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adjekt5.htm
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adjekt5.htm
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<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
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<html>
<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>adjectives: prefixes and preceding adjectives</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000FF" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#000088" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Dó: The Adjective (an Aidiacht)</span>
</h1>
<h2 id="substantivierte Adjektive"><span class="red">Miscellaneous</span>
</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="vorangestelle Adjektive"><i><span class="red">preceding adjectives and other prefixes (na réimíreanna)</span></i></h2>
Adjectives normally <i>always</i> come after the nouns they modify. Only a few may precede the noun.
<br>
Before the noun regularly stand:
<ul>
<li>many <a href="adjekt4.htm#pron">pronominal adjectives</a>, like <i>uile = all, gach = every </i>, etc. e.g.: <i>gach teach = every house</i></li>
<li><a href="possess.htm">possessive pronouns </a> (in Irish termed as "possessive adjectives ") e.g.: <i>mo theach = my house </i></li>
<li>adjectively used <a href="zahlen.htm">numbers</a> (cardinal- and ordinal numbers) e.g.: <i>an tríú teach = the third house, trí theach = three houses </i></li>
</ul>
For m ore about those, see their corresponding sections.
<p>All <i>other</i> (monosyllabic) adjectives may then only precede the noun in the form of a <b>prefix (réimír)</b>. A differentiation between prefixes, as is made in German, and preceding adjectives is generally not possible.
<ul>
<li>Some adjectives occur <i>only</i> in this form as the prefix auf (e.g. <i>deá- = good </i>, <i>droch- = bad </i>)
<br>
e.g.: <i>deá-bhád = a good boat, drochbhád = a bad boat </i></li>
<li>By some adjectives this form is preferred (e.g.: <i>sean- = alt</i>).
<br>
e.g.: <i>seanfhear = an old man </i> (rather wrong: <i>fear sean</i>)</li>
<li>By most of the adjectives this is less common; if so, it is for forming set terms. They would in other cases come after the noun.
<br>
e.g.: <i>ardrí = High King </i>, but: <i>sliabh ard = high mountain </i></li>
<li>Some prefixes may also further modify normal adjectives. In English, one would use adverbs like "very", "really", "too" etc.<br>
e.g.: <i>an-mhaith = very good, fíormhaith = really good, rómhaith = too good </i>.
<br>
Amazingly, many of these prefixes can be used with other parts of speech.
<br>
e.g.: <i>an-charr = a great car </i> (lit.: "very-car").</li>
<li>The prefixes <i>so-, do-, in-</i> can today only modify <a href="verbadj.htm#sodoin">verbal adjectives</a> (more exact and more complicated: only the genitive of the verbal noun), see also in that section.</li>
</ul>
<p>Some rules for using these prefixes:
<ul>
<li>There is <a href="lenition.htm">lenition</a> following every one of these prefixes, except after <i>éa- = un-</i>, there <a href="eklipse.htm">eclipsis</a>, but in modern spelling with the omission of the eclipsing sound (e.g.: <i>éa + cóir - éagóir = injustice</i>)</li>
<li>prefix and noun are always written together (<i>sean + bean = seanbhean = old woman </i>), except:</li>
<li>an- and dea- <i class="red">always</i> with a hyphen (<i>an-bhean, dea-bhean</i>)</li>
<li>Hyphens otherwise only by multiple prefixes (e.g.: <i>droch-sheanbhád = bad old boat</i>) or when the same phonemes collide (e.g.: <i>ró-óg = too young, sean-nós = old style </i>)</li>
</ul>
<p>Some examples: (There are many more prefixes than those mentioned here.)
<p><table border width="70%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="center" bgcolor="#FFCCCC">
<td align="center" width="20%"><b>prefix</b></td>
<td><b>translation </b></td>
<td><b>example </b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td></tr>
<tr><td width="20%"><b class="red">droch</b></td>
<td> bad</td>
<td>drochbhád </td>
<td>a bad boat</td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">sean</td>
<td> old </td>
<td>seanbhean </td>
<td>an old woman </td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">barr</td>
<td> excellent</td>
<td>barrthuirseach </td>
<td>extremely tired </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b class="red">dea- </b> (<b class="red">deá-</b>)</td>
<td> good</td>
<td>dea-cheol </td>
<td>good music </td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">an-</td>
<td> very</td>
<td>an-charr </td>
<td>great car </td>
</tr>
<tr><td><b class="red">ró</b> (<b class="red">ro</b>)</td>
<td> too much </td>
<td>róshean </td>
<td>too old </td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">fior</td>
<td> really</td>
<td>fíormhaith </td>
<td>really good </td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">mí</td>
<td> un-</td>
<td>míshásta</td>
<td>unhappy</td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">éa</td>
<td> un-</td>
<td>éagóir</td>
<td>injustice</td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">síor</td>
<td> eternal</td>
<td>síordheifir </td>
<td>eternal rush </td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">corr</td>
<td> odd</td>
<td>corruimhir
<br>corrdhuine</td>
<td>odd number <br>
odd person </td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">il</td>
<td> many, poly-</td>
<td>ilteangach </td>
<td>polyglot</td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">leath</td>
<td> half</td>
<td>leathchéad </td>
<td>half hundred = 50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">priomh</td>
<td> primary, main </td>
<td>priomhtheanga </td>
<td>primary language </td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">ard</td>
<td> high, arch-</td>
<td>ardeaspag </td>
<td>archbishop</td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">ath</td>
<td> re-</td>
<td>Athbhliain </td>
<td>New Year </td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">so</td>
<td> easily</td>
<td>sobhriste </td>
<td>fragile</td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">do</td>
<td> impossible, difficult </td>
<td>dodhéanta </td>
<td>impossible to do </td>
</tr>
<tr><td class="red bold">in</td>
<td> possible </td>
<td>inite </td>
<td>edible</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Some of these prefixes end (in <i>Munster</i>) in -a, if they precede a consonant (e.g. ana-mhaith = very good)
<p><hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Inhalt" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="adjekt1.htm">adjectives</a>
<br><a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<p><br><br>
<font size="-1">[ <a href="#fnverweis1" id="fn1">1</a> ] <i>amlaidh</i> etymologically actually a prepositional pronoun made of <i>amhail + eadh (old form of ea)</i> = "like it "
<br>
</font>
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