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satz3.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Sentences and Syntax</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td nowrap>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Trí Déag: Sentences and Syntax (Abairt agus Comhréir)</h1>
<h1 id="oben"><i class="red">the Conditional Clause(an clásal coinníollach)</i></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td valign="top"><a href="#Reale Bedingungssätze">real</a> conditional clauses
<br>
<a href="#Irreale Bedingungssätze">irreal</a> conditional clauses
<br>
<a href="#mehrbedingungen">complex</a> conditional clauses</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Complex clauses serve to describe conditions and their consequences ("if ..., then ...").
<br>
A conditional construct is generally comprised of:
<ul>
<li> the subordinating clause (the actual conditional clause), which contains the condition (<b>Protasis, <i>céadbheart</i></b>) and </li>
<li>the main clause, which describes the consequence of the condition (<b>Apodosis, <i>iarbheart</i></b>)</li>
</ul>
<p>The order of main- and subordinating clause is random in Irish (as in German).
<br>
In Irish one differentiates between two forms of conditional clauses, real and irreal:
<h2 id="Reale Bedingungssätze"><i><span class="lightgreen">the real conditional clause (an clásal coinníollach oscailte)</span></i></h2>
<b><i>use:</i></b>
<br>
The real conditional clause is used, when:
<ul>
<li>the condition is / would be/ will be fulfilled</li>
<li>the condition is attainable </li>
<li>the condition is probable, to be fulfilled.</li>
</ul>
The main clause (Apodosis) is either in the:
<ul>
<li>indicative, imperative or subjunctive present tense, less commonly also in the conditional</li>
</ul>
The subordinating clause (Protasis) is in:
<ul>
<li>the indicative and is introduced with <b class="red">má, mura(r)</b>.
<br>
after
<i>má</i> the future tense never follows, instead the (habit.) present tense</li>
</ul>
<b><i>Positive clause: (If...)</i></b>
<br>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="20%"><col width="40%"><col width="40%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td nowrap>present tense : </td>
<td nowrap><b class="red"> Má</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td nowrap> Má fheiceann tú an fear = If you see the man </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>preterite:</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red"> Má</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td nowrap> Má d'ól tú fuisce = If you drank whiskey </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b class="red">Má</b> requires lenition. The independent verb form is used (i.e. in the preterite one needs the d'-prefix).
<p><b><i>Negative clause: (If not...)</i></b>
<br>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="20%"><col width="40%"><col width="40%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td nowrap>present tense:</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red"> Mura</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td nowrap> Mura bhfeiceann tú an fear = If you don't see the man </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>preterite.:</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red"> Murar</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object</b></td>
<td nowrap> Murar ól tú fuisce = If you didn't drink whiskey </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b class="red">mura</b> requires eclipsis and the dependent verb form.
<br>
<b class="red">murar</b> requires lenition
<br>
After
<i>mura</i> one can also use the subjunctive present tense (in the future sense).
<p>regional also: <b class="red">mara, marar</b> or <b class="red">muna, munar</b>
<p>The irreal conditional clauses use the <i>same</i> conjunction (<i>mura</i>), but then either the subjunctive preterite or conditional and not the indicative.
<i>Murar</i> appears only in real conditional clauses.
<h2 id="Irreale Bedingungssätze"><i><span class="lightgreen">the irreal conditional clause (an clásal coinníollach iata)</span></i></h2>
<i><b>use:</b></i>
<br>
The irreal conditional clause is used, when:
<ul>
<li>the condition is not attainable</li>
<li>it is sure, that the condition will not/could not be fulfilled </li>
<li>there is a reasonable doubt about the attainability of the condition.</li>
<li>in indirect speech, the real conditional clause (if in the future tense) is converted into an irreal conditional clause.</li>
</ul>
The main clause (Apodosis) is <b>always</b> in the:
<ul>
<li>conditional</li>
</ul>
The subordinating clause (Protasis) is:
<ul>
<li>either in the conditional or in the subjunctive preterite and is introduced by <b class="red">dá, mura</b>.</li>
</ul>
<b><i>Positive clause: ("if/then...")</i></b>
<br>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="20%"><col width="40%"><col width="40%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td>conditional</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Dá</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b><span class="blue">subject</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span></b></td>
<td nowrap> Dá bhfeicfeá an fear = If you would see the man </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>subjunctive-preterite</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Dá</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td nowrap> Dá bhfeicteá an fear = If you would have seen the man </td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><b class="red">Dá</b> requires eclipsis and the dependent verb form.</li>
<li>The <i>subjunctive preterite</i> has the identical form as the <i>imperfect</i>.</li>
<li>Dá-clauses with the subjunctive preterite (rather old fashioned) and the conditional are <i>lexically equivalent</i></li>
<li>Irreal conditional clauses are indifferent in tense ("If you would see the man / had seen the man ")</li>
</ul>
regional (Connacht) instead of dá also: <b class="red">dhá</b>
<p><b><i>Negative clause: ("if/then not ...")</i></b>
<br>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="20%"><col width="40%"><col width="40%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td>conditional</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Mura</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td nowrap> Mura bhfeicfeá an fear = If you wouldn't see the man </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>subjunctive preterite</td>
<td nowrap><b class="red">Mura</b>
+ <b>verb</b>
+ <b class="blue">subject</b>
+ <b class="lilac">object </b></td>
<td nowrap> Mura bheicteá an fear = If you hadn't seen the man,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><b class="red">mura</b> requires eclipsis.</li>
<li>mura with the <i>subjunctive</i> is generally seen as archaic, but was probably the <i>original</i> form </li>
<li>in place of the <i>subjunctive preterite</i> one can take the <i>conditional</i> (the most common form today)</li>
</ul>
regional instead of mura also: <b class="red">mara, muna</b>
<p>The real conditional clauses use the same conjunction (<i>mura</i>), but after that, then not the subjunctive/conditional but the indicative (present tense etc.) or <i>murar</i> with the indicative preterite.
<h2 id="mehrbedingungen"><i><span class="lightgreen">complex conditional clauses (clásail choinníollacha iolracha)</span></i></h2>
<p>If more than one condition is to be fulfilled (real or irreal) , then:
<ul>
<li>only the first condition contains <b class="red">má, dá, mura</b> with a finite verb form (see above)</li>
<li>further conditions are conjoined with <b class="red">agus</b> and stand as infinitive constructions with the verbal noun</li>
</ul>
e.g.: <i>Ní chreidfinn an scéal sin <b>mura</b> bhfeicfinn an fear <b>agus é a chloisteáil</b>
<br>
= I wouldn't have believed the story, <b>if</b> I dian't seen the man <b>and had heard him </b></i>
<br>
<p><hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="satz1.htm">sentences and syntax</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%"><font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2003</font></center>
<a href="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/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/satz3.htm">view original German</a></body>
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