2. Installation

This chapter will describe how to get, compile and run the software.

ESPResSo releases are available as source code packages from the homepage [1]. This is where new users should get the code. The code within release packages is tested and known to run on a number of platforms. Alternatively, people who want to use the newest features of ESPResSo or start contributing to the software can instead obtain the current development code via the version control system software [2] from ESPResSo’s project page at GitHub [3]. This code might be not as well tested and documented as the release code; it is recommended to use this code only if you have already gained some experience in using ESPResSo.

Unlike most other software, no binary distributions of ESPResSo are available, and the software is usually not installed globally for all users. Instead, users should compile the software themselves. The reason for this is that it is possible to activate and deactivate various features before compiling the code. Some of these features are not compatible with each other, and some of the features have a profound impact on the performance of the code. Therefore it is not possible to build a single binary that can satisfy all needs. For performance reasons a user should always activate only those features that are actually needed. This means, however, that learning how to compile is a necessary evil. The build system of ESPResSo uses CMake to compile software easily on a wide range of platforms.

Users who only need a “default” installation of ESPResSo and have an account on the Gitpod platform can build the software automatically in the cloud and skip this chapter. For more details on running ESPResSo in Gitpod, go to section Running in the cloud.

2.1. Requirements

The following tools and libraries, including their header files, are required to be able to compile and use ESPResSo:

CMake

The build system is based on CMake version 3 or later [4].

C++ compiler

The C++ core of ESPResSo needs to be built by a C++20-capable compiler.

Boost

A number of advanced C++ features used by ESPResSo are provided by Boost. We strongly recommend to use at least Boost 1.71.

FFTW

For some algorithms like P\(^3\)M, ESPResSo needs the FFTW library version 3 or later [5] for Fourier transforms, including header files.

CUDA

For some algorithms like P\(^3\)M, ESPResSo provides GPU-accelerated implementations for NVIDIA GPUs. We strongly recommend CUDA 12.0 or later [6].

MPI

An MPI library that implements the MPI standard version 1.2 is required to run simulations in parallel. ESPResSo is currently tested against Open MPI and MPICH, with and without UCX enabled. Other MPI implementations like Intel MPI should also work, although they are not actively tested in ESPResSo continuous integration.

Open MPI version 4.x is known to not properly support the MCA binding policy “numa” in singleton mode on a few NUMA architectures. On affected systems, e.g. AMD Ryzen or AMD EPYC, Open MPI halts with a fatal error when setting the processor affinity in MPI_Init. This issue can be resolved by setting the environment variable OMPI_MCA_hwloc_base_binding_policy to a value other than “numa”, such as “l3cache” to bind to a NUMA shared memory block, or to “none” to disable binding (can cause performance loss).

Python

ESPResSo’s main user interface relies on Python 3.

We strongly recommend using Python environments to isolate packages required by ESPResSo from packages installed system-wide. This can be achieved using venv [7], conda [8], or any similar tool. Inside an environment, commands of the form sudo apt install python3-numpy python3-scipy can be rewritten as python3 -m pip install numpy scipy, and thus do not require root privileges.

Depending on your needs, you may choose to install all ESPResSo dependencies inside the environment, or only the subset of dependencies not already satisfied by your workstation or cluster. For the exact syntax to create and configure an environment, please refer to the tool documentation.

Cython

Cython is used for connecting the C++ core to Python.

Python environment tools may allow you to install a Python executable that is more recent than the system-wide Python executable. Be aware this might lead to compatibility issues if Cython accidentally picks up the system-wide Python.h header file. In that scenario, you will have to manually adapt the C++ compiler include paths to find the correct Python.h header file.

2.1.1. Installing requirements on Ubuntu Linux

To compile ESPResSo on Ubuntu 24.04 LTS, install the following dependencies:

sudo apt install build-essential cmake cython3 python3-dev openmpi-bin \
  libboost-all-dev fftw3-dev libfftw3-mpi-dev libhdf5-dev libhdf5-openmpi-dev \
  python3-pip python3-numpy python3-scipy python3-opengl libgsl-dev freeglut3

Optionally the ccmake utility can be installed for easier configuration:

sudo apt install cmake-curses-gui

To install the ZnDraw visualizer:

python3 -m pip install --user -c requirements.txt 'zndraw==0.4.6'

2.1.1.1. Nvidia GPU acceleration

If your computer has an Nvidia graphics card, you should also download and install the CUDA SDK to make use of GPU computation:

sudo apt install nvidia-cuda-toolkit

If you cannot install this package, for example because you are maintaining multiple CUDA versions, you will need to configure the binary and library paths before building the project, for example via environment variables:

export CUDA_TOOLKIT_ROOT_DIR="/usr/local/cuda-12.0"
export PATH="${CUDA_TOOLKIT_ROOT_DIR}/bin${PATH:+:$PATH}"
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="${CUDA_TOOLKIT_ROOT_DIR}/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH}"

Later in the installation instructions, you will see CMake commands of the form cmake .. with optional arguments, such as cmake .. -D ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CUDA=ON to activate CUDA. These commands may need to be adapted depending on which operating system and CUDA version you are using.

You can control the list of CUDA architectures to generate device code for. For example, CUDAARCHS="61;75" cmake .. -D ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CUDA=ON will generate device code for both sm_61 and sm_75 architectures.

On Ubuntu 24.04, the default GCC compiler may too recent for nvcc. You can either use GCC 12:

CC=gcc-12 CXX=g++-12 CUDACXX=/usr/local/cuda-12.0/bin/nvcc cmake .. \
  -D ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CUDA=ON \
  -D CUDAToolkit_ROOT=/usr/local/cuda-12.0 \
  -D CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS="--compiler-bindir=/usr/bin/g++-12"

or alternatively install Clang 18 as a replacement for nvcc and GCC:

CC=clang-18 CXX=clang++-18 CUDACXX=clang++-18 cmake .. \
  -D ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CUDA=ON \
  -D CUDAToolkit_ROOT=/usr/local/cuda-12.0 \
  -D CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/12 -I/usr/include/c++/12 --cuda-path=/usr/local/cuda-12.0" \
  -D CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS="-I/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/12 -I/usr/include/c++/12 --cuda-path=/usr/local/cuda-12.0"

Please note that all CMake options and compiler flags that involve /usr/local/cuda-* need to be adapted to your CUDA environment. But they are only necessary on systems with multiple CUDA releases installed, and can be safely removed if you have only one CUDA release installed.

Please also note that with Clang, you still need the GCC 12 toolchain, which can be set up with apt install gcc-12 g++-12 libstdc++-12-dev. The extra compiler flags in the Clang CMake command above are needed to pin the search paths of Clang. By default, it searches trough the most recent GCC version, which is GCC 13 on Ubuntu 24.04. It is not possible to install the NVIDIA driver without GCC 13 due to a dependency resolution issue (nvidia-dkms depends on dkms which depends on gcc-13).

2.1.1.2. Requirements for building the documentation

To generate the Sphinx documentation, install the following packages:

python3 -m pip install --user -c requirements.txt \
    sphinx sphinxcontrib-bibtex sphinx-toggleprompt

To generate the Doxygen documentation, install the following packages:

sudo apt install doxygen graphviz

2.1.1.3. Setting up a Jupyter environment

To run the samples and tutorials, start by installing the following packages:

sudo apt install python3-matplotlib python3-pint python3-tqdm ffmpeg

The tutorials are written in the Notebook Format [Kluyver et al., 2016] version 4.5 and can be executed by any of these tools:

To check whether one of them is installed, run these commands:

jupyter lab --version
jupyter notebook --version
ipython --version
code --version

If you don’t have any of these tools installed and aren’t sure which one to use, we recommend installing JupyterLab:

python3 -m pip install --user -c requirements.txt \
    nbformat nbconvert jupyterlab

If you prefer the look and feel of Jupyter Classic, install the following:

python3 -m pip install --user -c requirements.txt \
    nbformat nbconvert jupyterlab nbclassic

Alternatively, to use VS Code Jupyter, install the following extensions:

code --install-extension ms-python.python
code --install-extension ms-toolsai.jupyter
code --install-extension ms-toolsai.jupyter-keymap
code --install-extension ms-toolsai.jupyter-renderers

2.1.2. Installing requirements on other Linux distributions

Please refer to the following Dockerfiles to find the minimum set of packages required to compile ESPResSo on other Linux distributions:

2.1.3. Installing requirements on Windows via WSL

To run ESPResSo on Windows, use the Linux subsystem. For that you need to

2.1.4. Installing requirements on macOS

To build ESPResSo on macOS 10.15 or higher, you need to install its dependencies. There are two possibilities for this, MacPorts and Homebrew. We strongly recommend Homebrew, but if you already have MacPorts installed, you can use that too, although we do not provide MacPorts installation instructions.

To check whether you already have one or the other installed, run the following commands:

test -e /opt/local/bin/port && echo "MacPorts is installed"
test -e /usr/local/bin/brew && echo "Homebrew is installed"

If Homebrew is already installed, you should resolve any problems reported by the command

brew doctor

If you want to install Homebrew, follow the installation instructions at https://docs.brew.sh/Installation, but bear in mind that MacPorts and Homebrew may conflict with one another.

If Anaconda Python or the Python from www.python.org are installed, you will likely not be able to run ESPResSo. Therefore, please uninstall them using the following commands:

sudo rm -r ~/anaconda[23]
sudo rm -r /Library/Python

2.1.4.1. Installing packages using Homebrew

Run the following commands:

brew install cmake python cython boost boost-mpi fftw \
  doxygen gsl numpy scipy ipython jupyter freeglut
brew install hdf5-mpi
brew link --force cython
python -m pip install -c requirements.txt PyOpenGL matplotlib

2.2. Quick installation

If you have installed the requirements (see section Requirements) in standard locations, compiling ESPResSo is usually only a matter of creating a build directory and calling cmake and make in it. See for example the command lines below (optional steps which modify the build process are commented out):

mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
#ccmake . // in order to add/remove features like ScaFaCoS or CUDA
make -j$(nproc)

This will build ESPResSo with a default feature set, namely src/config/myconfig-default.hpp. This file is a C++ header file, which defines the features that should be compiled in. You may want to adjust the feature set to your needs. This can be easily done by copying the myconfig-sample.hpp which has been created in the build directory to myconfig.hpp and only uncomment the features you want to use in your simulation.

The cmake command looks for libraries and tools needed by ESPResSo. So ESPResSo can only be built if cmake reports no errors.

The command make will compile the source code. Depending on the options passed to the program, make can also be used for a number of other things:

  • It can install and uninstall the program to some other directories. However, normally it is not necessary to actually install to run it: make install

  • It can invoke code checks: make check

  • It can build this documentation: make sphinx

When these steps have successfully completed, ESPResSo can be started with the command:

./pypresso script.py

where script.py is a Python script which has to be written by the user. You can find some examples in the samples folder of the source code directory. If you want to run in parallel, you should have compiled with an MPI library, and need to tell MPI to run in parallel. The actual invocation is implementation-dependent, but in many cases, such as Open MPI and MPICH, you can use

mpirun -n 4 ./pypresso script.py

where 4 is the number of processors to be used.

2.3. Features

This chapter describes the features that can be activated in ESPResSo. Even if possible, it is not recommended to activate all features, because this will negatively affect ESPResSo’s performance.

Most features can be activated in the configuration header myconfig.hpp (see section myconfig.hpp: Activating and deactivating features). To activate FEATURE, add the following line to the header file:

#define FEATURE

Some features cannot be manually enabled; they are instead automatically enabled when a specific list of dependent features are enabled. For example, DIPOLAR_DIRECT_SUM is automatically enabled when DIPOLES, ROTATION and CUDA are enabled. Please note that CUDA is an external feature and can only be enabled via a CMake option (see External features).

2.3.1. General features

  • ELECTROSTATICS This enables the use of the various electrostatics algorithms, such as P3M.

    See also

    Electrostatics

  • MMM1D_MACHINE_PREC: This enables high-precision Bessel functions for MMM1D on CPU. Comes with a 60% slow-down penalty. The low-precision functions are enabled by default and are precise enough for most applications.

  • DIPOLES This activates the dipole-moment property of particles and switches on various magnetostatics algorithms

    See also

    Magnetostatics

  • SCAFACOS_DIPOLES This activates magnetostatics methods of ScaFaCoS.

  • DIPOLAR_DIRECT_SUM This activates the GPU implementation of the dipolar direct sum.

  • DIPOLE_FIELD_TRACKING This enables the CPU implementation of the dipolar direct sum to calculate the total dipole field at particle positions.

  • ROTATION Switch on rotational degrees of freedom for the particles, as well as the corresponding quaternion integrator.

    See also

    Setting up particles

    Note

    When this feature is activated, every particle has three additional degrees of freedom, which for example means that the kinetic energy changes at constant temperature is twice as large.

  • THERMOSTAT_PER_PARTICLE Allows setting a per-particle friction coefficient for the Langevin and Brownian thermostats.

  • ROTATIONAL_INERTIA Allows particles to have individual rotational inertia matrix eigenvalues. When not built in, all eigenvalues are unity in simulation units.

  • EXTERNAL_FORCES Allows to define an arbitrary constant force for each particle individually. Also allows to fix individual coordinates of particles, keep them at a fixed position or within a plane.

  • MASS Allows particles to have individual masses. When not built in, all masses are unity in simulation units.

    See also

    espressomd.particle_data.ParticleHandle.mass

  • EXCLUSIONS Allows particle pairs to be excluded from non-bonded interaction calculations.

    See also

    espressomd.particle_data.ParticleHandle.add_exclusion()

  • BOND_CONSTRAINT Turns on the RATTLE integrator which allows for fixed lengths bonds between particles.

  • VIRTUAL_SITES Allows the creation of pseudo-particles whose forces, torques, and orientations can be transferred to real particles. They don’t have mass, and their position is generally fixed in the simulation box or fixed to other particles.

  • VIRTUAL_SITES_INERTIALESS_TRACERS Allows to use virtual sites as tracers by advecting them with a LB fluid

  • VIRTUAL_SITES_RELATIVE Virtual sites are particles, the position and velocity of which is not obtained by integrating equations of motion. Rather, they are placed using the position (and orientation) of other particles. The feature allows for rigid arrangements of particles.

    See also

    Virtual sites

  • COLLISION_DETECTION Allows particles to be bound on collision.

In addition, there are switches that enable additional features in the integrator or thermostat:

  • NPT Enables the NpT integration scheme.

    See also

    Isotropic NpT thermostat

  • ENGINE Activates swimming parameters for active particles (self-propelled particles)

  • PARTICLE_ANISOTROPY Allows the use of non-isotropic friction coefficients in thermostats.

2.3.2. Fluid dynamics and fluid structure interaction

  • DPD Enables the dissipative particle dynamics thermostat and interaction.

    See also

    DPD interaction

  • LB_ELECTROHYDRODYNAMICS Enables the implicit calculation of electro-hydrodynamics for charged particles and salt ions in an electric field.

2.3.3. Interaction features

The following switches turn on various short ranged interactions (see section Isotropic non-bonded interactions):

  • TABULATED Enable support for user-defined non-bonded interaction potentials.

  • LENNARD_JONES Enable the Lennard-Jones potential.

  • LENNARD_JONES_GENERIC Enable the generic Lennard-Jones potential with configurable exponents and individual prefactors for the two terms.

  • LJCOS Enable the Lennard-Jones potential with a cosine-tail.

  • LJCOS2 Same as LJCOS, but using a slightly different way of smoothing the connection to 0.

  • WCA Enable the Weeks–Chandler–Andersen potential.

  • GAY_BERNE Enable the Gay–Berne potential.

  • HERTZIAN Enable the Hertzian potential.

  • MORSE Enable the Morse potential.

  • BUCKINGHAM Enable the Buckingham potential.

  • SOFT_SPHERE Enable the soft sphere potential.

  • SMOOTH_STEP Enable the smooth step potential, a step potential with two length scales.

  • BMHTF_NACL Enable the Born–Meyer–Huggins–Tosi–Fumi potential, which can be used to model salt melts.

  • GAUSSIAN Enable the Gaussian potential.

  • HAT Enable the Hat potential.

Some of the short-range interactions have additional features:

  • LJGEN_SOFTCORE This modifies the generic Lennard-Jones potential (LENNARD_JONES_GENERIC) with tunable parameters.

  • THOLE See Thole correction

2.3.4. Debug messages

Finally, there is a flag for debugging:

  • ADDITIONAL_CHECKS Enables numerous additional checks which can detect inconsistencies especially in the cell systems. These checks are however too slow to be enabled in production runs.

    Note

    Because of a bug in OpenMPI versions 2.0-2.1, 3.0.0-3.0.2 and 3.1.0-3.1.2 that causes a segmentation fault when running the ESPResSo OpenGL visualizer with feature ADDITIONAL_CHECKS enabled together with either ELECTROSTATICS or DIPOLES, the subset of additional checks for those two features are disabled if an unpatched version of OpenMPI is detected during compilation.

2.3.5. External features

External features cannot be added to the myconfig.hpp file by the user. They are added by CMake if the corresponding dependency was found on the system. Some of these external features are optional and must be activated using a CMake flag (see Options and Variables).

2.4. Configuring

2.4.1. myconfig.hpp: Activating and deactivating features

ESPResSo has a large number of features that can be compiled into the binary. However, it is not recommended to actually compile in all possible features, as this will slow down ESPResSo significantly. Instead, compile in only the features that are actually required. A strong gain in speed can be achieved by disabling all non-bonded interactions except for a single one, e.g. LENNARD_JONES. For developers, it is also possible to turn on or off a number of debugging messages. The features and debug messages can be controlled via a configuration header file that contains C-preprocessor declarations. Subsection Features describes all available features. If a file named myconfig.hpp is present in the build directory when cmake is run, all features defined in it will be compiled in. If no such file exists, the configuration file src/config/myconfig-default.hpp will be used instead, which turns on the default features.

When you distinguish between the build and the source directory, the configuration header can be put in either of these. Note, however, that when a configuration header is found in both directories, the one in the build directory will be used.

By default, the configuration header is called myconfig.hpp. The configuration header can be used to compile different binary versions of with a different set of features from the same source directory. Suppose that you have a source directory $srcdir and two build directories $builddir1 and $builddir2 that contain different configuration headers:

  • $builddir1/myconfig.hpp:

    #define ELECTROSTATICS
#define LENNARD_JONES

  • $builddir2/myconfig.hpp:

    #define LJCOS

Then you can simply compile two different versions of ESPResSo via:

cd $builddir1
cmake ..
make

cd $builddir2
cmake ..
make

To see what features were activated in myconfig.hpp, run:

./pypresso

and then in the Python interpreter:

import espressomd
print(espressomd.features())

2.4.2. cmake

In order to build the first step is to create a build directory in which cmake can be executed. In cmake, the source directory (that contains all the source files) is completely separated from the build directory (where the files created by the build process are put). cmake is designed to not be executed in the source directory. cmake will determine how to use and where to find the compiler, as well as the different libraries and tools required by the compilation process. By having multiple build directories you can build several variants of ESPResSo, each variant having different activated features, and for as many platforms as you want.

Once you’ve run ccmake, you can list the configured variables with cmake -LAH -N . | less (uses a pager) or with ccmake .. and pressing key t to toggle the advanced mode on (uses the curses interface).

Example:

When the source directory is srcdir (the files where unpacked to this directory), then the user can create a build directory build below that path by calling mkdir srcdir/build. In the build directory cmake is to be executed, followed by a call to make. None of the files in the source directory are ever modified by the build process.

cd build
cmake ..
make -j$(nproc)

Afterwards ESPResSo can be run by calling ./pypresso from the command line.

2.4.3. ccmake

Optionally and for easier use, the curses interface to cmake can be used to configure ESPResSo interactively.

Example:

Alternatively to the previous example, instead of cmake, the ccmake executable is called in the build directory to configure ESPResSo, followed by a call to make:

cd build
ccmake ..
make

Fig. ccmake interface shows the interactive ccmake UI.

ccmake interface

ccmake interface

2.4.4. Options and Variables

The behavior of ESPResSo can be controlled by means of options and variables in the CMakeLists.txt file. Most options are boolean values (ON or OFF). A few options are strings or semicolon-delimited lists.

The following options control features from external libraries:

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CUDA: Build with GPU support.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_HDF5: Build with HDF5 support.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_FFTW: Build with FFTW support.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_SCAFACOS: Build with ScaFaCoS support.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_GSL: Build with GSL support.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_STOKESIAN_DYNAMICS Build with Stokesian Dynamics support.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_WALBERLA: Build with waLBerla support.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_WALBERLA_FFT: Build waLBerla with FFT and PFFT support, used in FFT-based electrokinetics.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_WALBERLA_AVX: Build waLBerla with AVX kernels instead of regular kernels.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_PYTHON: Build with the Python interface.

The following options control code instrumentation:

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_VALGRIND: Build with Valgrind instrumentation

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CALIPER: Build with Caliper instrumentation

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_MSAN: Compile C++ code with memory sanitizer

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_ASAN: Compile C++ code with address sanitizer

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_UBSAN: Compile C++ code with undefined behavior sanitizer

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_COVERAGE: Generate C++ code coverage reports when running ESPResSo

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_COVERAGE_PYTHON: Generate Python code coverage reports when running ESPResSo

The following options control how the project is built and tested:

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CLANG_TIDY: Run Clang-Tidy during compilation.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CPPCHECK: Run Cppcheck during compilation.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CCACHE: Enable compiler cache for faster rebuilds.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_TESTS: Enable C++ and Python tests.

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_BENCHMARKS: Enable benchmarks.

  • ESPRESSO_CTEST_ARGS (string): Arguments passed to the ctest command.

  • ESPRESSO_TEST_TIMEOUT: Test timeout.

  • ESPRESSO_ADD_OMPI_SINGLETON_WARNING: Add a runtime warning in the pypresso and ipypresso scripts that is triggered in singleton mode with Open MPI version 4.x on unsupported NUMA environments (see MPI installation requirements for details).

  • ESPRESSO_MYCONFIG_NAME (string): Filename of the user-provided config file

  • MPIEXEC_PREFLAGS, MPIEXEC_POSTFLAGS (strings): Flags passed to the mpiexec command in MPI-parallel tests and benchmarks.

  • CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE (string): Build type. Default is Release.

  • CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS (string): Flags passed to the C++ compiler.

  • CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS (string): Flags passed to the CUDA compiler.

  • CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES (list): Semicolon-separated list of architectures to generate device code for.

  • CUDAToolkit_ROOT (string): Path to the CUDA toolkit directory.

Most of these options are opt-in, meaning their default value is set to OFF in the CMakeLists.txt file. These options can be modified by calling cmake with the command line argument -D:

cmake -D ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_HDF5=OFF ..

When an option is enabled, additional options may become available. For example with -D ESPRESSO_BUILD_TESTS=ON, one can specify the CTest parameters with -D ESPRESSO_CTEST_ARGS=-j$(nproc).

Environment variables can be passed to CMake. For example, to select the Clang compiler and specify which GPU architectures to generate device code for, use CC=clang CXX=clang++ CUDACXX=clang++ CUDAARCHS="61;75" cmake .. -D ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CUDA=ON. When multiple versions of the CUDA library are available, the correct one can be selected with CUDA_BIN_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-12.0 cmake .. -D ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CUDA=ON (with Clang as the CUDA compiler, it is also necessary to override its default CUDA path with -D CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS=--cuda-path=/usr/local/cuda-12.0).

2.4.4.1. Build types and compiler flags

The build type is controlled by -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=<type> where <type> can take one of the following values:

  • Release: for production use: disables assertions and debug information, enables -O3 optimization (this is the default)

  • RelWithAssert: for debugging purposes: enables assertions and -O3 optimization (use this to track the source of a fatal error)

  • Debug: for debugging in GDB

  • Coverage: for code coverage

Cluster users and HPC developers may be interested in manually editing the espresso_cpp_flags target in the top-level CMakeLists.txt file for finer control over compiler flags. The variable declaration is followed by a series of conditionals to enable or disable compiler-specific flags. Compiler flags passed to CMake via the -D CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS option (such as cmake . -D CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-ffast-math -fno-finite-math-only") will appear in the compiler command before the flags in espresso_cpp_flags, and will therefore have lower precedence.

Be aware that fast-math mode can break ESPResSo. It is incompatible with the ADDITIONAL_CHECKS feature due to the loss of precision in the LB code on CPU. The Clang 10 compiler breaks field couplings with -ffast-math. The Intel compiler enables the -fp-model fast=1 flag by default; it can be disabled by adding the -fp-model=strict flag.

ESPResSo currently doesn’t fully support link-time optimization (LTO).

2.4.5. Configuring without a network connection

Several external features in ESPResSo rely on external libraries that are downloaded automatically by CMake. When a network connection cannot be established due to firewall restrictions, the CMake logic needs editing.

2.4.5.1. Git submodules without a network connection

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_HDF5: when cloning ESPResSo, the libs/h5xx folder will be a git submodule containing a .git subfolder. To prevent CMake from updating this submodule with git, delete the corresponding command with:

    sed -i '/execute_process(COMMAND ${GIT_EXECUTABLE} submodule update -- libs\/h5xx/,+1 d' CMakeLists.txt

    When installing a release version of ESPResSo, no network communication is needed for HDF5.

2.4.5.2. CMake subprojects without a network connection

Several libraries are downloaded and included into the CMake project using FetchContent. The repository URLs can be found in the GIT_REPOSITORY field of the corresponding FetchContent_Declare() commands. The GIT_TAG field provides the commit. Clone these repositories locally and edit the ESPResSo build system such that GIT_REPOSITORY points to the absolute path of the clone. You can automate this task by adapting the following commands:

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_WALBERLA

    sed -ri 's|GIT_REPOSITORY +.+/walberla.git|GIT_REPOSITORY /work/username/walberla|' CMakeLists.txt

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_STOKESIAN_DYNAMICS

    sed -ri 's|GIT_REPOSITORY +.+stokesian-dynamics.git|GIT_REPOSITORY /work/username/stokesian_dynamics|' CMakeLists.txt

  • ESPRESSO_BUILD_WITH_CALIPER

    sed -ri 's|GIT_REPOSITORY +.+/Caliper.git|GIT_REPOSITORY /work/username/caliper|' CMakeLists.txt

2.5. Compiling, testing and installing

The command make is mainly used to compile the source code, but it can do a number of other things. The generic syntax of the make command is:

make [options] [target] [variable=value]

When no target is given, the target all is used. The following targets are available:

all

Compiles the complete source code. The variable can be used to specify the name of the configuration header to be used.

check

Runs the testsuite. By default, all available tests will be run on 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 processors.

test

Do not use this target, it is a broken feature (see issue #4370). Use make check instead.

clean

Deletes all files that were created during the compilation.

install

Install ESPResSo in the path specified by the CMake variable CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX. The path can be changed by calling CMake with cmake .. -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/path/to/espresso. Do not use make DESTDIR=/path/to/espresso install to install to a specific path, this will cause issues with the runtime path (RPATH) and will conflict with the CMake variable CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX if it has been set.

doxygen

Creates the Doxygen code documentation in the doc/doxygen subdirectory.

sphinx

Creates the sphinx code documentation in the doc/sphinx subdirectory.

tutorials

Creates the tutorials in the doc/tutorials subdirectory.

doc

Creates all documentation in the doc subdirectory (only when using the development sources).

A number of options are available when calling make. The most interesting option is probably -j num_jobs, which can be used for parallel compilation. num_jobs specifies the maximal number of concurrent jobs that will be run. Setting num_jobs to the number of available processors speeds up the compilation process significantly.

2.6. Troubleshooting

If you encounter issues when building ESPResSo or running it for the first time, please have a look at the Installation FAQ on the wiki. If you still didn’t find an answer, try the debugging tools documented in Debugging. If this still didn’t help, see Community support.