User code failed to load. Cannot determine backend specification

[rendomnet]

[REQUIRED] Environment info

firebase-tools: 12.4.4

Platform: Windows 11

[REQUIRED] Test case

A month ago, I had a functional code that worked perfectly. However, as I attempt to deploy it now, I am encountering a frustratingly elusive error that provides minimal information on its origin.
"Error: User code failed to load. Cannot determine backend specification" <--??!!

[REQUIRED] Steps to reproduce

Why your errors are so useless? Why working code stoped working when you upgrade something on your side.

[REQUIRED] Expected behavior

deploying

[REQUIRED] Actual behavior

Error: User code failed to load. Cannot determine backend specification

[TomV]

I am seeing the exact same issue and I am deploying code that used to deploy fine. I have even rolled back both firebase-tools (several versions, iteratively) and a few versions of firebase-frameworks. Same issue - how was this closed?

[mustafaekim]

I am also experiencing this issue whenever I upgrade the firebase-tools package from 11.26.1 to a recent version. Why?

[Dagmawi-a-Negatu]

Was anyone able to find the source? Having the same issue :(

[mustafaekim]

See here

[Dagmawi-a-Negatu]

Downgrading firebase tools and running on 16 nodejs seemed to fix my issue.