HashTable.h

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2018-2020, Andreas Kling <kling@serenityos.org>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 */

#pragma once

#include <AK/Concepts.h>
#include <AK/Error.h>
#include <AK/Forward.h>
#include <AK/HashFunctions.h>
#include <AK/StdLibExtras.h>
#include <AK/Traits.h>
#include <AK/Types.h>
#include <AK/kmalloc.h>

namespace AK {

enum class HashSetResult {
    InsertedNewEntry,
    ReplacedExistingEntry,
    KeptExistingEntry
};

enum class HashSetExistingEntryBehavior {
    Keep,
    Replace
};

// Upper nibble determines state class:
// - 0: unused bucket
// - 1: used bucket
// - F: end bucket
// Lower nibble determines state within a class.
enum class BucketState : u8 {
    Free = 0x00,
    Used = 0x10,
    Deleted = 0x01,
    Rehashed = 0x12,
    End = 0xFF,
};

// Note that because there's the end state, used and free are not 100% opposites!
constexpr bool is_used_bucket(BucketState state)
{
    return (static_cast<u8>(state) & 0xf0) == 0x10;
}

constexpr bool is_free_bucket(BucketState state)
{
    return (static_cast<u8>(state) & 0xf0) == 0x00;
}

template<typename HashTableType, typename T, typename BucketType>
class HashTableIterator {
    friend HashTableType;

public:
    bool operator==(HashTableIterator const& other) const { return m_bucket == other.m_bucket; }
    bool operator!=(HashTableIterator const& other) const { return m_bucket != other.m_bucket; }
    T& operator*() { return *m_bucket->slot(); }
    T* operator->() { return m_bucket->slot(); }
    void operator++() { skip_to_next(); }

private:
    void skip_to_next()
    {
        if (!m_bucket)
            return;
        do {
            ++m_bucket;
            if (m_bucket->state == BucketState::Used)
                return;
        } while (m_bucket->state != BucketState::End);
        if (m_bucket->state == BucketState::End)
            m_bucket = nullptr;
    }

    explicit HashTableIterator(BucketType* bucket)
        : m_bucket(bucket)
    {
    }

    BucketType* m_bucket { nullptr };
};

template<typename OrderedHashTableType, typename T, typename BucketType>
class OrderedHashTableIterator {
    friend OrderedHashTableType;

public:
    bool operator==(OrderedHashTableIterator const& other) const { return m_bucket == other.m_bucket; }
    bool operator!=(OrderedHashTableIterator const& other) const { return m_bucket != other.m_bucket; }
    T& operator*() { return *m_bucket->slot(); }
    T* operator->() { return m_bucket->slot(); }
    void operator++() { m_bucket = m_bucket->next; }
    void operator--() { m_bucket = m_bucket->previous; }

private:
    explicit OrderedHashTableIterator(BucketType* bucket)
        : m_bucket(bucket)
    {
    }

    BucketType* m_bucket { nullptr };
};

template<typename T, typename TraitsForT, bool IsOrdered>
class HashTable {
    static constexpr size_t load_factor_in_percent = 60;

    struct Bucket {
        BucketState state;
        alignas(T) u8 storage[sizeof(T)];

        T* slot() { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(storage); }
        const T* slot() const { return reinterpret_cast<const T*>(storage); }
    };

    struct OrderedBucket {
        OrderedBucket* previous;
        OrderedBucket* next;
        BucketState state;
        alignas(T) u8 storage[sizeof(T)];
        T* slot() { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(storage); }
        const T* slot() const { return reinterpret_cast<const T*>(storage); }
    };

    using BucketType = Conditional<IsOrdered, OrderedBucket, Bucket>;

    struct CollectionData {
    };

    struct OrderedCollectionData {
        BucketType* head { nullptr };
        BucketType* tail { nullptr };
    };

    using CollectionDataType = Conditional<IsOrdered, OrderedCollectionData, CollectionData>;

public:
    HashTable() = default;
    explicit HashTable(size_t capacity) { rehash(capacity); }

    ~HashTable()
    {
        if (!m_buckets)
            return;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_capacity; ++i) {
            if (is_used_bucket(m_buckets[i].state))
                m_buckets[i].slot()->~T();
        }

        kfree_sized(m_buckets, size_in_bytes(m_capacity));
    }

    HashTable(HashTable const& other)
    {
        rehash(other.capacity());
        for (auto& it : other)
            set(it);
    }

    HashTable& operator=(HashTable const& other)
    {
        HashTable temporary(other);
        swap(*this, temporary);
        return *this;
    }

    HashTable(HashTable&& other) noexcept
        : m_buckets(other.m_buckets)
        , m_collection_data(other.m_collection_data)
        , m_size(other.m_size)
        , m_capacity(other.m_capacity)
        , m_deleted_count(other.m_deleted_count)
    {
        other.m_size = 0;
        other.m_capacity = 0;
        other.m_deleted_count = 0;
        other.m_buckets = nullptr;
        if constexpr (IsOrdered)
            other.m_collection_data = { nullptr, nullptr };
    }

    HashTable& operator=(HashTable&& other) noexcept
    {
        HashTable temporary { move(other) };
        swap(*this, temporary);
        return *this;
    }

    friend void swap(HashTable& a, HashTable& b) noexcept
    {
        swap(a.m_buckets, b.m_buckets);
        swap(a.m_size, b.m_size);
        swap(a.m_capacity, b.m_capacity);
        swap(a.m_deleted_count, b.m_deleted_count);

        if constexpr (IsOrdered)
            swap(a.m_collection_data, b.m_collection_data);
    }

    [[nodiscard]] bool is_empty() const { return m_size == 0; }
    [[nodiscard]] size_t size() const { return m_size; }
    [[nodiscard]] size_t capacity() const { return m_capacity; }

    template<typename U, size_t N>
    ErrorOr<void> try_set_from(U (&from_array)[N])
    {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
            TRY(try_set(from_array[i]));
        return {};
    }
    template<typename U, size_t N>
    void set_from(U (&from_array)[N])
    {
        MUST(try_set_from(from_array));
    }

    void ensure_capacity(size_t capacity)
    {
        VERIFY(capacity >= size());
        rehash(capacity * 2);
    }

    ErrorOr<void> try_ensure_capacity(size_t capacity)
    {
        VERIFY(capacity >= size());
        return try_rehash(capacity * 2);
    }

    [[nodiscard]] bool contains(T const& value) const
    {
        return find(value) != end();
    }

    template<Concepts::HashCompatible<T> K>
    requires(IsSame<TraitsForT, Traits<T>>) [[nodiscard]] bool contains(K const& value) const
    {
        return find(value) != end();
    }

    using Iterator = Conditional<IsOrdered,
        OrderedHashTableIterator<HashTable, T, BucketType>,
        HashTableIterator<HashTable, T, BucketType>>;

    [[nodiscard]] Iterator begin()
    {
        if constexpr (IsOrdered)
            return Iterator(m_collection_data.head);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_capacity; ++i) {
            if (is_used_bucket(m_buckets[i].state))
                return Iterator(&m_buckets[i]);
        }
        return end();
    }

    [[nodiscard]] Iterator end()
    {
        return Iterator(nullptr);
    }

    using ConstIterator = Conditional<IsOrdered,
        OrderedHashTableIterator<const HashTable, const T, const BucketType>,
        HashTableIterator<const HashTable, const T, const BucketType>>;

    [[nodiscard]] ConstIterator begin() const
    {
        if constexpr (IsOrdered)
            return ConstIterator(m_collection_data.head);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_capacity; ++i) {
            if (is_used_bucket(m_buckets[i].state))
                return ConstIterator(&m_buckets[i]);
        }
        return end();
    }

    [[nodiscard]] ConstIterator end() const
    {
        return ConstIterator(nullptr);
    }

    void clear()
    {
        *this = HashTable();
    }
    void clear_with_capacity()
    {
        if constexpr (!Detail::IsTriviallyDestructible<T>) {
            for (auto* bucket : *this)
                bucket->~T();
        }
        __builtin_memset(m_buckets, 0, size_in_bytes(capacity()));
        m_size = 0;
        m_deleted_count = 0;

        if constexpr (IsOrdered)
            m_collection_data = { nullptr, nullptr };
        else
            m_buckets[m_capacity].state = BucketState::End;
    }

    template<typename U = T>
    ErrorOr<HashSetResult> try_set(U&& value, HashSetExistingEntryBehavior existing_entry_behavior = HashSetExistingEntryBehavior::Replace)
    {
        auto* bucket = TRY(try_lookup_for_writing(value));
        if (is_used_bucket(bucket->state)) {
            if (existing_entry_behavior == HashSetExistingEntryBehavior::Keep)
                return HashSetResult::KeptExistingEntry;
            (*bucket->slot()) = forward<U>(value);
            return HashSetResult::ReplacedExistingEntry;
        }

        new (bucket->slot()) T(forward<U>(value));
        if (bucket->state == BucketState::Deleted)
            --m_deleted_count;
        bucket->state = BucketState::Used;

        if constexpr (IsOrdered) {
            if (!m_collection_data.head) [[unlikely]] {
                m_collection_data.head = bucket;
            } else {
                bucket->previous = m_collection_data.tail;
                m_collection_data.tail->next = bucket;
            }
            m_collection_data.tail = bucket;
        }

        ++m_size;
        return HashSetResult::InsertedNewEntry;
    }
    template<typename U = T>
    HashSetResult set(U&& value, HashSetExistingEntryBehavior existing_entry_behaviour = HashSetExistingEntryBehavior::Replace)
    {
        return MUST(try_set(forward<U>(value), existing_entry_behaviour));
    }

    template<typename TUnaryPredicate>
    [[nodiscard]] Iterator find(unsigned hash, TUnaryPredicate predicate)
    {
        return Iterator(lookup_with_hash(hash, move(predicate)));
    }

    [[nodiscard]] Iterator find(T const& value)
    {
        return find(TraitsForT::hash(value), [&](auto& other) { return TraitsForT::equals(value, other); });
    }

    template<typename TUnaryPredicate>
    [[nodiscard]] ConstIterator find(unsigned hash, TUnaryPredicate predicate) const
    {
        return ConstIterator(lookup_with_hash(hash, move(predicate)));
    }

    [[nodiscard]] ConstIterator find(T const& value) const
    {
        return find(TraitsForT::hash(value), [&](auto& other) { return TraitsForT::equals(value, other); });
    }
    // FIXME: Support for predicates, while guaranteeing that the predicate call
    //        does not call a non trivial constructor each time invoked
    template<Concepts::HashCompatible<T> K>
    requires(IsSame<TraitsForT, Traits<T>>) [[nodiscard]] Iterator find(K const& value)
    {
        return find(Traits<K>::hash(value), [&](auto& other) { return Traits<T>::equals(other, value); });
    }

    template<Concepts::HashCompatible<T> K, typename TUnaryPredicate>
    requires(IsSame<TraitsForT, Traits<T>>) [[nodiscard]] Iterator find(K const& value, TUnaryPredicate predicate)
    {
        return find(Traits<K>::hash(value), move(predicate));
    }

    template<Concepts::HashCompatible<T> K>
    requires(IsSame<TraitsForT, Traits<T>>) [[nodiscard]] ConstIterator find(K const& value) const
    {
        return find(Traits<K>::hash(value), [&](auto& other) { return Traits<T>::equals(other, value); });
    }

    template<Concepts::HashCompatible<T> K, typename TUnaryPredicate>
    requires(IsSame<TraitsForT, Traits<T>>) [[nodiscard]] ConstIterator find(K const& value, TUnaryPredicate predicate) const
    {
        return find(Traits<K>::hash(value), move(predicate));
    }

    bool remove(const T& value)
    {
        auto it = find(value);
        if (it != end()) {
            remove(it);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    template<Concepts::HashCompatible<T> K>
    requires(IsSame<TraitsForT, Traits<T>>) bool remove(K const& value)
    {
        auto it = find(value);
        if (it != end()) {
            remove(it);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    void remove(Iterator iterator)
    {
        VERIFY(iterator.m_bucket);
        auto& bucket = *iterator.m_bucket;
        VERIFY(is_used_bucket(bucket.state));

        delete_bucket(bucket);
        --m_size;
        ++m_deleted_count;

        rehash_in_place_if_needed();
    }

    template<typename TUnaryPredicate>
    bool remove_all_matching(TUnaryPredicate predicate)
    {
        size_t removed_count = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_capacity; ++i) {
            auto& bucket = m_buckets[i];
            if (is_used_bucket(bucket.state) && predicate(*bucket.slot())) {
                delete_bucket(bucket);
                ++removed_count;
            }
        }
        if (removed_count) {
            m_deleted_count += removed_count;
            m_size -= removed_count;
        }
        rehash_in_place_if_needed();
        return removed_count;
    }

private:
    void insert_during_rehash(T&& value)
    {
        auto& bucket = lookup_for_writing(value);
        new (bucket.slot()) T(move(value));
        bucket.state = BucketState::Used;

        if constexpr (IsOrdered) {
            if (!m_collection_data.head) [[unlikely]] {
                m_collection_data.head = &bucket;
            } else {
                bucket.previous = m_collection_data.tail;
                m_collection_data.tail->next = &bucket;
            }
            m_collection_data.tail = &bucket;
        }
    }

    [[nodiscard]] static constexpr size_t size_in_bytes(size_t capacity)
    {
        if constexpr (IsOrdered) {
            return sizeof(BucketType) * capacity;
        } else {
            return sizeof(BucketType) * (capacity + 1);
        }
    }

    ErrorOr<void> try_rehash(size_t new_capacity)
    {
        if (new_capacity == m_capacity && new_capacity >= 4) {
            rehash_in_place();
            return {};
        }

        new_capacity = max(new_capacity, static_cast<size_t>(4));
        new_capacity = kmalloc_good_size(new_capacity * sizeof(BucketType)) / sizeof(BucketType);

        auto* old_buckets = m_buckets;
        auto old_capacity = m_capacity;
        Iterator old_iter = begin();

        auto* new_buckets = kcalloc(1, size_in_bytes(new_capacity));
        if (!new_buckets)
            return Error::from_errno(ENOMEM);

        m_buckets = (BucketType*)new_buckets;

        m_capacity = new_capacity;
        m_deleted_count = 0;

        if constexpr (IsOrdered)
            m_collection_data = { nullptr, nullptr };
        else
            m_buckets[m_capacity].state = BucketState::End;

        if (!old_buckets)
            return {};

        for (auto it = move(old_iter); it != end(); ++it) {
            insert_during_rehash(move(*it));
            it->~T();
        }

        kfree_sized(old_buckets, size_in_bytes(old_capacity));
        return {};
    }
    void rehash(size_t new_capacity)
    {
        MUST(try_rehash(new_capacity));
    }

    void rehash_in_place()
    {
        // FIXME: This implementation takes two loops over the entire bucket array, but avoids re-allocation.
        //        Please benchmark your new implementation before you replace this.
        //        The reason is that because of collisions, we use the special "rehashed" bucket state to mark already-rehashed used buckets.
        //        Because we of course want to write into old used buckets, but already rehashed data shall not be touched.

        // FIXME: Find a way to reduce the cognitive complexity of this function.

        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_capacity; ++i) {
            auto& bucket = m_buckets[i];

            // FIXME: Bail out when we have handled every filled bucket.

            if (bucket.state == BucketState::Rehashed || bucket.state == BucketState::End || bucket.state == BucketState::Free)
                continue;
            if (bucket.state == BucketState::Deleted) {
                bucket.state = BucketState::Free;
                continue;
            }

            auto const new_hash = TraitsForT::hash(*bucket.slot());
            if (new_hash % m_capacity == i) {
                bucket.state = BucketState::Rehashed;
                continue;
            }

            auto target_hash = new_hash;
            auto const to_move_hash = i;
            BucketType* target_bucket = &m_buckets[target_hash % m_capacity];
            BucketType* bucket_to_move = &m_buckets[i];

            // Try to move the bucket to move into its correct spot.
            // During the procedure, we might re-hash or actually change the bucket to move.
            while (!is_free_bucket(bucket_to_move->state)) {

                // If we're targeting ourselves, there's nothing to do.
                if (to_move_hash == target_hash % m_capacity) {
                    bucket_to_move->state = BucketState::Rehashed;
                    break;
                }

                if (is_free_bucket(target_bucket->state)) {
                    // We can just overwrite the target bucket and bail out.
                    new (target_bucket->slot()) T(move(*bucket_to_move->slot()));
                    target_bucket->state = BucketState::Rehashed;
                    bucket_to_move->state = BucketState::Free;

                    if constexpr (IsOrdered) {
                        swap(bucket_to_move->previous, target_bucket->previous);
                        swap(bucket_to_move->next, target_bucket->next);

                        if (target_bucket->previous)
                            target_bucket->previous->next = target_bucket;
                        else
                            m_collection_data.head = target_bucket;
                        if (target_bucket->next)
                            target_bucket->next->previous = target_bucket;
                        else
                            m_collection_data.tail = target_bucket;
                    }
                } else if (target_bucket->state == BucketState::Rehashed) {
                    // If the target bucket is already re-hashed, we do normal probing.
                    target_hash = double_hash(target_hash);
                    target_bucket = &m_buckets[target_hash % m_capacity];
                } else {
                    VERIFY(target_bucket->state != BucketState::End);
                    // The target bucket is a used bucket that hasn't been re-hashed.
                    // Swap the data into the target; now the target's data resides in the bucket to move again.
                    // (That's of course what we want, how neat!)
                    swap(*bucket_to_move->slot(), *target_bucket->slot());
                    bucket_to_move->state = target_bucket->state;
                    target_bucket->state = BucketState::Rehashed;

                    if constexpr (IsOrdered) {
                        // Update state for the target bucket, we'll do the bucket to move later.
                        swap(bucket_to_move->previous, target_bucket->previous);
                        swap(bucket_to_move->next, target_bucket->next);

                        if (target_bucket->previous)
                            target_bucket->previous->next = target_bucket;
                        else
                            m_collection_data.head = target_bucket;
                        if (target_bucket->next)
                            target_bucket->next->previous = target_bucket;
                        else
                            m_collection_data.tail = target_bucket;
                    }

                    target_hash = TraitsForT::hash(*bucket_to_move->slot());
                    target_bucket = &m_buckets[target_hash % m_capacity];

                    // The data is already in the correct location: Adjust the pointers
                    if (target_hash % m_capacity == to_move_hash) {
                        bucket_to_move->state = BucketState::Rehashed;
                        if constexpr (IsOrdered) {
                            // Update state for the bucket to move as it's not actually moved anymore.
                            if (bucket_to_move->previous)
                                bucket_to_move->previous->next = bucket_to_move;
                            else
                                m_collection_data.head = bucket_to_move;
                            if (bucket_to_move->next)
                                bucket_to_move->next->previous = bucket_to_move;
                            else
                                m_collection_data.tail = bucket_to_move;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            // After this, the bucket_to_move either contains data that rehashes to itself, or it contains nothing as we were able to move the last thing.
            if (bucket_to_move->state == BucketState::Deleted)
                bucket_to_move->state = BucketState::Free;
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_capacity; ++i) {
            if (m_buckets[i].state == BucketState::Rehashed)
                m_buckets[i].state = BucketState::Used;
        }

        m_deleted_count = 0;
    }

    void rehash_in_place_if_needed()
    {
        // This signals a "thrashed" hash table with many deleted slots.
        if (m_deleted_count >= m_size && should_grow())
            rehash_in_place();
    }

    template<typename TUnaryPredicate>
    [[nodiscard]] BucketType* lookup_with_hash(unsigned hash, TUnaryPredicate predicate) const
    {
        if (is_empty())
            return nullptr;

        for (;;) {
            auto& bucket = m_buckets[hash % m_capacity];

            if (is_used_bucket(bucket.state) && predicate(*bucket.slot()))
                return &bucket;

            if (bucket.state != BucketState::Used && bucket.state != BucketState::Deleted)
                return nullptr;

            hash = double_hash(hash);
        }
    }

    ErrorOr<BucketType*> try_lookup_for_writing(T const& value)
    {
        // FIXME: Maybe overrun the "allowed" load factor to avoid OOM
        //        If we are allowed to do that, separate that logic from
        //        the normal lookup_for_writing
        if (should_grow())
            TRY(try_rehash(capacity() * 2));
        auto hash = TraitsForT::hash(value);
        BucketType* first_empty_bucket = nullptr;
        for (;;) {
            auto& bucket = m_buckets[hash % m_capacity];

            if (is_used_bucket(bucket.state) && TraitsForT::equals(*bucket.slot(), value))
                return &bucket;

            if (!is_used_bucket(bucket.state)) {
                if (!first_empty_bucket)
                    first_empty_bucket = &bucket;

                if (bucket.state != BucketState::Deleted)
                    return const_cast<BucketType*>(first_empty_bucket);
            }

            hash = double_hash(hash);
        }
    }
    [[nodiscard]] BucketType& lookup_for_writing(T const& value)
    {
        return *MUST(try_lookup_for_writing(value));
    }

    [[nodiscard]] size_t used_bucket_count() const { return m_size + m_deleted_count; }
    [[nodiscard]] bool should_grow() const { return ((used_bucket_count() + 1) * 100) >= (m_capacity * load_factor_in_percent); }

    void delete_bucket(auto& bucket)
    {
        bucket.slot()->~T();
        bucket.state = BucketState::Deleted;

        if constexpr (IsOrdered) {
            if (bucket.previous)
                bucket.previous->next = bucket.next;
            else
                m_collection_data.head = bucket.next;

            if (bucket.next)
                bucket.next->previous = bucket.previous;
            else
                m_collection_data.tail = bucket.previous;
        }
    }

    BucketType* m_buckets { nullptr };

    [[no_unique_address]] CollectionDataType m_collection_data;
    size_t m_size { 0 };
    size_t m_capacity { 0 };
    size_t m_deleted_count { 0 };
};
}

using AK::HashTable;
using AK::OrderedHashTable;