buildPath)
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPathLinux), false)
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPathWindows), false)
+		_, err = f.Index(ctx, cBuildInput{
+			File:    "multiple.go",
+			Name:    "ttt",
+			Version: "v1.1",
+			Arch:    "amd64",
+			System:  "linux, windows",
+			Path:    "temp",
+		})
+		t.AssertNil(err)
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPathLinux), true)
+		t.Assert(gfile.Exists(binaryPathWindows), true)
+	})
+}
diff --git a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/multiple/multiple.go b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/multiple/multiple.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..79058077776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/multiple/multiple.go
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package main
+
+func main() {
+
+}
diff --git a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/single/main.go b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/single/main.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..79058077776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/single/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package main
+
+func main() {
+
+}
diff --git a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/varmap/go.mod b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/varmap/go.mod
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..74572920486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/varmap/go.mod
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module github.com/gogf/gf/cmd/gf/cmd/gf/testdata/vardump/v2
+
+go 1.18
+
+require github.com/gogf/gf/v2 v2.6.1
+
+require (
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.14.0 // indirect
+)
+
+replace github.com/gogf/gf/v2 => ../../../../../../../
diff --git a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/varmap/go.sum b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/varmap/go.sum
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..56cf07dd733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/varmap/go.sum
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.2.0 h1:Rt8g24XnyGTyglgET/PRUNlrUeu9F5L+7FilkXfZgs0=
+github.com/clbanning/mxj/v2 v2.7.0 h1:WA/La7UGCanFe5NpHF0Q3DNtnCsVoxbPKuyBNHWRyME=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.15.0 h1:kOqh6YHBtK8aywxGerMG2Eq3H6Qgoqeo13Bk2Mv/nBs=
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0 h1:8JEhPFa5W2WU7YfeZzPNqzMP6Lwt7L2715Ggo0nosvA=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.4 h1:g01GSCwiDw2xSZfjJ2/T9M+S6pFdcNtFYsp+Y43HYDQ=
+github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 h1:hSWxHoqTgW2S2qGc0LTAI563KZ5YKYRhT3MFKZMbjag=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
+github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.0 h1:PPwGk2jz7EePpoHN/+ClbZu8SPxiqlu12wZP/3sWmnc=
+github.com/grokify/html-strip-tags-go v0.0.1 h1:0fThFwLbW7P/kOiTBs03FsJSV9RM2M/Q/MOnCQxKMo0=
+github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.6 h1:5ibWZ6iY0NctNGWo87LalDlEZ6R41TqbbDamhfG/Qzo=
+github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 h1:fFA4WZxdEF4tXPZVKMLwD8oUnCTTo08duU7wxecdEvA=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
+github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.15 h1:UNAjwbU9l54TA3KzvqLGxwWjHmMgBUVhBiTjelZgg3U=
+github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 h1:P2Ga83D34wi1o9J6Wh1mRuqd4mF/x/lgBS7N7AbDhec=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
+github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.4 h1:8TfxU8dW6PdqD27gjM8MVNuicgxIjxpm4K7x4jp8sis=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2 h1:+h33VjcLVPDHtOdpUCuF+7gSuG3yGIftsP1YvFihtJ8=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.14.0 h1:/79Huy8wbf5DnIPhemGB+zEPVwnN6fuQybr/SRXa6hM=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.14.0/go.mod h1:o4buv+dJzx8rohcUeRmWUZhqupFvzWis188WlggnNeU=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.14.0 h1:PDCppFRDq8A1jL9v6KMI6dYesaq+DFcDZvjsoGvxGzY=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.14.0 h1:wp2Mmvj41tDsyAJXiWDWpfNsOiIyd38fy85pyKcFq/M=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.14.0/go.mod h1:8avnQLK+CG77yNLUae4ea2JDQ6iT+gozhnZjy/rw9G8=
+golang.org/x/net v0.17.0 h1:pVaXccu2ozPjCXewfr1S7xza/zcXTity9cCdXQYSjIM=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.13.0 h1:Af8nKPmuFypiUBjVoU9V20FiaFXOcuZI21p0ycVYYGE=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0 h1:ablQoSUd0tRdKxZewP80B+BaqeKJuVhuRxj/dkrun3k=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
diff --git a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/varmap/main.go b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/varmap/main.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..788a885cddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/testdata/build/varmap/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/gogf/gf/v2/os/gbuild"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	for k, v := range gbuild.Data() {
+		fmt.Printf("%s: %v\n", k, v)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/os/gcmd/gcmd_parser.go b/os/gcmd/gcmd_parser.go
index 40689732874..49cbcca8502 100644
--- a/os/gcmd/gcmd_parser.go
+++ b/os/gcmd/gcmd_parser.go
@@ -200,6 +200,9 @@ func (p *Parser) setOptionValue(name, value string) {
 
 // GetOpt returns the option value named `name` as gvar.Var.
 func (p *Parser) GetOpt(name string, def ...interface{}) *gvar.Var {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
 	if v, ok := p.parsedOptions[name]; ok {
 		return gvar.New(v)
 	}
@@ -211,11 +214,17 @@ func (p *Parser) GetOpt(name string, def ...interface{}) *gvar.Var {
 
 // GetOptAll returns all parsed options.
 func (p *Parser) GetOptAll() map[string]string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
 	return p.parsedOptions
 }
 
 // GetArg returns the argument at `index` as gvar.Var.
 func (p *Parser) GetArg(index int, def ...string) *gvar.Var {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
 	if index >= 0 && index < len(p.parsedArgs) {
 		return gvar.New(p.parsedArgs[index])
 	}
@@ -227,6 +236,9 @@ func (p *Parser) GetArg(index int, def ...string) *gvar.Var {
 
 // GetArgAll returns all parsed arguments.
 func (p *Parser) GetArgAll() []string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
 	return p.parsedArgs
 }