Drush is a command line shell and Unix scripting interface for Drupal. If you are unfamiliar with shell scripting, reviewing the documentation for your shell (e.g. man bash) or reading an online tutorial (e.g. search for "bash tutorial") will help you get the most out of Drush.

Drush core ships with lots of useful commands for interacting with code like modules/themes/profiles. Similarly, it runs update.php, executes sql queries and DB migrations, and misc utilities like run cron or clear cache.

Each version of Drush supports multiple Drupal versions. Drush 6 is recommended version.

Drush Version	Branch	PHP	Compatible Drupal versions	Code Status
Drush 7	master	5.3.0+	D6, D7, D8
Drush 6	6.x	5.3.0+	D6, D7
Drush 5	5.x	5.2.0+	D6, D7
Drush 4	4.x	5.2.0+	D5, D6, D7	Unsupported
Drush 3	3.x	5.2.0+	D5, D6	Unsupported

Drush comes with a full test suite powered by PHPUnit. Each commit gets tested by the awesome Travis.ci continuous integration service.

Drush can be run in your shell by typing "drush" from within any Drupal root directory.

$ drush [options] <command> [argument1] [argument2]

Use the 'help' command to get a list of available options and commands:

$ drush help

For even more documentation, use the 'topic' command:

$ drush topic

Installation instructions can be found below. For a full list of Drush commands and documentation by version, visit https://www.drush.org.

Please take a moment to review the rest of the information in this file before pursuing one of the support options below.

• Post support requests to Drupal Answers.
• Bug reports and feature requests should be reported in the GitHub Drush Issue Queue.
• Use pull requests (PRs) to contribute to Drush. See /CONTRIBUTING.md.
• It is still possible to search the old issue queue on Drupal.org for fixed bugs, unmigrated issues, unmigrated bugs, and so on.

• www.drush.org
• Subscribe to https://github.com/drush-ops/drush/releases.atom to receive notification on new releases.
• A list of modules that include Drush integration
• For more information, please see the Resources and the Drush FAQ. Run the drush topic command for even more help.
• If you are using Debian or Ubuntu, you can alternatively use the Debian packages uploaded in your distribution. You may need to use the backports to get the latest version, if you are running a LTS or "stable" release.
• For advice on using Drush with your ISP, see the hosting section of the Resources page on drush.org.

• Drush commands that work with git require git 1.7 or greater.
• Drush works best on a Unix-like OS (Linux, OS X)
• Most Drush commands run on Windows. See INSTALLING DRUSH ON WINDOWS, below.

• Install Composer globally (if needed).

• Make sure Composer's global bin directory is on the system PATH (recommended):

    sed -i '1i export PATH="$HOME/.composer/vendor/bin:$PATH"' $HOME/.bashrc
    source $HOME/.bashrc
  

• To install Drush 6.x (stable):

    composer global require drush/drush:6.*
  

• To install Drush 7.x (dev) which is required for Drupal 8:

    composer global require drush/drush:dev-master
  

• To update to a newer version (what you get depends on your specification in ~/.composer/composer.json):

    composer global update
  

• Alternate commands to install some other variant of Drush:

    # Install a specific version of Drush, e.g. Drush 6.1.0
    composer global require drush/drush:6.1.0
    # Master branch as a git clone. Great for contributing back to Drush project.
    composer global require drush/drush:dev-master --prefer-source
  

Fuller explanation of the require command.

Tips:

If Drush cannot find an autoloaded class, run composer self-update. Drush often tracks composer changes closely, so you may have some problems if you are not running a recent version.

If composer cannot find a requirement, and suggests that The package is not available in a stable-enough version according to your minimum-stability setting, then place the following in $HOME/.composer/composer.json:

{
  "minimum-stability": "dev"
}

Merge this in with any other content that may already exist in this file.

See the POST-INSTALL section for configuration tips.

1. Place the uncompressed drush.tar.gz, drush.zip, or cloned git repository in a directory that is outside of your web root.

2. Make the 'drush' command executable:

   $ chmod u+x /path/to/drush/drush

3. Configure your system to recognize where Drush resides. There are 3 options:

   1. Create a symbolic link to the Drush executable in a directory that is already in your PATH, e.g.:

      $ ln -s /path/to/drush/drush /usr/bin/drush

   2. Explicitly add the Drush executable to the PATH variable which is defined in the the shell configuration file called .profile, .bash_profile, .bash_aliases, or .bashrc that is located in your home folder, i.e.:

      `export PATH="$PATH:/path/to/drush:/usr/local/bin"`
      

   Your system will search path options from left to right until it finds a result.

   1. Add an alias for drush (this method can also be handy if you want to use 2 versions of Drush, for example Drush 5 or 6 (stable) for Drupal 7 development, and Drush 7 (master) for Drupal 8 development). To add an alias to your Drush 7 executable, add this to you shell configuration file (see list in previous option): $ alias drush-master=/path/to/drush/drush

   For options 2 and 3 above, in order to apply your changes to your current session, either log out and then log back in again, or re-load your bash configuration file, i.e.:

   $ source .bashrc

   NOTE: If you do not follow this step, you will need to inconveniently run Drush commands using the full path to the executable "/path/to/drush/drush" or by navigating to /path/to/drush and running "./drush". The -r or -l options will be required (see USAGE, below).

4. Test that Drush is found by your system:

   $ which drush

5. From Drush root, run Composer to fetch dependencies.

   $ composer install

See the POST-INSTALL section for configuration tips.

1. See example.bashrc for instructions on how to add some useful shell aliases that provides even tighter integration between drush and bash. You may source this file directly into your shell by adding to your .bashrc (or equivalent): source /path/to/drush/examples/example.bashrc

2. If you didn't source it the step above, see top of drush.complete.sh file for instructions adding bash completion for drush command to your shell. Once configured, completion works for site aliases, command names, shell aliases, global options, and command-specific options.

3. Optional. If drush.complete.sh is being sourced (ideally in bash_completion.d), you can use the supplied __drush_ps1() sh function to add your current drush site (set with drush use @sitename) to your PS1 prompt like so:

   if [ "\$(type -t __git_ps1)" ] && [ "\$(type -t __drush_ps1)" ]; then
     PS1='\u@\h \w$(__git_ps1 " (%s)")$(__drush_ps1 "[%s]")\$ '
   fi

   Putting this in a .bashrc/.bash_profile/.profile would produce this prompt:

   msonnabaum@hostname ~/repos/drush (master)[@sitename]$

4. Help the Drush development team by sending anonymized usage statistics. To automatically send usage data, please add the following to a .drushrc.php file:

   ```php
   $options['drush_usage_log'] = TRUE;
   $options['drush_usage_send'] = TRUE;
   ```
   

   Stats are usually logged locally and sent whenever log file exceeds 50Kb. Alternatively, one may disable automatic sending and instead use usage-show and usage-send commands to more carefully send data.

Users of MAMP will need to manually specify in their PATH which version of php and MySQL to use in the command line interface. This is independent of the php version selected in the MAMP application settings. Under OS X, edit (or create if it does not already exist) a file called .bash_profile in your home folder.

To use php 5.3.x, add this line to .bash_profile:

export PATH="/Applications/MAMP/Library/bin:/Applications/MAMP/bin/php5.3/bin:$PATH"

If you want to use php 5.4.x, add this line instead:

export PATH="/Applications/MAMP/Library/bin:/Applications/MAMP/bin/php5.4/bin:$PATH"

If you have MAMP v.1.84 or lower, this configuration will work for both version of PHP:

export PATH="/Applications/MAMP/Library/bin:/Applications/MAMP/bin/php5/bin:$PATH"

If you have done this and are still getting a "no such file or directory" error from PDO::__construct, try this:

  sudo mkdir /var/mysql
  sudo ln -s /Applications/MAMP/tmp/mysql/mysql.sock /var/mysql/mysql.sock

Additionally, you may need to adjust your php.ini settings before you can use drush successfully. See CONFIGURING PHP.INI below for more details on how to proceed.

Users of other Apache distributions such as XAMPP, or Acquia's Dev Desktop will want to ensure that its php can be found by the command line by adding it to the PATH variable, using the method in 3.b above. Depending on the version and distribution of your AMP stack, PHP might reside at:

Additionally, you may need to adjust your php.ini settings before you can use drush successfully. See CONFIGURING PHP.INI below for more details on how to proceed.

If you want to run Drush with a specific version of php, rather than the php defined by your shell, you can add an environment variable to your the shell configuration file called .profile, .bash_profile, .bash_aliases, or .bashrc that is located in your home folder:

export DRUSH_PHP='/path/to/php'

Usually, php is configured to use separate php.ini files for the web server and the command line. Make sure that Drush's php.ini is given as much memory to work with as the web server is; otherwise, Drupal might run out of memory when Drush bootstraps it.

To see which php.ini file Drush is using, run:

$ drush status

To see which php.ini file the webserver is using, use the phpinfo() function in a .php web page. See https://drupal.org/node/207036.

If Drush is using the same php.ini file as the web server, you can create a php.ini file exclusively for Drush by copying your web server's php.ini file to the folder $HOME/.drush or the folder /etc/drush. Then you may edit this file and change the settings described above without affecting the php enviornment of your web server.

Alternately, if you only want to override a few values, copy example.drush.ini from the /examples folder into $HOME/.drush or the folder /etc/drush and edit to suit. See comments in example.drush.ini for more details.

You may also use environment variables to control the php settings that Drush will use. There are three options:

export PHP_INI='/path/to/php.ini'
export DRUSH_INI='/path/to/drush.ini'
export PHP_OPTIONS='-d memory_limit="128M"'

In the case of PHP_INI and DRUSH_INI, these environment variables specify the full path to a php.ini or drush.ini file, should you wish to use one that is not in one of the standard locations described above. The PHP_OPTIONS environment variable can be used to specify individual options that should be passed to php on the command line when Drush is executed.

Drush requires a fairly unrestricted php environment to run in. In particular, you should insure that safe_mode, open_basedir, disable_functions and disable_classes are empty. If you are using php 5.3.x, you may also need to add the following definitions to your php.ini file:

magic_quotes_gpc = Off
magic_quotes_runtime = Off
magic_quotes_sybase = Off

If you are running on Linux, you may find that you need the php5-json package. On Ubuntu, you can install it via:

apt-get install php5-json

Windows support has improved, but is still lagging. For full functionality, consider using on Linux/Unix/OSX using Virtualbox or other virtual machine.

There is a Windows msi installer for drush available at https://www.drush.org/drush_windows_installer.

Please see that page for more information on running Drush on Windows.

Whenever the documentation or the help text refers to 'drush [option] ' or something similar, 'drush' may need to be replaced by 'drush.bat'.

Additional Drush Windows installation documentation can be found at https://drupal.org/node/594744.

Most Drush commands will run in a Windows CMD shell or PowerShell, but the Git Bash shell provided by the 'Git for Windows' installation is the preferred shell in which to run Drush commands. For more information on "Git for Windows' visit https://msysgit.github.com/.

When creating aliases for Windows remote machines, pay particular attention to information presented in the example.aliases.drushrc.php file, especially when setting values for 'remote-host' and 'os', as these are very important when running Drush rsync and Drush sql-sync commands.

For multisite installations, use the -l option to target a particular site. If you are outside the Drupal web root, you might need to use the -r, -l or other command line options just for Drush to work. If you do not specify a URI with -l and Drush falls back to the default site configuration, Drupal's $GLOBALS['base_url'] will be set to https://default. This may cause some functionality to not work as expected.

$ drush -l https://example.com pm-update

If you wish to be able to select your Drupal site implicitly from the current working directory without using the -l option, but you need your base_url to be set correctly, you may force it by setting the uri in a drushrc.php file located in the same directory as your settings.php file.

sites/default/drushrc.php:

$options['uri'] = "https://example.com";

Related Options:

-r <path>, --root=<path>      Drupal root directory to use
                              (defaults to current directory or anywhere in a
                              Drupal directory tree)
-l <uri> , --uri=<uri>        URI of the Drupal site to use
-v, --verbose                 Display verbose output.

Very intensive scripts can exhaust your available PHP memory. One remedy is to just restart automatically using bash. For example:

while true; do drush search-index; sleep 5; done

Inside the examples directory you will find some example files to help you get started with your Drush configuration file (example.drushrc.php), site alias definitions (example.aliases.drushrc.php) and Drush commands (sandwich.drush.inc). You will also see an example 'policy' file which can be customized to block certain commands or arguments as required by your organization's needs.

If you get tired of typing options all the time you can contain them in a drushrc.php file. Multiple Drush configuration files can provide the flexibility of providing specific options in different site directories of a multi-site installation. See example.drushrc.php for examples and installation details.

Drush lets you run commands on a remote server, or even on a set of remote servers. Once defined, aliases can be references with the @ nomenclature, i.e.

# Synchronize staging files to production
$ drush rsync @staging:%files/ @live:%files
# Syncronize database from production to dev, excluding the cache table
$ drush sql-sync --structure-tables-key=custom @live @dev

See https://drupal.org/node/670460 and example.aliases.drushrc.php for more information.

Drush can be extended to run your own commands. Writing a Drush command is no harder than writing simple Drupal modules, since they both follow the same structure.

See sandwich.drush.inc for a quick tutorial on Drush command files. Otherwise, the core commands in Drush are good models for your own commands.

You can put your Drush command file in a number of places:

1. In a folder specified with the --include option (see drush topic docs-configuration).
2. Along with one of your enabled modules. If your command is related to an existing module, this is the preferred approach.
3. In a .drush folder in your HOME folder. Note, that you have to create the .drush folder yourself.
4. In the system-wide Drush commands folder, e.g. /usr/share/drush/commands.
5. In Drupal's /drush or sites/all/drush folders. Note, that you have to create the drush folder yourself.

In any case, it is important that you end the filename with ".drush.inc", so that Drush can find it.

  Q: What does "drush" stand for?
  A: The Drupal Shell.

  Q: How do I pronounce Drush?
  A: Some people pronounce the dru with a long u like Drupal. Fidelity points
     go to them, but they are in the minority. Most pronounce Drush so that it
     rhymes with hush, rush, flush, etc. This is the preferred pronunciation.

  Q: Does Drush have unit tests?
  A: Drush has an excellent suite of unit tests. See the README.md file in the /tests subdirectory for
     more information.

• Originally developed by Arto Bendiken for Drupal 4.7.
• Redesigned by Franz Heinzmann in May 2007 for Drupal 5.
• Maintained by Moshe Weitzman with much help from Owen Barton, greg.1.anderson, jonhattan, Mark Sonnabaum, and Jonathan Hedstrom.