Once we have chosen an architecture and set our hyperparameters, we proceed to the training loop, where our goal is to find parameter values that minimize our loss function. After training, we will need these parameters in order to make future predictions. Additionally, we will sometimes wish to extract the parameters either to reuse them in some other context, to save our model to disk so that it may be executed in other software, or for examination in the hope of gaining scientific understanding.
Most of the time, we will be able to ignore the nitty-gritty details of how parameters are declared and manipulated, relying on deep learning frameworks to do the heavy lifting. However, when we move away from stacked architectures with standard layers, we will sometimes need to get into the weeds of declaring and manipulating parameters. In this section, we cover the following:
- Accessing parameters for debugging, diagnostics, and visualizations.
- Sharing parameters across different model components.
(We start by focusing on an MLP with one hidden layer.)
%load_ext d2lbook.tab
tab.interact_select(['mxnet', 'pytorch', 'tensorflow'])
%%tab mxnet
from mxnet import init, np, npx
from mxnet.gluon import nn
npx.set_np()
net = nn.Sequential()
net.add(nn.Dense(8, activation='relu'))
net.add(nn.Dense(1))
net.initialize() # Use the default initialization method
X = np.random.uniform(size=(2, 4))
net(X).shape
%%tab pytorch
import torch
from torch import nn
net = nn.Sequential(nn.LazyLinear(8), nn.ReLU(), nn.LazyLinear(1))
X = torch.rand(size=(2, 4))
net(X).shape
%%tab tensorflow
import tensorflow as tf
net = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
tf.keras.layers.Flatten(),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(4, activation=tf.nn.relu),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(1),
])
X = tf.random.uniform((2, 4))
net(X).shape
Let's start with how to access parameters
from the models that you already know.
When a model is defined via the Sequential class,
we can first access any layer by indexing
into the model as though it were a list.
Each layer's parameters are conveniently
located in its attribute.
We can inspect the parameters of the second fully connected layer as follows.
%%tab mxnet
net[1].params
%%tab pytorch
net[2].state_dict()
%%tab tensorflow
net.layers[2].weights
We can see that this fully connected layer contains two parameters, corresponding to that layer's weights and biases, respectively.
Note that each parameter is represented as an instance of the parameter class. To do anything useful with the parameters, we first need to access the underlying numerical values. There are several ways to do this. Some are simpler while others are more general. The following code extracts the bias from the second neural network layer, which returns a parameter class instance, and further accesses that parameter's value.
%%tab mxnet
type(net[1].bias), net[1].bias.data()
%%tab pytorch
type(net[2].bias), net[2].bias.data
%%tab tensorflow
type(net.layers[2].weights[1]), tf.convert_to_tensor(net.layers[2].weights[1])
:begin_tab:mxnet,pytorch
Parameters are complex objects,
containing values, gradients,
and additional information.
That's why we need to request the value explicitly.
In addition to the value, each parameter also allows us to access the gradient. Because we have not invoked backpropagation for this network yet, it is in its initial state. :end_tab:
%%tab mxnet
net[1].weight.grad()
%%tab pytorch
net[2].weight.grad == None
When we need to perform operations on all parameters, accessing them one-by-one can grow tedious. The situation can grow especially unwieldy when we work with more complex modules (e.g., nested modules), since we would need to recurse through the entire tree to extract each sub-module's parameters. Below we demonstrate accessing the parameters of all layers.
%%tab mxnet
net.collect_params()
%%tab pytorch
[(name, param.shape) for name, param in net.named_parameters()]
%%tab tensorflow
net.get_weights()
Often, we want to share parameters across multiple layers.
Let's see how to do this elegantly.
In the following we allocate a fully connected layer
and then use its parameters specifically
to set those of another layer.
Here we need to run the forward propagation
net(X) before accessing the parameters.
%%tab mxnet
net = nn.Sequential()
# We need to give the shared layer a name so that we can refer to its
# parameters
shared = nn.Dense(8, activation='relu')
net.add(nn.Dense(8, activation='relu'),
shared,
nn.Dense(8, activation='relu', params=shared.params),
nn.Dense(10))
net.initialize()
X = np.random.uniform(size=(2, 20))
net(X)
# Check whether the parameters are the same
print(net[1].weight.data()[0] == net[2].weight.data()[0])
net[1].weight.data()[0, 0] = 100
# Make sure that they are actually the same object rather than just having the
# same value
print(net[1].weight.data()[0] == net[2].weight.data()[0])
%%tab pytorch
# We need to give the shared layer a name so that we can refer to its
# parameters
shared = nn.LazyLinear(8)
net = nn.Sequential(nn.LazyLinear(8), nn.ReLU(),
shared, nn.ReLU(),
shared, nn.ReLU(),
nn.LazyLinear(1))
net(X)
# Check whether the parameters are the same
print(net[2].weight.data[0] == net[4].weight.data[0])
net[2].weight.data[0, 0] = 100
# Make sure that they are actually the same object rather than just having the
# same value
print(net[2].weight.data[0] == net[4].weight.data[0])
%%tab tensorflow
# tf.keras behaves a bit differently. It removes the duplicate layer
# automatically
shared = tf.keras.layers.Dense(4, activation=tf.nn.relu)
net = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
tf.keras.layers.Flatten(),
shared,
shared,
tf.keras.layers.Dense(1),
])
net(X)
# Check whether the parameters are different
print(len(net.layers) == 3)
This example shows that the parameters of the second and third layer are tied. They are not just equal, they are represented by the same exact tensor. Thus, if we change one of the parameters, the other one changes, too. You might wonder, when parameters are tied what happens to the gradients? Since the model parameters contain gradients, the gradients of the second hidden layer and the third hidden layer are added together during backpropagation.
We have several ways to access and tie model parameters.
- Use the
NestMLPmodel defined in :numref:sec_model_constructionand access the parameters of the various layers. - Construct an MLP containing a shared parameter layer and train it. During the training process, observe the model parameters and gradients of each layer.
- Why is sharing parameters a good idea?
:begin_tab:mxnet
Discussions
:end_tab:
:begin_tab:pytorch
Discussions
:end_tab:
:begin_tab:tensorflow
Discussions
:end_tab: