var UNDEFINED_INDEX = -1;
var ARRAY_HOLE_INDEX = -2;
var NAN_INDEX = -3;
var POS_INF_INDEX = -4;
var NEG_INF_INDEX = -5;
var customTypes = Object.create(null);

exports.registerType = function (typeName, handlers) {
  function check(methodName) {
    if (typeof handlers[methodName] !== "function") {
      throw new Error(
        "second argument to ARSON.registerType(" +
          JSON.stringify(typeName) + ", ...) " +
          "must be an object with a " + methodName + " method"
      );
    }
  }

  check("deconstruct");
  check("reconstruct");

  customTypes[typeName] = handlers;

  return exports;
};

require("./custom.js");

exports.encode = exports.stringify =
function encode(value) {
  return JSON.stringify(toTable(value));
}

function toTable(value) {
  var values = [];
  var indexMap = typeof Map === "function" && new Map;

  function getIndex(value) {
    switch (typeof value) {
    case "undefined":
      return UNDEFINED_INDEX;

    case "number":
      if (isNaN(value)) {
        return NAN_INDEX;
      }

      if (! isFinite(value)) {
        return value < 0 ? NEG_INF_INDEX : POS_INF_INDEX;
      }

      // fall through...
    }

    var index;

    if (indexMap) {
      // If we have Map, use it instead of values.indexOf to accelerate
      // object lookups.
      index = indexMap.get(value);
      if (typeof index === "undefined") {
        index = values.push(value) - 1;
        indexMap.set(value, index);
      }
    } else {
      index = values.indexOf(value);
      if (index < 0) {
        index = values.push(value) - 1;
      }
    }

    return index;
  }

  function copy(value) {
    var result = value;

    if (value && typeof value === "object") {
      var keys = Object.keys(value);

      if (isPlainObject(value)) {
        result = {};

      } else if (Array.isArray(value)) {
        result = Array(value.length);
        var len = value.length;
        if (len > keys.length) {
          // The array has holes, so make sure we fill them with the
          // ARRAY_HOLE_INDEX constant.
          for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            result[i] = ARRAY_HOLE_INDEX;
          }
        }

      } else {
        for (var typeName in customTypes) {
          // If value is not a plain Object, but something exotic like a
          // Date or a RegExp, serialize it as an array with typeName as
          // its first element. These arrays can be distinguished from
          // normal arrays, because all other non-empty arrays will be
          // serialized with a numeric value as their first element.
          var args = customTypes[typeName].deconstruct(value);
          if (args) {
            for (var i = 0; i < args.length; ++i) {
              args[i] = getIndex(args[i]);
            }
            args.unshift(typeName);
            return args;
          }
        }

        result = {};
      }

      keys.forEach(function (key) {
        result[key] = getIndex(value[key]);
      });
    }

    return result;
  }

  // Assigns the root value to values[0].
  var index0 = getIndex(value);
  if (index0 < 0) {
    // If value is something special that gets a negative index, then we
    // don't need to build a table at all, and we can simply return that
    // negative index as a complete serialization. This avoids ambiguity
    // about indexes versus primitive literal values.
    return index0;
  }

  // Note that this for loop cannot be a forEach loop, because
  // values.length is expected to change during iteration.
  for (var table = [], v = 0; v < values.length; ++v) {
    table[v] = copy(values[v]);
  }

  return table;
}

function isPlainObject(value) {
  var isObject = value && typeof value === "object";
  if (isObject) {
    var proto = Object.getPrototypeOf
      ? Object.getPrototypeOf(value)
      : value.__proto__;
    return proto === Object.prototype;
  }
  return false;
}

exports.decode = exports.parse =
function decode(encoding) {
  return fromTable(JSON.parse(encoding));
}

function fromTable(table) {
  if (typeof table === "number" && table < 0) {
    return getValueWithoutCache(table);
  }

  var getValueCache = new Array(table.length);

  function getValue(index) {
    return index in getValueCache
      ? getValueCache[index]
      : getValueCache[index] = getValueWithoutCache(index);
  }

  function getValueWithoutCache(index) {
    if (index < 0) {
      if (index === UNDEFINED_INDEX) {
        return;
      }

      if (index === ARRAY_HOLE_INDEX) {
        // Never reached because handled specially below.
        return;
      }

      if (index === NAN_INDEX) {
        return NaN;
      }

      if (index === POS_INF_INDEX) {
        return Infinity;
      }

      if (index === NEG_INF_INDEX) {
        return -Infinity;
      }

      throw new Error("invalid ARSON index: " + index);
    }

    var entry = table[index];

    if (entry && typeof entry === "object") {
      if (Array.isArray(entry)) {
        var elem0 = entry[0];
        if (typeof elem0 === "string" && elem0 in customTypes) {
          var rec = customTypes[elem0].reconstruct;
          var empty = rec();
          if (empty) {
            // If the reconstruct handler returns an object, treat it as
            // an empty instance of the desired type, and schedule it to
            // be filled in later. This two-stage process allows exotic
            // container objects to contain themselves.
            containers.push({
              reconstruct: rec,
              empty: empty,
              argIndexes: entry.slice(1)
            });
          }

          // If the reconstruct handler returned a falsy value, then we
          // assume none of its arguments refer to exotic containers, so
          // we can reconstruct the object immediately. Examples: Buffer,
          // Date, RegExp.
          return table[index] = empty || rec(entry.slice(1).map(getValue));
        }
      }

      // Here entry is already the correct array or object reference for
      // this index, but its values are still indexes that will need to be
      // resolved later.
      objects.push(entry);
    }

    return entry;
  }

  var containers = [];
  var objects = [];

  // First pass: make sure all exotic objects are deserialized fist, and
  // keep track of all plain object entries for later.
  table.forEach(function (entry, i) {
    getValue(i);
  });

  // Second pass: now that we have final object references for all exotic
  // objects, we can safely resolve argument indexes for the empty ones.
  containers.forEach(function (c) {
    c.args = c.argIndexes.map(getValue);
  });

  // Third pass: resolve value indexes for ordinary arrays and objects.
  objects.forEach(function (obj) {
    Object.keys(obj).forEach(function (key) {
      var index = obj[key];

      if (typeof index !== "number") {
        // Leave non-numeric indexes untouched.
        return;
      }

      if (index < 0) {
        if (index === ARRAY_HOLE_INDEX) {
          // Array holes have to be handled specially here, since getValue
          // does not have a reference to obj.
          delete obj[key];
          return;
        }

        // This recursion is guaranteed not to add more objects, because
        // we know the index is negative.
        obj[key] = getValue(index);

      } else {
        // Non-negative indexes refer to normal table values.
        obj[key] = table[index];
      }
    });
  });

  // Fourth pass: all possible object references have been established, so
  // we can finally initialize the empty container objects.
  containers.forEach(function (c) {
    c.reconstruct.call(c.empty, c.args);
  });

  return table[0];
}