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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Nouns- the Cases</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<!-- bgcolor= -->
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 id="oben"><span class="red">Caibidil a hAon: The Noun (an
tAinmfhocal)</span></h1>
<h2> <i class="red">The Cases (na Tuisil):</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
</colgroup>
<tr valign="top">
<td valign="top">
<b class="lightgreen">the nominative (an tuiseal ainmneach)</b>
<br>
<a href="#nominativ">nominative singular</a> (ainmneach uatha)
<br>
<a href="#plural">nominative plural </a> (ainmneach iolra) <br>
<a href="#lagiolra">weak plural </a> (lagiolra) <br>
<a href="#treaniolra">strong plural </a> (tréaniolra)
<br>
<a href="#dual">nominative dual</a> (ainmneach déach)
<br>
<b class="lightgreen">the genitive (an tuiseal ginideach)</b>
<br> <a href="#genitivverwend">use of the genitive</a>
<br> <a href="#GenitivSingular">genitive singular</a> (ginideach uatha)
<br> <a href="#Genitiv Plural">genitive plural </a> (ginideach iolra)
<br> <a href="#genitivlen">lenition and eclipsis in the genitive</a>
<br><b class="lightgreen">the dative (an tuiseal tabharthach)</b>
<br> <a href="#dativverwend">use of the dative</a>
<br> <a href="#dativform">autonomous dative forms</a>
<br> <a href="#DativSingular">dative singular</a> (tabharthach uatha)
<br> <a href="#DativPlural">dative plural </a> (tabharthach iolra)
<br>
<a href="#dativlen">lenition and eclipsis in the dative</a>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<b class="lightgreen">the accusative (an tuiseal cuspóireach)</b>
<br> <a href="#Akkusativ">the accusative</a> (an tuiseal cuspóireach)
<br>
<b class="lightgreen">the vocative (an tuiseal gairmeach)</b>
<br>
<a href="#vokativverwend">use of the vocative</a> <br>
<a href="#vokativbild">construction of the vocative</a> <br>
<a href="#VokativSingular">vocative singular</a> (gairmeach uatha)
<br> <a href="#vokplural">vocative plural </a> (gairmeach iolra)
<br>
<br>
<b class="lightgreen">apposition</b> <br>
<a href="#appos">apposition</a> (an chomhaisnéis) <br>
<br>
<b class="lightgreen">finity of nouns</b> <br>
<a href="#cinnte">finite nouns</a> (ainmfhocail chinnte) </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Im Irish there are 5 cases: the 4 like those in German as well as the vocative
as the 5th case. Iin the official standard there are supposedly only now 3 cases,
whereby nominative, accusative and dative are combined. The dative has, however,
often its own forms and even if the form of the cases is the same, there are
other rules for lenition and eclipsis, therefore, it is not practical/possible
to do without the dative. Nominative and accusative are always the same, so
that even defenders of the dative don't see the accusative any more as an autonomous
case, so that 4 cases remain: nominative/accusative, genitive, dative and vocative.
Here, all 5 cases are described, because they are also discussed singly in Irish
language grammar references in Irish. In Irish grammar books in English, the
nominative/accusative/dative are combined as the "common case".
<h2 id="nominativ"><span class="lightgreen">the nominative (an tuiseal ainmneach):</span></h2>
<p>The nominative is used as the <b>subject</b> of a clause. Additionally it is
used as the <b>subject</b> and <b>predicative noun</b> of a copular clause.
<br>
Nominative- and accusative forms are identical. <br>
The dative form is also, with a few exceptions, identical to the the nominative
form. <br>
In the dialects, often non-standard dative forms are also used in the nominative
(e.g. <i>Éirinn</i> instead of <i>Éire</i>, in Conamara e.g. <i>bróig</i>
instead of <i>bróg</i>)
<p>The nominative is used with the following prepositions: <i><b class="red">seachas,
go dtí</b></i> <br>
(both contain a verb form, whose subject is the noun in the nominative: seachas
= seach + is, go dtí = "until coming")
<h3 id="NominativSingular"><span class="red">nominative singular (ainmneach uatha)</span></h3>
<p>This is the <b>base form</b>, as one would find in the dictionary.
<h3 id="plural"><b class="red">nominative plural (ainmneach iolra)</b></h3>
<p>Forming the plural (iolra) is even in the standard quite irregular, and that
it is often different in the dialects, this makes the matter even more difficult.
<br>
Basically, one can speak of two different <i>ways of forming the plural </i><b>:</b>
<h4 id="lagiolra"><span class="red"><b><i>the weak plural (an lagiolra):</i></b></span></h4>
<p>This is almost exclusively present in the 1st + 2nd declension, but is quite
common.
<p><b>1st declension</b>: nominative plural = genitive singular e.g.: <i>leabhar - leabhair</i>
<br>
or: plural suffix <b class="red">-a</b> e.g. <i>cleas - cleasa</i>
<br>
<b>2nd declension</b>: plural suffix <b class="red">-a</b> e.g.: <i>bróg - bróga</i>
<p>It is called <b><i>weak</i></b>, because only the stem is modified in the plural,
a stem-supplementary (consonant containing "real") plural suffix is not present.
The plural forms are different in the genitive ( = nom. sing.) and sometimes
also in the vocative( suffix -a). <br>
In some dialects, instead of the the weak plural form, strong plural suffixes
are often given preference (e.g. <i>nasc-nascanna</i> instead of <i>naisc</i>)
<h4 id="treaniolra"><i class="red">the strong plural (an tréaniolra):</i></h4>
<p>It is formed by adding different<b><i> suffixes</i></b>: <br>
e.g.: <b class="red">í, -acha, -anna, -tha</b> etc. (e.g.: <i>bás - básanna</i>)
<p>It is called <b><i>strong</i></b>, because the stem in the plural is "supplememnted"
with additional consonants (-í was formerly written -idhe). <br>
The consonants of the plural suffix are used in all cases, although formerly
modified (e.g.: nominative/accusative <i>-anna</i>, genitive <i>-ann</i>, dative
<i>-annaibh</i>), though today in all cases (nominative, genitive, dative
and vocative) unchanged (e.g.: <i>-anna</i>). <br>
Originally, these suffixes were limited to certain declensions (e.g. -acha
for nouns of the 5th decl. mit -ach im genitive, -anna auf jene mit -ann im
genitive), they spread out in Modern Irish over the other declensions. <br>
Their "popularity" is due to the clarity of the tagging as a plural, comp. <i>naisc</i>
(weak plural ) with <i>nascanna</i> (strong plural ). <br>
Often, different plural suffixes are used, partially also seemingly several
plural suffixes: In Connacht e.g. -thaí (-tha + -í), -annaí
(-anna + -í), etc. (where this -í is probably the <a href="#DativPlural">dative-plural
suffix</a> -ibh, spoken in Connacht as [i:])
<h3 id="dual"><b class="red">nominative dual (ainmneach déach)</b></h3>
<p>Not to remain unmentioned that in Irish there are still traces of the dual
(the pair, an déach). <br>
It occurs only following the number 2 (dhá).
<p>The <b>dual form</b> (not only in the nominative, but in all cases, also in
the genitive-dual and dative-dual) is always the same as the <a href="#Dativ">dative-singular</a>:
<br>
e.g.: <i>cos = a foot</i> (nominative-singular), <i>cosa = feet</i> (nominative-plural
) <br>
<i>ar an gcois = on the foot</i> (dative-singular), <br>
<i>dhá chois = two feet</i> (nominative/genitive/dative-dual) <br>
In the genitive-dual, the genitive-plural form can also be used (where the genitive
following a number is rather atypical) <br>
see also <a href="zahl4.htm#dual">footnote</a> in Chapter 11 (Numbers)</p>
<p><hr width="100%">
<h2 id="Genitiv"><b class="lightgreen">the genitive (an tuiseal ginideach):</b></h2>
<h3 id="genitivverwend"><b class="red">use of the genitive</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>noun as the <i>attribute</i> of another noun<br>
genitive attributives always <i>follow</i> the definite noun. They resemble
attributive adjectives. <br>
In German there are often compounds instead of a genitive. <br>
The meaning of the attributive can be:
<ul type="square">
<li>partiality (<a href="#partitiv">partitive genitive</a>): <i>cuid airgid
= a share of the money</i></li>
<li>origin: <i>mac Sheáin = the son of Seán</i></li>
<li>ownership, membership: <i>teach an fhir = the man's house</i></li>
<li>material: <i>teach adhmaid = wooden house ("house [of] wood")</i></li>
<li>contents: <i>bosca chíste = cake box ("box [of] cake")</i></li>
<li>specific purpose: <i>fear an tí = man of the house </i></li>
<li>description: <i>lá Nollag = December day ("day [of] December")</i></li>
<li>use: <i>bróg cailín = girls' shoe</i></li>
<li>title, name: <i>Scoil Bhríde = Brigid School</i></li>
<li>monetary value, age, other measurements: <i>stampa scillinge = 1 shilling
stamp, leanbh bliana = one-year-old child ("child [of one] year")</i></li>
<li>Apposition: some genitives are called <a href="#appos">appositions</a>,
often to specify gender: <i>baintreach fir = widower ("widow [of] man"
> "widow+man" > "male widow"), dochtúir mná = female
doctor("doctor [of] woman" > "doctor+woman" > "female doctor"),
macaoimh mná = young woman ("young person [of] woman" > "female
young person")</i></li>
<li>object of transitive action: <br>
After a noun that denotes a transitive action, always the <i>object</i>
of the action takes the the genitive, not its subject: <br>
<i>grá Dé = the love for God</i> (<u>not</u>: the love of
God! In German the form "die Liebe Gottes" would more mean the latter!)</li>
<li>subject of intransitive action: <br>
Only after nouns, that describe intransitive (objectless) actions, can
one use the genitive to describe the subject: <br>
<i>imeacht na traenach = the departure of the train; seitreach capaill
= horse's whinny ("whinny [of the] horse")</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>noun as the <i>object</i> of the <a href="verbnom.htm">verbal noun</a>
<ul type="square">
<li>definite noun <i>after</i> the verbal noun: <br>
<i>Tá sé ag déanamh na hoibre = He is doing the work
("He is at doing the work")</i></li>
<li>indefinite noun <i>after</i> the verbal noun, when it has no further
attribute: <br>
<i>Tá sé ag cur báistí = It's raining ("it
is at laying [a] rain")</i></li>
<li>noun with the preposition a (= "zu")that comes <i>before</i> the verbal
noun, when the verbal noun itself is the attribute of another nouns (in
Ger. most Partizip I); see also <a href="verbnom1.htm#Attribut">verbal
noun as an attributive</a>: <br>
<i>fear na mná a phógadh = the man that is kissing the woman
("man that woman to kiss")</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>noun following definite <i>prepositions</i>
<ul type="square">
<li>after the genitive prepositions (originally nouns) <a href="genpraep.htm#trasna">trasna</a>,
<a href="chuig.htm">chun</a>, <a href="genpraep.htm#cois">cois</a>, <a href="genpraep.htm#timpeall">timpeall</a>,
<a href="genpraep.htm#fearacht">fearacht</a>, <a href="genpraep.htm#tareis">tar
éis</a> <br>
e.g.: <i>trasna an ghoirt = across the field ("across of the field")</i></li>
<li>after <a href="genpraep.htm#abgeleitet">derived prepositions</a> (that
contain nouns) e.g. <i>ar aghaidh = in front of ("on face")</i> <br>
e.g.: <i>ar aghaidh an tí = in front of the house ("on face of
the house")</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>after <i>quantities</i> (see <a href="#partitiv">partitive genitive</a>)
<ul type="square">
<li>after nouns like mórán (much), beagán (little),
neart (a bit), roinnt (some), dóthain (enough), breis (further),
cuid (share) e.g. <i>roinnt bainne = some milk</i></li>
<li>after adverbs like go leor (a lot, enough), níos mó (more)
e.g. <i>níos mó bainne = more milk</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>nouns, esp. the verbal noun, forming <i>participles</i>, mostly with the
prefixes so-, do-, in-. With regular nouns, today this is rare, and with a
verbal noun, the genitive is often equivalent to a verbal adjective, hence
the details are there(see <a href="verbadj.htm">verbal adjectives</a>).</li>
</ul>
The <b>form</b> of the genitive is <b><i>not</i> used</b> when:
<ul>
<li> when <i>two nouns in the genitive</i> directly follow one another, to avoid
a double genitive <br>
Instead the first is lenited in the nominative and only the second is in the
genitive. This is the so-called <b>"functional genitive"</b>, the first noun
is "functional" in genitive relation, but keeps the nominative form and is
lenited.<br>
<ul type="square">
<li>This is always the case, if the 2nd noun is definite: <br>
e.g.: <i>teach mhac Sheáin (the house of the son of Seán)</i>
<u>but</u> <i>teach (an) mhic = the house of (the) son (genitive)</i></li>
<li>If the 2nd noun is indefinite, a <b>double genitive</b> is also possible:
<br>
e.g.: <i>seol an bháid adhmaid = the sail of the wooden boat ("sail
of the boat [of] wood")</i></li>
<li>If the 1st noun is a verbal noun, it is then <b>always</b> in the genitive
(see <a href="verbnom1.htm#Attribut">verbal noun as the attributive</a>)
<br>
e.g.: <i>lucht foghlamtha na Gaeilge = the Irish learners ("people [of
the] learning of Irish")</i></li>
<li>If the noun describes a <i>quantity</i> (e.g. neart, roinnt, cuid, etc)
and if a partitive genitive follows the dative. e.g.: <i>Tá sé
ag ól roinnt bainne = He's drinking some milk</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li>with nouns as the <i>object</i> of the <a href="verbnom.htm">verbal noun</a>
<ul type="square">
<li>if an indefinite noun follows the verbal noun and is given <i>a further
attribute</i>. e.g.: <i>Tá sé ag léamh leabhar maith
= He is reading a good book</i> (see asldo <a href="verbnom1.htm#Genitiv">genitive
with the verbal noun</a>)</li>
<li>if a noun with the preposition a (= "zu") <i>precedes</i> the verbal
noun in infinitive constructions ("infintiv with to"), rather the accusative.
<br>
e.g.: <i>Ba mhaith liom cluiche a imirt = I would like to play a game
("would be good with-me, a game to play"</i>)</li>
<li>if a verbal noun is the <i>object</i> of another verbal noun. Instead,
as in German, in infinitive construction is used: <br>
e.g.: <i>ag iarraidh fiafraí = trying to ask</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li>with nouns + numbers
<ul type="square">
<li> nouns following cardinal- and ordinal numbers (only after 1 or 1st
is the genitive possible, but not after 11 etc.) <br>
e.g.: <i>teach an dara fear = the house of the second man, stampa dhá
scilling = 2 shilling stamp</i></li>
<li> nouns followed by numbers or letters as numbers (<i>roth bus a haon
= the wheel of bus nr. 1</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>with feminine proper names, if they have an adjectivial attribute or stand
next to a surname: <br>
e.g.: <i>teach Bhríd Rua = the house of the red-haired Bríd,
teach Bhríd Ní Cheallaigh = Bríd Kelly's house</i> (aber:
<i>teach Bhríde = Bríd's house</i>)</li>
<li>after the noun cúpla: <br>
e.g.: <i>Tá sé ag ól cúpla deoch. = He is drinking
a few drinks.</i></li>
<li>after prepositions, that actually require the genitive
<ul type="square">
<li>if the noun is part of an infinitive construction. <br>
e.g. <i>le linn an cluiche a bheith ar siúil = while the game was
on</i> (no genitive) <u>but</u> <i>le linn an chluiche = during the game</i>
(genitive)</li>
<li>if a verbal noun comes <i>directly after</i> a derived preposition.
<br>
e.g.: <i>le linn dul abhaile = on the way home</i> (see also <a href="verbnom1.htm#Genitiv">genitive
+ verbal noun</a>)</li>
<li>if a verbal noun comes directly after chun in the sense of <i>in order
to </i>.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>depending on the dialect sometimes the genitive is left aside [
<a id="fnverweis1" href="#fn1">1</a> ]</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="partitiv"><span class="red">the partitive
genitive and the partitive dative (an ginideach rannaíoch agus an tabharthach
rannaíoch)</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>the genitive can specify a part of the whole. This is the <b>partitive genitive</b>
(in German, one uses the nominative instead of the genitive) <br>
e.g. <i>roinnt airgid = some money (lit.: "a share of money"), ceathrú
úill = a quarter of an apple</i></li>
<li>Instead one can choose to form this by a <i>definite</i> noun of the <b>partitive
dative</b> with the preposition <a href="de.htm">de</a> + article ( in German
there would be here rather the partitive genitive!). This is especially so
if the first noun should remain <i>indefinite</i>: <br>
e.g.: <i>cuid den airgead = a share of the money("part of the money"), ceathrú
den úll = quarter of the apple ("from the apple"), roinnt de na fir
= some of the men ("share of the men")</i></li>
<li>The partitive dative is always necessary, if <i>both</i> nouns are definite
(also here one would use the genitivein German): <i>mo chuid den airgead =
my share of the money ("my part of the money")</i></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="best"><span class="red">particulars of definite genitive-attributives</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>In the definite genitive-attributives, <b>the antecedent itself counts as
definite</b>. So it is not allowed to become definite itself (e.g. by adding
an article or a possessive pronoun)! <br>
e.g.: <i>teach an dochtúra = <b>the</b> house of the doctor</i> (<i>nicht</i>:
<b>a</b> house of the doctor!) <br>
<i>teach m'athar = <b>the</b> house of my father</i> (<i>nicht</i>: <b>a</b>
house of my father!) <br>
<i>teach Sheáin = John's house</i> (<i>nicht</i>: <b>a</b> house of
Johns!) <br>
(This is equivalent to the German W suffixes like "<i>Johns Haus</i>", or
"<i>des Kaisers Bart</i>", where the genitive attribute is definite and through
this also the antecedent becomes definite; as opposed to: "<i><b>der</b> Bart
des Kaisers</i>", where both nouns have to carry the article)</li>
<li>Combinations of a definite genitive attribute with an indefinite remaining
antecedent are also not possible (e.g. <i><u>a</u> house of the doctor</i>).
Here one needs instead a dative: e.g. <i>teach don dochtúir = a house
of the doctor, lit.: "a house to-the doctor"</i></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="GenitivSingular"><b class="red">genitive singular (ginideach uatha)</b></h3>
<b>Form:</b>
<ul>
<li>The formation of the genitive occurs in various ways. <br>
Through this, the <a href="subst1.htm">declension groups</a> differentiate
themselves from one another. Te formation is (relatively) simple and regular
(provided, one knows to which declension group a word belongs to)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Genitiv Plural"><b class="red">genitive plural (ginideach iolra)</b></h3>
<b>Form:</b>
<ul>
<li><b><i>= <span class="red">nominative-singular</span></i></b> with the
<b><i> weak</i> plural </b> <br>
In the standard, this encompasses most of the nouns of the 1st declension
<br>
e.g.: <i>an fear - na bhfear</i> (the man - of the men), <br>
as well as many of the 2nd declension nouns (but often depalatalised!) <br>
e.g. <i>an bhróg - na mbróg</i> (the shoe, of the shoes); <i>an
tsúil - na súl</i> (the eye, of the eyes)</li>
<li><b><i>= <span class="red">nominative-plural </span> </i></b>with the
<b><i>strong</i> plural </b> <br>
Here are mostly the nouns of the 3rd and 4th declension, most of the 5th
, some of the 2nd and 1st declension. <br>
e.g.: <i>an cailín - na cailíní - na gcailíní</i>
(the girl- the girls- of the girls) [ <a href="#fn2" id="fnverweis2">2</a>
]</li>
<li><b><i>= <span class="red">genitive-singular</span>, </i></b>Here are
some of the nouns of the <b>5th declension (with the genitive singular on
-n, -d)</b> <br>
e.g.: <i>an cara - an charad - na gcarad</i> (the friend- of the friend- of
the friends) <br>
in some exceptions also with the genitive singular on -ch: <i>na caorach -
na gcaorach</i> (of the sheep, of the sheep)</li>
<li><i><b class="red">autonomous Form</b></i> (exceptions)
<br>
e.g.: <i>bean - ban</i></li></ul>
<h3 id="genitivlen"><font color="#CC0000"><b>lenition / eclipsis</b> in the
genitive</font></h3>
<ul>
<li><b>indefinite nouns</b>: <br>
To simplify, one could say that indefinite genitive attributives act like
attributive adjectives (s.a. <a href="adjekt3.htm#Lenition">lenition of adjectives</a>)
<blockquote> <b class="red">unlenited</b> <u>after</u> <i>masculine</i>
nouns in the nominative singular <br>
e.g. <i>fear céile = husband</i> <br>
<b class="red">lenited</b> <u>after</u> <i>masculine</i>
nouns in the weak plural (on slender consonants) <br>
e.g. <i>na fir c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>éile = the husbands</i>
<br>
<b class="red">lenited</b> <u>after</u> <i>masculine</i>
nouns, that <i>are in the genitive themselves</i> (on slender consonants)
<br>
e.g. <i>an fhir c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>éile = of the
husband, teach pobail b<b class="lightgreen">h</b>aile = the church
of a town</i> <br>
<b class="red">lenited</b> <u>after</u> <i>feminine</i>
nouns in the nominative singular <br>
e.g. <i>bean c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>éile = wife</i>
<br>
especially:
<ul>
<li>after femin. nouns of quantity: <i>punt phrátaí = 1
pound of potatoes</i></li>
<li>genitive of the verbal nouns: <i>bean chaointe = wailing woman</i></li>
<li>with the appositive genitive (animals and things): <i>cráin
mhuice = the sow of the pig</i></li>
<li>with the genitive of material: <i>tine mhóna = turf fire</i></li>
</ul>
<b class="red">unlenited</b> <u>after</u> <i>feminine</i> nouns:
<ul>
<li>with the partitive genitive (part of, lack of, excess of...) <i>roinnt
bainne = some milk</i></li>
<li>with the appositive genitive (with people): <i>baintreach fir = widower
("male widow")</i></li>
<li>with the genitive of category (with people): <i>bróg cailín
= girls' shoe ("shoe <u>for</u> a girl")</i></li>
<li>with genitive of action: <i>seitreach capaill = horse whinnying</i></li>
<li>with body parts or parts of things: <i>láimh duine = human
hand</i></li>
<li>after a fem. verbal noun, if following a preposition (mostly): <i>ag
iarraidh comhairle = to ask for advice</i></li>
<li>after a fem. verbal noun, if used as an indefinite regular noun </li>
<li>after abstract nouns, e.g.: <i>saoirse cainte = freedom of speech</i></li>
<li>after collectives, if it's the genitive plural : <i>buíon fear
= a troop of men</i></li>
<li>if the noun in the genitive has an attribute: <i>bean baile mhóir
= big-city woman</i> (but: <i>bean bhaile</i>)</li>
<li>after <a href="genpraep.htm#abgeleitet">derived prepositions</a> e.g.
<i>in aghaidh múinteora = against a teacher</i></li>
</ul>
</blockquote></li>
<li> <a href="artikel.htm">article</a><b>-</b>carrying<b> definite nouns</b>
<br>
The rules are defined by the article.
<blockquote> <b class="red">lenited:</b> after <i>a masculine</i>
genitive-singular-article (<i>an</i>) (e.g. <i>teach an f<b class="lightgreen">h</b>ir
= the man's house</i><br>
<b class="red">unlenited:</b> after <i>a feminine</i> genitive-singular-article
(<i>na</i>) (e.g. <i>teach na mná = the woman's house</i>) <br>
<b class="red">eclipsed:</b> after a genitive-plural-article
(<i>na</i>) (e.g. <i>teach na <b class="blue">bh</b>fear,
teach na <b class="blue">m</b>ban = the men's house, women's
house </i>) </blockquote>
</li>
<li><a href="possess.htm">possessive pronoun</a>-carrying <b>definite nouns</b>
<br>
again the rules are defined by the possessive pronoun.
<blockquote> <b class="red">lenited</b> after <i>mo, do,
a</i> (masc.) (e.g. <i>rogha a c<b class="lightgreen">h</b>airr
= the wheel of his car</i>) <br>
<b class="red">unlenited</b> after <i>a </i>(fem.) (e.g.
<i>rogha a cairr = the wheel of her car</i>) <br>
<b class="red">eclipsed</b> after <i>ár, bhur, a</i>
(plur.) (e.g. <i>rogha ár <b class="blue">g</b>cairr
= the wheel of our car</i>) </blockquote>
</li>
<li><b>proper names and other definite nouns in the genitive</b>
<blockquote>principally <b class="red">lenited</b> (e.g.
<i>fear C<b class="lightgreen">h</b>áit = Kate's man</i>)
<br>
Not lenited: names with: Mo.., Do... (both former vocative forms), Maol...
<br>
Not lenited: words like: Dé = of God, San = Saint. e.g.: <i>glóir
Dé = the Glory of God</i> <br>
Not lenited: names of saints after: Féile = festival, San = Saint,
Naomh = Holy e.g.: <i>Lá Fhéile Pádraig = St. Patrick's
Day</i> <br>
Not lenited: foreign names, e.g.: <i>dán Goethe = Goethe's poem</i>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><b>after genitive prepositions</b>
<blockquote> indefinite nouns after <i>chun, dála, timpeall, fearacht,
trasna</i> are mostly <b class="red">unlenited</b> </blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="Dativ">
<b class="lightgreen">the dative (an tuiseal tabharthach):</b></h2>
<h3 id="dativverwend" class="red">use of the dative:</h3>
<ul>
<li>It is used as the <b>indirect object</b> after most simple <a href="praepos.htm">prepositions</a>:
<br>
<b><i class="red">a, ag, ar, as, chuig, de, do, faoi, go, i, ionsar,
le, ó, os, roimh, thar, trí, um</i></b> (and in the plural
after <b><i class="red">idir</i></b>)</li>
<li>as opposed to German, in Irish, a dative object <i><b>without a preposition
is not possible</b></i>. <br>
If in German the dative <i>without </i>preposition would appear, in Irish
often one must use the <i>preposition</i> <a href="do.htm">do</a> (= to) :
comp.:
<ul type="square">
<li> <i>Ich gebe das Buch <u>der Frau</u></i> =I give the woman the book
= <b>irisch:</b><i> Tugaim an leabhar <u>don bhean</u></i> (lit.: "...to
the woman")</li>
<li><i>Ich gebe <u>dir</u> das Buch;</i> = I give you the book=<b> irisch:
</b><i>Tugaim an leabhar <u>duit</u></i> (lit.: "...to you")</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>a differentiation of the static locative (dt. dative: "in der Schule"=in
the school) from the dynamic locative (dt. accusative: "in die Schule"=into
the school) is not common anymore in Irish [ <a href="#fn3" id="fnverweis3">3</a>
] <br>
This is independent of if a special dative form or the nominative form is
used: <i>sa tigh = in the house/into the house</i> or. <i>sa teach = in the
house/into the house</i></li>
<li>the dative with <a href="le.htm">le</a> and <a href="do.htm">do</a> is used
for personal relationships, similar to German <i>"von"</i>, to express an
indefinite person: e.g.: <i>deartháir le Seán = a brother of
Seán's, uncail dóibh = an uncle of yours, cara dom = a friend
of mine</i> <br>
(instead of the genitive for definite persona: <i>deartháir Sheáin
= Seán's brother, bhur n-uncail = your uncle, mo chara = my friend</i>)</li>
<li>similar with <a href="le.htm">le</a> to show ownership/copyright of an indefinite
object: <i>dán le Goethe = a poem by Goethe</i> (as opposed to the
genitive: <i>dán Goethe = Goethe's poem</i>)</li>
<li>The <b>partitive dative (an tabharthach rannaíoch)</b> with the preposition
<a href="de.htm">de</a> is often useds in place of the <a href="subst2.htm#partitiv">partitive
genitive</a> (see also there), to identify a part or a quantity of things:
<br>
<i>cuid den obair = share of the work, beirt de na mná = two of the
women </i></li>
<li>the dative<b> of the agent, dativeus auctoris (an tabharthach gníomhach)</b>
acts as the <i>logical</i> subject of some clausal constructs without a grammatical
(nominative-) subject, see <a href="satz2.htm#sub">subjectlessness</a>. e.g.:
<i>Is as Dóire dom = I'm from Derry, le linn gloine a ól dom
= while I drink a glass</i>
<li>additionally, the dative form, if available, appears <b>after the number
2</b>. Actually, this is the nominative of the <b>duals (an déach)</b>,
which has the same form as the dative-singular. e.g.: <i>dhá bhróig
= two shoes, a dhá cois = her two feet</i></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="dativform"><b class="red">autonomous dative forms:</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>An autonomous <i>form</i> hardly has the dative in the standard anymore.
<br>
This is similar to German, where dative forms also sway (vgl. <i>dem Manne
/ dem Mann</i>)=the man's/of the man.</li>
<li>This is why, today at least, the dative form<b> = nominative form</b></li>
<li>In the official standard there are also <b>still common dative forms</b>
(5 words of the 2nd declension, Éire is the 5th decl.): <br>
<i>cos-cois (foot), lámh-láimh (hand), bróg-bróig
(shoe), bos-bois (palm), cluas-cluais (ear),</i> <br>
<i>Éire-Éirinn (Ireland),</i></li> <li>some words appear in definite set W suffixes in the old dative form: <br>
<i>ceann-cionn</i> (= head e.g. in <i>os cionn = above</i>), <i>ciall-céill</i>
(sense e.g. in <i>cur i gcéill = to convince, to bring sense (to s.o.)</i>)</li>
</ul>
Sometimes (like in dialects and in older literature), one finds other dative forms:
<h3 id="DativSingular"><b class="red">dative singular (tabharthach uatha)</b></h3>
<p>The dative of all nouns in the <a href="2dekl.htm">2nd declension</a> (not
only the 5 above mentioned words) is formed via <b>palatalisation</b>: e.g.
<i>bróg-bróig, fearg-feirg, fuinneog-fuinneoig, teach-tigh</i>
<br>
The dative of the <a href="5dekl.htm">5th declension</a> with the genitive
on a borad -n or -d is formed <b>palatalisation of the genitive</b>: e.g.: <i>Éire
(Nom.)-Éireann (Gen.)-Éirinn (Dat.), fiche (Nom.)-fichead (Gen.)-fichid
(Dat.)</i>
<p>Often, these dative forms of both declensions appear instead of the nominative:
<br>
e.g. <i>Éirinn</i> colloq. much more common than the official <i>Éire
= Ireland</i>, today always <i>Albain</i> instead of <i>Alba = Scotland</i>,
<i>abhainn</i> instead of <i>abha = river</i> <br>
in Connemara <i>bróig</i> instead of <i>bróg</i>, <i>fuinneoig</i>
instead of <i>fuinneog</i> (words of the 2nd decl.) in the nominative.
<p>In the<a href="1dekl.htm">1st </a>, <a href="3dekl.htm">3rd </a> and <a href="4dekl.htm">4th
</a>declension, the dative form is, since a long time, always the same as the
nominative form. <br>
In the <a href="1dekl.htm">1st</a> declension, some dative forms in a few set
W suffixes (as mentioned above: <i>ceann = head- os cionn = overhead</i> ) are
maintained. (the dative was once formed via "u-colouration" of the final consonant)
<p>The dative irregular nouns: the dative of <i>bean</i> is <i>mnaoi</i>, that
of <i>lá</i> is <i>ló</i> (e.g. <i>sa ló = per day</i>)
<h3 id="DativPlural"><b class="red">dative plural (tabharthach iolra)</b></h3>
<p>The dative plural of all declensions is formed with the addition of the suffix
<b class="red">-ibh</b>. (originally related to the latin suffix
-ibus, comp.: <i>viribus = the men</i>) (e.g. <i>fear-fearaibh, bróg-brógaibh</i>
etc.).
<p>The form depends on the nominative-plural , independent of the other declension:
<p>
<table border="1" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td nowrap><b>nominative plural </b></td>
<td><b>dative plural </b></td>
<td><b>example</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>palatalised</td>
<td nowrap>depalatalised + -<b class="red">aibh</b></td>
<td>an fear - na f<b class="red">i</b>r - leis na fear<b class="red">aibh</b>
(with the men)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-<b class="red">(a)igh</b></td>
<td>-<b class="red">(e)achaibh</b></td>
<td nowrap>an marcach - na marc<b class="red">aigh</b> - ag
na marc<b class="red">achaibh</b> (with the riders)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">a</b></td>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">aibh</b></td>
<td>an bhróg - na bróg<b class="red">a</b> -
sna bróg<b class="red">aibh</b> (in the shoes)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">e</b></td>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">ibh</b></td>
<td>an cara - na caird<b class="red">e</b> - ag na caird<b class="red">ibh</b>
(with the friends)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">í</b></td>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">íbh</b></td>
<td>an cailín - na cailín<b class="red">í</b>
- leis na cailín<b class="red">íbh</b> (with
the girls)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">anna</b></td>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">annaibh</b></td>
<td>an bus - na bus<b class="red">anna</b> - sna bus<b class="red">annaibh</b>
(in the busses)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">acha</b></td>
<td> suffix -<b class="red">achaibh</b></td>
<td>an nead - na nead<b class="red">acha</b> - sna nead<b class="red">achaibh</b>
(in the nests)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
In some dialects of Munster this form often replaces the nominative-plural (<i>fearaibh
= men</i>, instead of <i>fir</i>). <br>
Also the additional nominative plural suffix, common in Connacht, -í stems
from the old dative plural (e.g.: <i>-annaibh</i> > <i>-annaí</i>; through
the local pronunciation of -ibh as [i:]) <br>
As a real dative, this is hardly in use any more and has been replaced in the
standard by the nominative-plural.
<h3 id="Dativlen"><b class="red">lenition / eclipsis in the
dative</b></h3>
Because the dative only follows a preposition, the rules of lenition are defined
by the preposition.
<p><b>without article:</b>
<br>
After <font color="#CC000"><b><i>ag</i>, <i>as</i>, <i>chuig</i>, <i>fara</i>,
<i>le</i></b></font> there is neither lenition nor eclipsis. <br>
After <font color="#CC000"><b><i>ar</i>, <i>de</i>, <i>do</i>, <i>faoi</i>,
<i>ionsar</i>, <i>ó</i>, <i>roimh</i>, <i>trí</i>, <i>thar</i>,
<i>um</i></b></font> one <b>lenites</b> (general terms do not follow after ar
and thar) <br>
After <span class="red"><b><i>i</i></b></span> one <b>eclipses</b>. (also
after the today rarer <span class="red"><b><i>iar = after, go = with</i></b></span>)
<p><b>with the singular-article:</b> <br>
In the <b>standard</b>, for most prepositions there is a choice, either <b>lenition</b>
(common in Ulster) or <b>eclipsis</b> (in Munster and Connacht) (<i>ar an mbád</i>
or <i>ar an bhád = on the boat</i>) <br>
After <span class="red"><b><i>den</i></b></span> (de + an), <span class="red"><b><i>don</i></b></span>
(do + an) and <span class="red"><b><i>sa(n)</i></b></span> (i + an) the standard
<b>lenites</b> (<i>den chathaoir = of the chair</i>, <i>san fharraige = in the
sea</i>) <br>
<b>d, t, s</b> are neither lenited nor eclipsed (<i>den doras = of the door,
ar an doras = on the door, don sagart = to the priest</i>) <br>
Feminine nouns beginning with s (+ vowel or l, n, r) receive a <b>t- prefix</b>
(<i>ar an tsráid = on the street</i>)
<p>In the <b>dialects</b>, lenition and eclipsis are governed by different rules
(see also the overview <a href="artikel.htm#praeposition">article and preposition</a>)
<p><b>with the plural article</b> <br>
No lenition or eclipsis.
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<h2>
<b id="Akkusativ" class="lightgreen">the accusative (an tuiseal cuspóireach):</b></h2>
<p>The accusative form is always the same as the nominative form. <br>
The rules of lenition and eclipsis are, as well, same as in the nominative.
<br>
So can one tell the accusative from the nominative - only via the function/syntax.
<p>the accusative is used with a <b>direct objecten</b> of a verb<b></b> and of
the clause: <br>
e.g.: <i>Chonaic mé an fear = I saw the man</i> (direct accusative object:
<i>an fear</i>) <br>
The <b>direct object</b> of the <b>verbal noun</b> is in the accusative, if
it precedes it and is connected to <i>a = to</i>. <br>
e.g.: <i>an fear a fheiceáil = to see the man</i> <br>
As in German, the accusative is used in adverbial <b>time expressions</b><br>
e.g.: <i>Bhí mé ann an oíche sin / an bhlian seo caite
= I was there last night/ last year</i> (accusative-time expression: <i>an oíche
sin</i> or. <i>an bhliain seo caite</i>)
<p>Aside from those, the following <b>prepositions</b> require the accusative:
<i><b class="red">ach, gan, idir, mar, ná</b></i> <br>
<i>idir</i> requires the dative with nouns in the plural (there, idir has more
the meaning of "among": <i>idir mná = among women</i>)
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="Vokativ"><b class="lightgreen">the vocative (an tuiseal gairmeach)</b></h2>
<h3>
<b id="Vokativverwend" class="red">use of the vocative</b></h3>
The vocative is the"form of address", used when <b>speaking to </b> a person
or thing (if you are the sort to talk to inanimate objects) <br>
There is no such case in German, but in other languages(comp. latin: Marce Aurelie
= Marcus Aurelius!, Domine! = Lord!, et tu, Brute? = you too, Brutus?)
<p>The vocative<b> form </b> is <b><i>not</i></b> used by nouns and adjectives
(but always the vocative particle), if
<ul type="square">
<li> the terms of inanimate objects are used as a name for people (<i>a stór!
= Darling</i>) and</li>
<li> In the case of collectives (<i>a phobal = People!</i>)</li>
<li> if a definite noun follows in the genitive: <i>a mhac Bhriain = Son of
Brian! </i>(except in certain terms and proper names: <i>a Mhic Dé
= Son of God!, a Mhic Bhriain = Mr. MacBrien!</i>)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="vokativbild"><b class="red">formation of the vocative:</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>nouns: always with <a href="sonstig.htm#vokativpartikel">vocative particle</a>
and <b>always lenited</b> (if possible)! <br>
e.g.: <i><b class="red">a</b> S<b class="lilac">h</b>eáin
= Seán!</i> <br>
The vocative particle doesn't have the acclamatoric meaning of the German/English
"O/oh!", it is rather unstressed and flown over. As a stressed appell in Irish,
one can, in addition to the vocative particle, use the word <b>ó</b>
(following) : (<i>a Sheáin ó = oh Seán!</i>)</li>
<li>the use of the possessive pronoun in the form of address (like in English:
e.g.<i> my friend!</i>) is not common (<i>a chara = (my/dear) friend!</i>)
except sometimes in the religious setting: <i>ár nAthair atá
ar Neamh = Our Father, who art in Heaven...</i></li>
<li>also appositive personal pronouns in the form of address (in English e.g.
<i>you Idiot!</i>) are not common (<i>a amadáin = Idiot!</i>)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="VokativSingular"><b class="red">vocative singular (gairmeach uatha)</b></h3>
<ul>
<li><b>1st declension</b>: vocative = <b>genitive singular </b> (e.g. <i>fear - a fhir = man!)</i></li>
<li><b>2nd -5th declension</b>: vocative = <b>nominative singular</b> (e.g.:
<i>cailín - a chailín = girl!)</i></li>
<li>following adjectives that are attributive are always <b>lenited</b></li>
<li>after masculine nouns (1st -5th declension!) adjective form = genitive
singular, (e.g.: <i>a fhir mhóir = big man!</i>)</li>
<li>after feminine nouns adjective form = nominative singular (<i>a bhean mhór
= big woman!</i>)</li>
</ul>
<h4><span class="lightgreen"><b>exceptions</b>:</span></h4>
<ul>
<li><b>Ó</b> in names in the vocative form = <i>Uí </i> (after
that, lenition, h- entfällt) e.g.: <i>a Phóil Uí
Shé! = Paul O'Shay!</i></li>
<li><b>Mac</b> in names in the vocative form = <i>Mhic</i> (after that, lenition,
c after Mhic is not lenited) e.g.: <i>a Sheáin Mhic Sheamais! = Seán
McHamish!</i></li>
<li><b>mac</b> vocative form = a mhic! <i>or also</i> a mhac! ("Son!")</li>
<li><b>leanbh</b> vocative form = a linbh! <i>or</i> a leana! ("Child!")</li>
<li><b>Mícheál</b> vocative form = a Mhícheáil! <i>or</i> a Mhíchíl!</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<b id="vokplural" class="red">vocative plural (gairmeach iolra)</b></h3>
<ul>
<li><b>weak plural </b> vocative = <b>nominative singular + suffix <span class="red">a</span></b> <br>
(e.g. <i>a fheara! = Men!</i>)</li>
<li><b>strong plural :</b> vocative = <b>nominative plural </b> <br>
(e.g. <i>a bhuachaillí = Boys!</i>)</li>
<li>following adjectives remain always <b>unlenited</b>, the form is the same
as the nominative plural <br>
(e.g.: <i>a fheara Gearmánacha! = German men!</i>)</li>
<li>following other attributives remain as well<b> unlenited</b> <br>
(e.g. <i>a fheara céile = Husbands!</i>)</li>
</ul>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="appos"><i class="red">Apposition (Comhaisnéis)</i></h2>
This is the term for 2 or more nouns following one another, that lexically belong
together. <br>
e.g. <i>an tAthair Ó hAnluan = Father Ó hAnluan, Seán gabha
= Seán, the blacksmith</i> <br>
Mostly, the 2nd noun is today in the nominative. But for the following cases:
<ul>
<li>In the case of <b>title + surname</b>, the surname is always in the same
case as the title. <br>
e.g. genitive: <i>teach an Athar Uí Anluan = the house of Father Ó
hAnluan</i>, vocative: <i>Dia dhuit, a Athair Uí Anluan = Hello, Father
Ó hAnluan!</i></li>
<li>In the case of <b>title + first name (+ surname)</b> the name remains in
the nominative, only the title is declined. <br>
e.g.: <i>an Bráthair Seán Ó Cléirigh = Brother
Seán O'Cleary, teach an Bhráthar Seán Ó Cléirigh
= Brother Seán O'Cleary's house</i></li>
<li>In the case of <b>first name + noun</b> the noun remains in the nominative.
<br>
e.g.: <i>leabhar Sheáin gabha = Seán the blacksmith's book</i>,
<i>teach Phóil, mac an dochtúra = Paul the son of the doctor's
house </i></li>
<li>In the case of <b>two titles</b> the 2nd title is in the genitive (<i><b>appositive
genitive</b></i>), but the article comes before the first title: <br>
e.g.: <i>an Tiarna Easpaig = Lord Bishop</i> (lit.: "the lord [of a] bishop")</li>
<li>as well, the appositive genitive appears actually with <b>2 regular nouns</b>.
(see under genitive, e.g. <i>baintreach fir = widower</i> [widow + man], <i>múinteoir
mná = female teacher</i> [teacher + woman]). Aside from such formations,
today, mostly the 2nd noun remains in the nominative.</li>
<li>Often instead of an apposition, a copular relative clause ("who is..."):
<br>
e.g. <i>an t-amadán is mac duit = your son, the fool (lit.: "the fool,
that your son is")</i> <br>
or also a dative with <a href="de.htm">de</a>: <br>
<i>amadán de mhac = an idiot of a son, gliogar de chathaoir = a cripple
to the chair</i> )</li>
<li>If a personal pronoun stands with a noun in apposition, a preposition is
with both: e.g. <i>léi leis an mbanríon = with her, the queen</i></li>
</ul>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="cinnte"><i class="red">definite nouns (ainmfhocail
chinnte)</i></h2>
A noun counts as <b>definite</b>, when
<ol>
<li>it is with the <b>article</b> e.g.: <i>an fear = the man</i></li>
<li>it is with a <b>possessive pronoun</b> e.g.: <i>bhur bhfear = your
man</i></li>
<li>it occurs with <b>gach</b> (every) e.g.: <i>gach fear = every man</i></li>
<li>it is <b>numerated</b> , e.g.: <i>fear a haon = man Nr.1</i></li>
<li>i is a <b>proper name</b>, e.g. <i>Seán</i></li>
<li>it is a unique place or person (then always without article) e.g. <i>neamh
= Heaven, ifreann = Hell, Dia = God</i></li>
<li>it's carrying anoter definite noun as the <b>genitive attributive</b> e.g.
<i>teach an dochtúra = the house of the doctor, teach Sheáin
= the house of Seán's</i> <br>
(see <a href="#best">particulars of the definite genitive attributive</a>)</li>
<li>it's in the <b>vocative</b> e.g.: <i>a fhir = man!</i></li>
</ol>
<br>
<hr>
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="subst1.htm">nouns</a>
<br><a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
</center>
<hr>
<center><font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2003</font></center>
<p><br>
<br>
<p><font size="-1">
[ <a href="#fnverweis1" id="fn1">1</a> ]
<br>
<i>Ó Siadhail in "Learning Irish"</i> states that for the Cois-Fhairrge-dialect
(Connacht)<i>only then </i>the genitive is used, if the noun is definite and
after quantities, <b>otherwise</b> nominative (lenited only, if a further attribute
follows) <br>
All in all, even the genitive seems to be disappearing more and more, nominative
forms are seen as a replacement not only in the singular but also in the plural.
<br>
[ <a href="#fnverweis2" id="fn2">2</a> ]
<br>
Earlier, there were autonomous genitive plural forms for nouns with the nom.
pl. ending in -anna: <i>-ann</i> and for nouns of the 4th declension ending
in -í (-idhe): <i>-eadh</i> (<i>an cailín - na cailínidhe
- na gcailíneadh</i>) <br>
[ <a href="#fnverweis3" id="fn3">3</a> ]
<br>
Earlier, there was a difference between dative and accusative after prepositions
(location vs. direction) <br>
comp. the adverb, stemming from a contraction <i>isteach = inside (lit.: "into
the house")</i> and <i>istigh = inside (lit.: "in the house")</i>. As well:
<i>amach = outside</i> and <i>amuigh = outside</i> (eigtl. <i>i mach = into
a field</i> and <i>i maigh = in a field</i>) <br>
According to <i>O'Nolan</i>, the use of eclipsis after a preposition and article
is a sign of the accusative use in the sense of motion (e.g.: <i>ar an mbord
= on to the table</i>, as opposed to lenition (<i>ar an bhord</i>) as a sign
of the dative of location (<i>= on the table</i>). This differentiation has
been lost, now depending on the dialect one either just lenites or just eclipses.</font></p>
<a href="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/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/subst2.htm">view original German</a></body>
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