Thread.h

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2018-2021, Andreas Kling <kling@serenityos.org>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 */

#pragma once

#include <AK/Concepts.h>
#include <AK/EnumBits.h>
#include <AK/HashMap.h>
#include <AK/IntrusiveList.h>
#include <AK/Optional.h>
#include <AK/OwnPtr.h>
#include <AK/String.h>
#include <AK/TemporaryChange.h>
#include <AK/Time.h>
#include <AK/Variant.h>
#include <AK/Vector.h>
#include <AK/WeakPtr.h>
#include <AK/Weakable.h>
#include <Kernel/API/KResult.h>
#include <Kernel/Arch/x86/SafeMem.h>
#include <Kernel/Debug.h>
#include <Kernel/FileSystem/InodeIdentifier.h>
#include <Kernel/Forward.h>
#include <Kernel/KString.h>
#include <Kernel/Library/ListedRefCounted.h>
#include <Kernel/Locking/LockLocation.h>
#include <Kernel/Locking/LockMode.h>
#include <Kernel/Locking/LockRank.h>
#include <Kernel/Locking/SpinlockProtected.h>
#include <Kernel/Memory/VirtualRange.h>
#include <Kernel/Scheduler.h>
#include <Kernel/TimerQueue.h>
#include <Kernel/UnixTypes.h>
#include <LibC/fd_set.h>
#include <LibC/signal_numbers.h>

namespace Kernel {

namespace Memory {
extern RecursiveSpinlock s_mm_lock;
}

enum class DispatchSignalResult {
    Deferred = 0,
    Yield,
    Terminate,
    Continue
};

struct SignalActionData {
    VirtualAddress handler_or_sigaction;
    u32 mask { 0 };
    int flags { 0 };
};

struct ThreadSpecificData {
    ThreadSpecificData* self;
};

#define THREAD_PRIORITY_MIN 1
#define THREAD_PRIORITY_LOW 10
#define THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL 30
#define THREAD_PRIORITY_HIGH 50
#define THREAD_PRIORITY_MAX 99

#define THREAD_AFFINITY_DEFAULT 0xffffffff

struct ThreadRegisters {
#if ARCH(I386)
    FlatPtr ss;
    FlatPtr gs;
    FlatPtr fs;
    FlatPtr es;
    FlatPtr ds;
    FlatPtr edi;
    FlatPtr esi;
    FlatPtr ebp;
    FlatPtr esp;
    FlatPtr ebx;
    FlatPtr edx;
    FlatPtr ecx;
    FlatPtr eax;
    FlatPtr eip;
    FlatPtr esp0;
    FlatPtr ss0;
#else
    FlatPtr rdi;
    FlatPtr rsi;
    FlatPtr rbp;
    FlatPtr rsp;
    FlatPtr rbx;
    FlatPtr rdx;
    FlatPtr rcx;
    FlatPtr rax;
    FlatPtr r8;
    FlatPtr r9;
    FlatPtr r10;
    FlatPtr r11;
    FlatPtr r12;
    FlatPtr r13;
    FlatPtr r14;
    FlatPtr r15;
    FlatPtr rip;
    FlatPtr rsp0;
#endif
    FlatPtr cs;

#if ARCH(I386)
    FlatPtr eflags;
    FlatPtr flags() const { return eflags; }
    void set_flags(FlatPtr value) { eflags = value; }
    void set_sp(FlatPtr value) { esp = value; }
    void set_sp0(FlatPtr value) { esp0 = value; }
    void set_ip(FlatPtr value) { eip = value; }
#else
    FlatPtr rflags;
    FlatPtr flags() const { return rflags; }
    void set_flags(FlatPtr value) { rflags = value; }
    void set_sp(FlatPtr value) { rsp = value; }
    void set_sp0(FlatPtr value) { rsp0 = value; }
    void set_ip(FlatPtr value) { rip = value; }
#endif

    FlatPtr cr3;

    FlatPtr ip() const
    {
#if ARCH(I386)
        return eip;
#else
        return rip;
#endif
    }

    FlatPtr sp() const
    {
#if ARCH(I386)
        return esp;
#else
        return rsp;
#endif
    }
};

class Thread
    : public ListedRefCounted<Thread>
    , public Weakable<Thread> {
    AK_MAKE_NONCOPYABLE(Thread);
    AK_MAKE_NONMOVABLE(Thread);

    friend class Mutex;
    friend class Process;
    friend class Scheduler;
    friend struct ThreadReadyQueue;

public:
    inline static Thread* current()
    {
        return Processor::current_thread();
    }

    static KResultOr<NonnullRefPtr<Thread>> try_create(NonnullRefPtr<Process>);
    ~Thread();

    static RefPtr<Thread> from_tid(ThreadID);
    static void finalize_dying_threads();

    ThreadID tid() const { return m_tid; }
    ProcessID pid() const;

    void set_priority(u32 p) { m_priority = p; }
    u32 priority() const { return m_priority; }

    void detach()
    {
        SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
        m_is_joinable = false;
    }

    [[nodiscard]] bool is_joinable() const
    {
        SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
        return m_is_joinable;
    }

    Process& process() { return m_process; }
    const Process& process() const { return m_process; }

    // NOTE: This returns a null-terminated string.
    StringView name() const
    {
        // NOTE: Whoever is calling this needs to be holding our lock while reading the name.
        VERIFY(m_lock.is_locked_by_current_processor());
        return m_name->view();
    }

    void set_name(NonnullOwnPtr<KString> name)
    {
        SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
        m_name = move(name);
    }

    void finalize();

    enum State : u8 {
        Invalid = 0,
        Runnable,
        Running,
        Dying,
        Dead,
        Stopped,
        Blocked
    };

    class [[nodiscard]] BlockResult {
    public:
        enum Type {
            WokeNormally,
            NotBlocked,
            InterruptedBySignal,
            InterruptedByDeath,
            InterruptedByTimeout,
        };

        BlockResult() = delete;

        BlockResult(Type type)
            : m_type(type)
        {
        }

        bool operator==(Type type) const
        {
            return m_type == type;
        }
        bool operator!=(Type type) const
        {
            return m_type != type;
        }

        [[nodiscard]] bool was_interrupted() const
        {
            switch (m_type) {
            case InterruptedBySignal:
            case InterruptedByDeath:
                return true;
            default:
                return false;
            }
        }

    private:
        Type m_type;
    };

    class BlockTimeout {
    public:
        BlockTimeout()
            : m_infinite(true)
        {
        }
        explicit BlockTimeout(bool is_absolute, const Time* time, const Time* start_time = nullptr, clockid_t clock_id = CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE);

        const Time& absolute_time() const { return m_time; }
        const Time* start_time() const { return !m_infinite ? &m_start_time : nullptr; }
        clockid_t clock_id() const { return m_clock_id; }
        bool is_infinite() const { return m_infinite; }

    private:
        Time m_time {};
        Time m_start_time {};
        clockid_t m_clock_id { CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE };
        bool m_infinite { false };
    };

    class BlockerSet;

    class Blocker {
        AK_MAKE_NONMOVABLE(Blocker);
        AK_MAKE_NONCOPYABLE(Blocker);

    public:
        enum class Type {
            Unknown = 0,
            File,
            Futex,
            Plan9FS,
            Join,
            Queue,
            Routing,
            Sleep,
            Wait
        };
        virtual ~Blocker();
        virtual StringView state_string() const = 0;
        virtual Type blocker_type() const = 0;
        virtual const BlockTimeout& override_timeout(const BlockTimeout& timeout) { return timeout; }
        virtual bool can_be_interrupted() const { return true; }
        virtual bool setup_blocker();

        Thread& thread() { return m_thread; }

        enum class UnblockImmediatelyReason {
            UnblockConditionAlreadyMet,
            TimeoutInThePast,
        };

        virtual void will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(UnblockImmediatelyReason) = 0;

        virtual void was_unblocked(bool did_timeout)
        {
            if (did_timeout) {
                SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
                m_did_timeout = true;
            }
        }
        void set_interrupted_by_death()
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            do_set_interrupted_by_death();
        }
        void set_interrupted_by_signal(u8 signal)
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            do_set_interrupted_by_signal(signal);
        }
        u8 was_interrupted_by_signal() const
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            return do_get_interrupted_by_signal();
        }
        virtual Thread::BlockResult block_result()
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            if (m_was_interrupted_by_death)
                return Thread::BlockResult::InterruptedByDeath;
            if (m_was_interrupted_by_signal != 0)
                return Thread::BlockResult::InterruptedBySignal;
            if (m_did_timeout)
                return Thread::BlockResult::InterruptedByTimeout;
            return Thread::BlockResult::WokeNormally;
        }

        void begin_blocking(Badge<Thread>);
        BlockResult end_blocking(Badge<Thread>, bool);

    protected:
        Blocker()
            : m_thread(*Thread::current())
        {
        }

        void do_set_interrupted_by_death()
        {
            m_was_interrupted_by_death = true;
        }
        void do_set_interrupted_by_signal(u8 signal)
        {
            VERIFY(signal != 0);
            m_was_interrupted_by_signal = signal;
        }
        void do_clear_interrupted_by_signal()
        {
            m_was_interrupted_by_signal = 0;
        }
        u8 do_get_interrupted_by_signal() const
        {
            return m_was_interrupted_by_signal;
        }
        [[nodiscard]] bool was_interrupted() const
        {
            return m_was_interrupted_by_death || m_was_interrupted_by_signal != 0;
        }
        void unblock_from_blocker()
        {
            {
                SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
                if (!m_is_blocking)
                    return;
                m_is_blocking = false;
            }

            m_thread->unblock_from_blocker(*this);
        }

        bool add_to_blocker_set(BlockerSet&, void* = nullptr);
        void set_blocker_set_raw_locked(BlockerSet* blocker_set) { m_blocker_set = blocker_set; }

        mutable RecursiveSpinlock m_lock;

    private:
        BlockerSet* m_blocker_set { nullptr };
        NonnullRefPtr<Thread> m_thread;
        u8 m_was_interrupted_by_signal { 0 };
        bool m_is_blocking { false };
        bool m_was_interrupted_by_death { false };
        bool m_did_timeout { false };
    };

    class BlockerSet {
        AK_MAKE_NONCOPYABLE(BlockerSet);
        AK_MAKE_NONMOVABLE(BlockerSet);

    public:
        BlockerSet() = default;

        virtual ~BlockerSet()
        {
            VERIFY(!m_lock.is_locked());
            VERIFY(m_blockers.is_empty());
        }

        bool add_blocker(Blocker& blocker, void* data)
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            if (!should_add_blocker(blocker, data))
                return false;
            m_blockers.append({ &blocker, data });
            return true;
        }

        void remove_blocker(Blocker& blocker)
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            // NOTE: it's possible that the blocker is no longer present
            m_blockers.remove_all_matching([&](auto& info) {
                return info.blocker == &blocker;
            });
        }

        bool is_empty() const
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            return is_empty_locked();
        }

    protected:
        template<typename Callback>
        bool unblock_all_blockers_whose_conditions_are_met(Callback try_to_unblock_one)
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            return unblock_all_blockers_whose_conditions_are_met_locked(try_to_unblock_one);
        }

        template<typename Callback>
        bool unblock_all_blockers_whose_conditions_are_met_locked(Callback try_to_unblock_one)
        {
            VERIFY(m_lock.is_locked());
            bool stop_iterating = false;
            bool did_unblock_any = false;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < m_blockers.size() && !stop_iterating;) {
                auto& info = m_blockers[i];
                if (bool did_unblock = try_to_unblock_one(*info.blocker, info.data, stop_iterating)) {
                    m_blockers.remove(i);
                    did_unblock_any = true;
                    continue;
                }

                i++;
            }
            return did_unblock_any;
        }

        bool is_empty_locked() const
        {
            VERIFY(m_lock.is_locked());
            return m_blockers.is_empty();
        }

        virtual bool should_add_blocker(Blocker&, void*) { return true; }

        struct BlockerInfo {
            Blocker* blocker;
            void* data;
        };

        Vector<BlockerInfo, 4> do_take_blockers(size_t count)
        {
            if (m_blockers.size() <= count)
                return move(m_blockers);

            size_t move_count = (count <= m_blockers.size()) ? count : m_blockers.size();
            VERIFY(move_count > 0);

            Vector<BlockerInfo, 4> taken_blockers;
            taken_blockers.ensure_capacity(move_count);
            for (size_t i = 0; i < move_count; i++)
                taken_blockers.append(m_blockers.take(i));
            m_blockers.remove(0, move_count);
            return taken_blockers;
        }

        void do_append_blockers(Vector<BlockerInfo, 4>&& blockers_to_append)
        {
            if (blockers_to_append.is_empty())
                return;
            if (m_blockers.is_empty()) {
                m_blockers = move(blockers_to_append);
                return;
            }
            m_blockers.ensure_capacity(m_blockers.size() + blockers_to_append.size());
            for (size_t i = 0; i < blockers_to_append.size(); i++)
                m_blockers.append(blockers_to_append.take(i));
            blockers_to_append.clear();
        }

        mutable Spinlock m_lock;

    private:
        Vector<BlockerInfo, 4> m_blockers;
    };

    friend class JoinBlocker;
    class JoinBlocker final : public Blocker {
    public:
        explicit JoinBlocker(Thread& joinee, KResult& try_join_result, void*& joinee_exit_value);
        virtual Type blocker_type() const override { return Type::Join; }
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return "Joining"sv; }
        virtual bool can_be_interrupted() const override { return false; }
        virtual void will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(UnblockImmediatelyReason) override;

        virtual bool setup_blocker() override;

        bool unblock(void*, bool);

    private:
        NonnullRefPtr<Thread> m_joinee;
        void*& m_joinee_exit_value;
        KResult& m_try_join_result;
        bool m_did_unblock { false };
    };

    class WaitQueueBlocker final : public Blocker {
    public:
        explicit WaitQueueBlocker(WaitQueue&, StringView block_reason = {});
        virtual ~WaitQueueBlocker();

        virtual Type blocker_type() const override { return Type::Queue; }
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return m_block_reason.is_null() ? m_block_reason : "Queue"sv; }
        virtual void will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(UnblockImmediatelyReason) override { }
        virtual bool setup_blocker() override;

        bool unblock();

    protected:
        WaitQueue& m_wait_queue;
        StringView m_block_reason;
        bool m_did_unblock { false };
    };

    class FutexBlocker final : public Blocker {
    public:
        explicit FutexBlocker(FutexQueue&, u32);
        virtual ~FutexBlocker();

        virtual Type blocker_type() const override { return Type::Futex; }
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return "Futex"sv; }
        virtual void will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(UnblockImmediatelyReason) override { }
        virtual bool setup_blocker() override;

        u32 bitset() const { return m_bitset; }

        void begin_requeue()
        {
            // We need to hold the lock until we moved it over
            m_relock_flags = m_lock.lock();
        }
        void finish_requeue(FutexQueue&);

        bool unblock_bitset(u32 bitset);
        bool unblock(bool force = false);

    protected:
        FutexQueue& m_futex_queue;
        u32 m_bitset { 0 };
        u32 m_relock_flags { 0 };
        bool m_did_unblock { false };
    };

    class FileBlocker : public Blocker {
    public:
        enum class BlockFlags : u16 {
            None = 0,

            Read = 1 << 0,
            Write = 1 << 1,
            ReadPriority = 1 << 2,

            Accept = 1 << 3,
            Connect = 1 << 4,
            SocketFlags = Accept | Connect,

            WriteNotOpen = 1 << 5,
            WriteError = 1 << 6,
            WriteHangUp = 1 << 7,
            ReadHangUp = 1 << 8,
            Exception = WriteNotOpen | WriteError | WriteHangUp | ReadHangUp,
        };

        virtual Type blocker_type() const override { return Type::File; }

        virtual bool unblock_if_conditions_are_met(bool, void*) = 0;
    };

    class OpenFileDescriptionBlocker : public FileBlocker {
    public:
        const OpenFileDescription& blocked_description() const;

        virtual bool unblock_if_conditions_are_met(bool, void*) override;
        virtual void will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(UnblockImmediatelyReason) override;
        virtual bool setup_blocker() override;

    protected:
        explicit OpenFileDescriptionBlocker(OpenFileDescription&, BlockFlags, BlockFlags&);

    private:
        NonnullRefPtr<OpenFileDescription> m_blocked_description;
        const BlockFlags m_flags;
        BlockFlags& m_unblocked_flags;
        bool m_did_unblock { false };
    };

    class AcceptBlocker final : public OpenFileDescriptionBlocker {
    public:
        explicit AcceptBlocker(OpenFileDescription&, BlockFlags&);
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return "Accepting"sv; }
    };

    class ConnectBlocker final : public OpenFileDescriptionBlocker {
    public:
        explicit ConnectBlocker(OpenFileDescription&, BlockFlags&);
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return "Connecting"sv; }
    };

    class WriteBlocker final : public OpenFileDescriptionBlocker {
    public:
        explicit WriteBlocker(OpenFileDescription&, BlockFlags&);
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return "Writing"sv; }
        virtual const BlockTimeout& override_timeout(const BlockTimeout&) override;

    private:
        BlockTimeout m_timeout;
    };

    class ReadBlocker final : public OpenFileDescriptionBlocker {
    public:
        explicit ReadBlocker(OpenFileDescription&, BlockFlags&);
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return "Reading"sv; }
        virtual const BlockTimeout& override_timeout(const BlockTimeout&) override;

    private:
        BlockTimeout m_timeout;
    };

    class SleepBlocker final : public Blocker {
    public:
        explicit SleepBlocker(const BlockTimeout&, Time* = nullptr);
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return "Sleeping"sv; }
        virtual Type blocker_type() const override { return Type::Sleep; }
        virtual const BlockTimeout& override_timeout(const BlockTimeout&) override;
        virtual void will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(UnblockImmediatelyReason) override;
        virtual void was_unblocked(bool) override;
        virtual Thread::BlockResult block_result() override;

    private:
        void calculate_remaining();

        BlockTimeout m_deadline;
        Time* m_remaining;
    };

    class SelectBlocker final : public FileBlocker {
    public:
        struct FDInfo {
            NonnullRefPtr<OpenFileDescription> description;
            BlockFlags block_flags { BlockFlags::None };
            BlockFlags unblocked_flags { BlockFlags::None };
        };

        using FDVector = Vector<FDInfo, FD_SETSIZE>;
        explicit SelectBlocker(FDVector&);
        virtual ~SelectBlocker();

        virtual bool unblock_if_conditions_are_met(bool, void*) override;
        virtual void will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(UnblockImmediatelyReason) override;
        virtual void was_unblocked(bool) override;
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return "Selecting"sv; }
        virtual bool setup_blocker() override;

    private:
        size_t collect_unblocked_flags();

        FDVector& m_fds;
        bool m_did_unblock { false };
    };

    class WaitBlocker final : public Blocker {
    public:
        enum class UnblockFlags {
            Terminated,
            Stopped,
            Continued,
            Disowned
        };

        WaitBlocker(int wait_options, Variant<Empty, NonnullRefPtr<Process>, NonnullRefPtr<ProcessGroup>> waitee, KResultOr<siginfo_t>& result);
        virtual StringView state_string() const override { return "Waiting"sv; }
        virtual Type blocker_type() const override { return Type::Wait; }
        virtual void will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(UnblockImmediatelyReason) override;
        virtual void was_unblocked(bool) override;
        virtual bool setup_blocker() override;

        bool unblock(Process& process, UnblockFlags flags, u8 signal, bool from_add_blocker);
        bool is_wait() const { return !(m_wait_options & WNOWAIT); }

    private:
        void do_was_disowned();
        void do_set_result(const siginfo_t&);

        const int m_wait_options;
        KResultOr<siginfo_t>& m_result;
        Variant<Empty, NonnullRefPtr<Process>, NonnullRefPtr<ProcessGroup>> m_waitee;
        bool m_did_unblock { false };
        bool m_got_sigchild { false };
    };

    class WaitBlockerSet final : public BlockerSet {
        friend class WaitBlocker;

    public:
        explicit WaitBlockerSet(Process& process)
            : m_process(process)
        {
        }

        void disowned_by_waiter(Process&);
        bool unblock(Process&, WaitBlocker::UnblockFlags, u8);
        void try_unblock(WaitBlocker&);
        void finalize();

    protected:
        virtual bool should_add_blocker(Blocker&, void*) override;

    private:
        struct ProcessBlockInfo {
            NonnullRefPtr<Process> process;
            WaitBlocker::UnblockFlags flags;
            u8 signal;
            bool was_waited { false };

            explicit ProcessBlockInfo(NonnullRefPtr<Process>&&, WaitBlocker::UnblockFlags, u8);
            ~ProcessBlockInfo();
        };

        Process& m_process;
        Vector<ProcessBlockInfo, 2> m_processes;
        bool m_finalized { false };
    };

    template<typename AddBlockerHandler>
    KResult try_join(AddBlockerHandler add_blocker)
    {
        if (Thread::current() == this)
            return EDEADLK;

        SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
        if (!m_is_joinable || state() == Dead)
            return EINVAL;

        add_blocker();

        // From this point on the thread is no longer joinable by anyone
        // else. It also means that if the join is timed, it becomes
        // detached when a timeout happens.
        m_is_joinable = false;
        return KSuccess;
    }

    void did_schedule() { ++m_times_scheduled; }
    u32 times_scheduled() const { return m_times_scheduled; }

    void resume_from_stopped();

    [[nodiscard]] bool should_be_stopped() const;
    [[nodiscard]] bool is_stopped() const { return m_state == Stopped; }
    [[nodiscard]] bool is_blocked() const { return m_state == Blocked; }
    [[nodiscard]] bool is_in_block() const
    {
        SpinlockLocker lock(m_block_lock);
        return m_in_block;
    }

    u32 cpu() const { return m_cpu.load(AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_consume); }
    void set_cpu(u32 cpu) { m_cpu.store(cpu, AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_release); }
    u32 affinity() const { return m_cpu_affinity; }
    void set_affinity(u32 affinity) { m_cpu_affinity = affinity; }

    RegisterState& get_register_dump_from_stack();
    const RegisterState& get_register_dump_from_stack() const { return const_cast<Thread*>(this)->get_register_dump_from_stack(); }

    DebugRegisterState& debug_register_state() { return m_debug_register_state; }
    const DebugRegisterState& debug_register_state() const { return m_debug_register_state; }

    ThreadRegisters& regs() { return m_regs; }
    ThreadRegisters const& regs() const { return m_regs; }

    State state() const { return m_state; }
    StringView state_string() const;

    VirtualAddress thread_specific_data() const { return m_thread_specific_data; }
    size_t thread_specific_region_size() const;
    size_t thread_specific_region_alignment() const;

    ALWAYS_INLINE void yield_if_stopped()
    {
        // If some thread stopped us, we need to yield to someone else
        // We check this when entering/exiting a system call. A thread
        // may continue to execute in user land until the next timer
        // tick or entering the next system call, or if it's in kernel
        // mode then we will intercept prior to returning back to user
        // mode.
        SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
        while (state() == Thread::Stopped) {
            lock.unlock();
            // We shouldn't be holding the big lock here
            yield_without_releasing_big_lock();
            lock.lock();
        }
    }

    void block(Kernel::Mutex&, SpinlockLocker<Spinlock>&, u32);

    template<typename BlockerType, class... Args>
    [[nodiscard]] BlockResult block(const BlockTimeout& timeout, Args&&... args)
    {
        VERIFY(!Processor::current_in_irq());
        VERIFY(this == Thread::current());
        ScopedCritical critical;
        VERIFY(!Memory::s_mm_lock.is_locked_by_current_processor());

        SpinlockLocker block_lock(m_block_lock);
        // We need to hold m_block_lock so that nobody can unblock a blocker as soon
        // as it is constructed and registered elsewhere
        VERIFY(!m_in_block);
        TemporaryChange in_block_change(m_in_block, true);

        BlockerType blocker(forward<Args>(args)...);

        if (!blocker.setup_blocker()) {
            blocker.will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(Blocker::UnblockImmediatelyReason::UnblockConditionAlreadyMet);
            return BlockResult::NotBlocked;
        }

        SpinlockLocker scheduler_lock(g_scheduler_lock);
        // Relaxed semantics are fine for timeout_unblocked because we
        // synchronize on the spin locks already.
        Atomic<bool, AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_relaxed> timeout_unblocked(false);
        bool timer_was_added = false;

        switch (state()) {
        case Thread::Stopped:
            // It's possible that we were requested to be stopped!
            break;
        case Thread::Running:
            VERIFY(m_blocker == nullptr);
            break;
        default:
            VERIFY_NOT_REACHED();
        }

        m_blocker = &blocker;

        if (auto& block_timeout = blocker.override_timeout(timeout); !block_timeout.is_infinite()) {
            // Process::kill_all_threads may be called at any time, which will mark all
            // threads to die. In that case
            timer_was_added = TimerQueue::the().add_timer_without_id(*m_block_timer, block_timeout.clock_id(), block_timeout.absolute_time(), [&]() {
                VERIFY(!Processor::current_in_irq());
                VERIFY(!g_scheduler_lock.is_locked_by_current_processor());
                VERIFY(!m_block_lock.is_locked_by_current_processor());
                // NOTE: this may execute on the same or any other processor!
                SpinlockLocker scheduler_lock(g_scheduler_lock);
                SpinlockLocker block_lock(m_block_lock);
                if (m_blocker && timeout_unblocked.exchange(true) == false)
                    unblock();
            });
            if (!timer_was_added) {
                // Timeout is already in the past
                blocker.will_unblock_immediately_without_blocking(Blocker::UnblockImmediatelyReason::TimeoutInThePast);
                m_blocker = nullptr;
                return BlockResult::InterruptedByTimeout;
            }
        }

        blocker.begin_blocking({});

        set_state(Thread::Blocked);

        scheduler_lock.unlock();
        block_lock.unlock();

        dbgln_if(THREAD_DEBUG, "Thread {} blocking on {} ({}) -->", *this, &blocker, blocker.state_string());
        bool did_timeout = false;
        u32 lock_count_to_restore = 0;
        auto previous_locked = unlock_process_if_locked(lock_count_to_restore);
        for (;;) {
            // Yield to the scheduler, and wait for us to resume unblocked.
            VERIFY(!g_scheduler_lock.is_locked_by_current_processor());
            VERIFY(Processor::in_critical());
            yield_without_releasing_big_lock();
            VERIFY(Processor::in_critical());

            SpinlockLocker block_lock2(m_block_lock);
            if (should_be_stopped() || state() == Stopped) {
                dbgln("Thread should be stopped, current state: {}", state_string());
                set_state(Thread::Blocked);
                continue;
            }
            if (m_blocker && !m_blocker->can_be_interrupted() && !m_should_die) {
                block_lock2.unlock();
                dbgln("Thread should not be unblocking, current state: {}", state_string());
                set_state(Thread::Blocked);
                continue;
            }
            // Prevent the timeout from unblocking this thread if it happens to
            // be in the process of firing already
            did_timeout |= timeout_unblocked.exchange(true);
            if (m_blocker) {
                // Remove ourselves...
                VERIFY(m_blocker == &blocker);
                m_blocker = nullptr;
            }
            dbgln_if(THREAD_DEBUG, "<-- Thread {} unblocked from {} ({})", *this, &blocker, blocker.state_string());
            break;
        }

        if (blocker.was_interrupted_by_signal()) {
            SpinlockLocker scheduler_lock(g_scheduler_lock);
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            dispatch_one_pending_signal();
        }

        // Notify the blocker that we are no longer blocking. It may need
        // to clean up now while we're still holding m_lock
        auto result = blocker.end_blocking({}, did_timeout); // calls was_unblocked internally

        if (timer_was_added && !did_timeout) {
            // Cancel the timer while not holding any locks. This allows
            // the timer function to complete before we remove it
            // (e.g. if it's on another processor)
            TimerQueue::the().cancel_timer(*m_block_timer);
        }
        if (previous_locked != LockMode::Unlocked) {
            // NOTE: this may trigger another call to Thread::block(), so
            // we need to do this after we're all done and restored m_in_block!
            relock_process(previous_locked, lock_count_to_restore);
        }
        return result;
    }

    u32 unblock_from_lock(Kernel::Mutex&);
    void unblock_from_blocker(Blocker&);
    void unblock(u8 signal = 0);

    template<class... Args>
    Thread::BlockResult wait_on(WaitQueue& wait_queue, const Thread::BlockTimeout& timeout, Args&&... args)
    {
        VERIFY(this == Thread::current());
        return block<Thread::WaitQueueBlocker>(timeout, wait_queue, forward<Args>(args)...);
    }

    BlockResult sleep(clockid_t, const Time&, Time* = nullptr);
    BlockResult sleep(const Time& duration, Time* remaining_time = nullptr)
    {
        return sleep(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, duration, remaining_time);
    }
    BlockResult sleep_until(clockid_t, const Time&);
    BlockResult sleep_until(const Time& duration)
    {
        return sleep_until(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, duration);
    }

    // Tell this thread to unblock if needed,
    // gracefully unwind the stack and die.
    void set_should_die();
    [[nodiscard]] bool should_die() const { return m_should_die; }
    void die_if_needed();

    void exit(void* = nullptr);

    void update_time_scheduled(u64, bool, bool);
    bool tick();
    void set_ticks_left(u32 t) { m_ticks_left = t; }
    u32 ticks_left() const { return m_ticks_left; }

    FlatPtr kernel_stack_base() const { return m_kernel_stack_base; }
    FlatPtr kernel_stack_top() const { return m_kernel_stack_top; }

    void set_state(State, u8 = 0);

    [[nodiscard]] bool is_initialized() const { return m_initialized; }
    void set_initialized(bool initialized) { m_initialized = initialized; }

    void send_urgent_signal_to_self(u8 signal);
    void send_signal(u8 signal, Process* sender);

    u32 update_signal_mask(u32 signal_mask);
    u32 signal_mask_block(sigset_t signal_set, bool block);
    u32 signal_mask() const;
    void clear_signals();

    KResultOr<u32> peek_debug_register(u32 register_index);
    KResult poke_debug_register(u32 register_index, u32 data);

    void set_dump_backtrace_on_finalization() { m_dump_backtrace_on_finalization = true; }

    DispatchSignalResult dispatch_one_pending_signal();
    DispatchSignalResult try_dispatch_one_pending_signal(u8 signal);
    DispatchSignalResult dispatch_signal(u8 signal);
    void check_dispatch_pending_signal();
    [[nodiscard]] bool has_unmasked_pending_signals() const { return m_have_any_unmasked_pending_signals.load(AK::memory_order_consume); }
    [[nodiscard]] bool should_ignore_signal(u8 signal) const;
    [[nodiscard]] bool has_signal_handler(u8 signal) const;
    u32 pending_signals() const;
    u32 pending_signals_for_state() const;

    FPUState& fpu_state() { return m_fpu_state; }

    KResult make_thread_specific_region(Badge<Process>);

    unsigned syscall_count() const { return m_syscall_count; }
    void did_syscall() { ++m_syscall_count; }
    unsigned inode_faults() const { return m_inode_faults; }
    void did_inode_fault() { ++m_inode_faults; }
    unsigned zero_faults() const { return m_zero_faults; }
    void did_zero_fault() { ++m_zero_faults; }
    unsigned cow_faults() const { return m_cow_faults; }
    void did_cow_fault() { ++m_cow_faults; }

    unsigned file_read_bytes() const { return m_file_read_bytes; }
    unsigned file_write_bytes() const { return m_file_write_bytes; }

    void did_file_read(unsigned bytes)
    {
        m_file_read_bytes += bytes;
    }

    void did_file_write(unsigned bytes)
    {
        m_file_write_bytes += bytes;
    }

    unsigned unix_socket_read_bytes() const { return m_unix_socket_read_bytes; }
    unsigned unix_socket_write_bytes() const { return m_unix_socket_write_bytes; }

    void did_unix_socket_read(unsigned bytes)
    {
        m_unix_socket_read_bytes += bytes;
    }

    void did_unix_socket_write(unsigned bytes)
    {
        m_unix_socket_write_bytes += bytes;
    }

    unsigned ipv4_socket_read_bytes() const { return m_ipv4_socket_read_bytes; }
    unsigned ipv4_socket_write_bytes() const { return m_ipv4_socket_write_bytes; }

    void did_ipv4_socket_read(unsigned bytes)
    {
        m_ipv4_socket_read_bytes += bytes;
    }

    void did_ipv4_socket_write(unsigned bytes)
    {
        m_ipv4_socket_write_bytes += bytes;
    }

    void set_active(bool active) { m_is_active = active; }

    u32 saved_critical() const { return m_saved_critical; }
    void save_critical(u32 critical) { m_saved_critical = critical; }

    void track_lock_acquire(LockRank rank);
    void track_lock_release(LockRank rank);

    [[nodiscard]] bool is_active() const { return m_is_active; }

    [[nodiscard]] bool is_finalizable() const
    {
        // We can't finalize as long as this thread is still running
        // Note that checking for Running state here isn't sufficient
        // as the thread may not be in Running state but switching out.
        // m_is_active is set to false once the context switch is
        // complete and the thread is not executing on any processor.
        if (m_is_active.load(AK::memory_order_acquire))
            return false;
        // We can't finalize until the thread is either detached or
        // a join has started. We can't make m_is_joinable atomic
        // because that would introduce a race in try_join.
        SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
        return !m_is_joinable;
    }

    KResultOr<NonnullRefPtr<Thread>> try_clone(Process&);

    template<IteratorFunction<Thread&> Callback>
    static IterationDecision for_each_in_state(State, Callback);
    template<IteratorFunction<Thread&> Callback>
    static IterationDecision for_each(Callback);

    template<VoidFunction<Thread&> Callback>
    static IterationDecision for_each_in_state(State, Callback);
    template<VoidFunction<Thread&> Callback>
    static IterationDecision for_each(Callback);

    static constexpr u32 default_kernel_stack_size = 65536;
    static constexpr u32 default_userspace_stack_size = 1 * MiB;

    u64 time_in_user() const { return m_total_time_scheduled_user; }
    u64 time_in_kernel() const { return m_total_time_scheduled_kernel; }

    enum class PreviousMode : u8 {
        KernelMode = 0,
        UserMode
    };
    PreviousMode previous_mode() const { return m_previous_mode; }
    bool set_previous_mode(PreviousMode mode)
    {
        if (m_previous_mode == mode)
            return false;
        m_previous_mode = mode;
        return true;
    }

    TrapFrame*& current_trap() { return m_current_trap; }
    TrapFrame const* const& current_trap() const { return m_current_trap; }

    RecursiveSpinlock& get_lock() const { return m_lock; }

#if LOCK_DEBUG
    void holding_lock(Mutex& lock, int refs_delta, LockLocation const& location)
    {
        VERIFY(refs_delta != 0);
        m_holding_locks.fetch_add(refs_delta, AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_relaxed);
        SpinlockLocker list_lock(m_holding_locks_lock);
        if (refs_delta > 0) {
            bool have_existing = false;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < m_holding_locks_list.size(); i++) {
                auto& info = m_holding_locks_list[i];
                if (info.lock == &lock) {
                    have_existing = true;
                    info.count += refs_delta;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!have_existing)
                m_holding_locks_list.append({ &lock, location, 1 });
        } else {
            VERIFY(refs_delta < 0);
            bool found = false;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < m_holding_locks_list.size(); i++) {
                auto& info = m_holding_locks_list[i];
                if (info.lock == &lock) {
                    VERIFY(info.count >= (unsigned)-refs_delta);
                    info.count -= (unsigned)-refs_delta;
                    if (info.count == 0)
                        m_holding_locks_list.remove(i);
                    found = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            VERIFY(found);
        }
    }
    u32 lock_count() const
    {
        return m_holding_locks.load(AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_relaxed);
    }
#endif

    bool is_handling_page_fault() const
    {
        return m_handling_page_fault;
    }
    void set_handling_page_fault(bool b) { m_handling_page_fault = b; }
    void set_idle_thread() { m_is_idle_thread = true; }
    bool is_idle_thread() const { return m_is_idle_thread; }

    void set_crashing() { m_is_crashing = true; }
    [[nodiscard]] bool is_crashing() const { return m_is_crashing; }

    ALWAYS_INLINE u32 enter_profiler()
    {
        return m_nested_profiler_calls.fetch_add(1, AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_acq_rel);
    }

    ALWAYS_INLINE u32 leave_profiler()
    {
        return m_nested_profiler_calls.fetch_sub(1, AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_acquire);
    }

    bool is_profiling_suppressed() const { return m_is_profiling_suppressed; }
    void set_profiling_suppressed() { m_is_profiling_suppressed = true; }

    String backtrace();

private:
    Thread(NonnullRefPtr<Process>, NonnullOwnPtr<Memory::Region>, NonnullRefPtr<Timer>, NonnullOwnPtr<KString>);

    IntrusiveListNode<Thread> m_process_thread_list_node;
    int m_runnable_priority { -1 };

    friend class WaitQueue;

    class JoinBlockerSet final : public BlockerSet {
    public:
        void thread_did_exit(void* exit_value)
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            VERIFY(!m_thread_did_exit);
            m_thread_did_exit = true;
            m_exit_value.store(exit_value, AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_release);
            do_unblock_joiner();
        }
        void thread_finalizing()
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            do_unblock_joiner();
        }
        void* exit_value() const
        {
            VERIFY(m_thread_did_exit);
            return m_exit_value.load(AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_acquire);
        }

        void try_unblock(JoinBlocker& blocker)
        {
            SpinlockLocker lock(m_lock);
            if (m_thread_did_exit)
                blocker.unblock(exit_value(), false);
        }

    protected:
        virtual bool should_add_blocker(Blocker& b, void*) override
        {
            VERIFY(b.blocker_type() == Blocker::Type::Join);
            auto& blocker = static_cast<JoinBlocker&>(b);

            // NOTE: m_lock is held already!
            if (m_thread_did_exit) {
                blocker.unblock(exit_value(), true);
                return false;
            }
            return true;
        }

    private:
        void do_unblock_joiner()
        {
            unblock_all_blockers_whose_conditions_are_met_locked([&](Blocker& b, void*, bool&) {
                VERIFY(b.blocker_type() == Blocker::Type::Join);
                auto& blocker = static_cast<JoinBlocker&>(b);
                return blocker.unblock(exit_value(), false);
            });
        }

        Atomic<void*> m_exit_value { nullptr };
        bool m_thread_did_exit { false };
    };

    LockMode unlock_process_if_locked(u32&);
    void relock_process(LockMode, u32);
    void reset_fpu_state();

    mutable RecursiveSpinlock m_lock { LockRank::Thread };
    mutable RecursiveSpinlock m_block_lock;
    NonnullRefPtr<Process> m_process;
    ThreadID m_tid { -1 };
    ThreadRegisters m_regs {};
    DebugRegisterState m_debug_register_state {};
    TrapFrame* m_current_trap { nullptr };
    u32 m_saved_critical { 1 };
    IntrusiveListNode<Thread> m_ready_queue_node;
    Atomic<u32> m_cpu { 0 };
    u32 m_cpu_affinity { THREAD_AFFINITY_DEFAULT };
    Optional<u64> m_last_time_scheduled;
    u64 m_total_time_scheduled_user { 0 };
    u64 m_total_time_scheduled_kernel { 0 };
    u32 m_ticks_left { 0 };
    u32 m_times_scheduled { 0 };
    u32 m_ticks_in_user { 0 };
    u32 m_ticks_in_kernel { 0 };
    u32 m_pending_signals { 0 };
    u32 m_signal_mask { 0 };
    FlatPtr m_kernel_stack_base { 0 };
    FlatPtr m_kernel_stack_top { 0 };
    OwnPtr<Memory::Region> m_kernel_stack_region;
    VirtualAddress m_thread_specific_data;
    Optional<Memory::VirtualRange> m_thread_specific_range;
    Array<SignalActionData, NSIG> m_signal_action_data;
    Blocker* m_blocker { nullptr };
    Kernel::Mutex* m_blocking_lock { nullptr };
    u32 m_lock_requested_count { 0 };
    IntrusiveListNode<Thread> m_blocked_threads_list_node;
    LockRank m_lock_rank_mask { LockRank::None };

#if LOCK_DEBUG
    struct HoldingLockInfo {
        Mutex* lock;
        LockLocation lock_location;
        unsigned count;
    };
    Atomic<u32> m_holding_locks { 0 };
    Spinlock m_holding_locks_lock;
    Vector<HoldingLockInfo> m_holding_locks_list;
#endif

    JoinBlockerSet m_join_blocker_set;
    Atomic<bool, AK::MemoryOrder::memory_order_relaxed> m_is_active { false };
    bool m_is_joinable { true };
    bool m_handling_page_fault { false };
    PreviousMode m_previous_mode { PreviousMode::KernelMode }; // We always start out in kernel mode

    unsigned m_syscall_count { 0 };
    unsigned m_inode_faults { 0 };
    unsigned m_zero_faults { 0 };
    unsigned m_cow_faults { 0 };

    unsigned m_file_read_bytes { 0 };
    unsigned m_file_write_bytes { 0 };

    unsigned m_unix_socket_read_bytes { 0 };
    unsigned m_unix_socket_write_bytes { 0 };

    unsigned m_ipv4_socket_read_bytes { 0 };
    unsigned m_ipv4_socket_write_bytes { 0 };

    FPUState m_fpu_state {};
    State m_state { Invalid };
    NonnullOwnPtr<KString> m_name;
    u32 m_priority { THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL };

    State m_stop_state { Invalid };

    bool m_dump_backtrace_on_finalization { false };
    bool m_should_die { false };
    bool m_initialized { false };
    bool m_in_block { false };
    bool m_is_idle_thread { false };
    bool m_is_crashing { false };
    Atomic<bool> m_have_any_unmasked_pending_signals { false };
    Atomic<u32> m_nested_profiler_calls { 0 };

    NonnullRefPtr<Timer> m_block_timer;

    bool m_is_profiling_suppressed { false };

    void yield_and_release_relock_big_lock();

    enum class VerifyLockNotHeld {
        Yes,
        No
    };

    void yield_without_releasing_big_lock(VerifyLockNotHeld verify_lock_not_held = VerifyLockNotHeld::Yes);
    void drop_thread_count(bool);

    mutable IntrusiveListNode<Thread> m_global_thread_list_node;

public:
    using ListInProcess = IntrusiveList<&Thread::m_process_thread_list_node>;
    using GlobalList = IntrusiveList<&Thread::m_global_thread_list_node>;

    static SpinlockProtected<GlobalList>& all_instances();
};

AK_ENUM_BITWISE_OPERATORS(Thread::FileBlocker::BlockFlags);

template<IteratorFunction<Thread&> Callback>
inline IterationDecision Thread::for_each(Callback callback)
{
    return Thread::all_instances().with([&](auto& list) -> IterationDecision {
        for (auto& thread : list) {
            IterationDecision decision = callback(thread);
            if (decision != IterationDecision::Continue)
                return decision;
        }
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });
}

template<IteratorFunction<Thread&> Callback>
inline IterationDecision Thread::for_each_in_state(State state, Callback callback)
{
    return Thread::all_instances().with([&](auto& list) -> IterationDecision {
        for (auto& thread : list) {
            if (thread.state() != state)
                continue;
            IterationDecision decision = callback(thread);
            if (decision != IterationDecision::Continue)
                return decision;
        }
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });
}

template<VoidFunction<Thread&> Callback>
inline IterationDecision Thread::for_each(Callback callback)
{
    return Thread::all_instances().with([&](auto& list) {
        for (auto& thread : list) {
            if (callback(thread) == IterationDecision::Break)
                return IterationDecision::Break;
        }
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });
}

template<VoidFunction<Thread&> Callback>
inline IterationDecision Thread::for_each_in_state(State state, Callback callback)
{
    return for_each_in_state(state, [&](auto& thread) {
        callback(thread);
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });
}

}

template<>
struct AK::Formatter<Kernel::Thread> : AK::Formatter<FormatString> {
    void format(FormatBuilder&, const Kernel::Thread&);
};