Jump to content

造

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Archived revision by TongcyDai (talk | contribs) as of 21:10, 28 October 2024.
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
造 U+9020, 造
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9020
← 速
[U+901F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 逡 →
[U+9021]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character

[edit]

造 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+7, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 10 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 卜竹土口 (YHGR), four-corner 34306, composition ⿺辶告)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1258, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38898
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1746, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3841, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+9020

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 造
simp. # 造
alternative forms 艁

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 造
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (告) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
造 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
慥 *skʰuːɡs
艁 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
糙 *skʰuːɡs
告 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
誥 *kuːɡs
郜 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
祰 *kʰuːʔ, *kuːɡ
靠 *kʰuːɡs
浩 *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb
晧 *ɡuːʔ
皓 *ɡuːʔ
窖 *kruːɡs
簉 *skʰruɡs
梏 *kruːɡ, *kuːɡ
硞 *kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ
牿 *kuːɡ
鵠 *kuːɡ, *ɡuːɡ
酷 *kʰuːɡ
焅 *kʰuːɡ
嚳 *kʰuːɡ
頶 *ɡuːɡ

Bronze script (per 漢語多功能字庫): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ) : semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 屮 (sʰuːʔ) + semantic 口.

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ) : semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).

Etymology 1

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • Quanzhou:
    • chǒ - vernacular;
    • chǒ͘ - literary.
Note:
  • zau5 - used in 造孽 (“pitiful; pitiable”).
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 造
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡sɑu⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡sau⁵³/
    Tianjin /t͡sɑu⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡sɔ²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡sɔ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡sau³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡sʰau⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡sɔ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡sɔ¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡sɔ¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡sɔ²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡sʰau³⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡sʰau¹³/
    /t͡sau¹³/
    Guiyang /t͡sʰao²¹³/
    Kunming /t͡sʰɔ²¹²/
    Nanjing /t͡sɔo⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
    /t͡sɔ⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰau⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡sɔ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /zɔ²³/
    Suzhou /zæ³¹/
    Hangzhou /d͡zɔ¹³/
    Wenzhou /zɜ³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /t͡sʰɔ²²/
    Tunxi /t͡sʰə²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡sʰau⁵⁵/ 建～
    /t͡sau¹¹/ ～孽
    Xiangtan /t͡sʰaɯ⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɑu²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰau⁵³/
    Taoyuan /t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sou²²/
    Nanning /t͡su²²/
    Hong Kong /t͡sou²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sʰo²¹/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sʰɔ²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sau⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sau³⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /tau³³/
    Rime
    Character 造
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 從 (15)
    Final (韻) 豪 (89)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 昨早切
    Baxter dzawX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡zawX/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/d͡zʱɑuX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zào
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zou6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 造
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zào
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzawX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[dzˁ]uʔ/
    English make

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 造
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 3803
    Phonetic
    component         		告
    Rime
    group         		幽
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		皁
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sɡuːʔ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    造

    1. to make; to build; to manufacture
      造船  ―  zàochuán  ―  to build a ship
      仿造  ―  fǎngzào  ―  to produce something after a model; to copy
      創造／创造  ―  chuàngzào  ―  to create
      造房子  ―  zào fángzǐ  ―  to build a house
      造輿論／造舆论  ―  zào yúlùn  ―  to manufacture public opinion
      造軍艦／造军舰  ―  zào jūnjiàn  ―  to manufacture a warship
    2. to make up; to fabricate
      造假賬／造假账  ―  zào jiǎzhàng  ―  to cook the books
      造謠／造谣  ―  zàoyáo  ―  to fabricate stories
    3. (colloquial) to spend money without constraint
    4. (literary, obsolete) to start
    5. (literary, obsolete) to establish
    6. (dialectal) harvest of crops
      早造  ―  zǎozào  ―  early crops
    7. (dialectal) Classifier for harvests.
      一年種兩造米 [Cantonese, trad.]
      一年种两造米 [Cantonese, simp.]
      jat1 nin4 zung3 loeng5 zou6 mai5 [Jyutping]
      to grow two rice crops per year
    8. (law) party concerned in the suit
      對造／对造  ―  duìzào  ―  opposing side in a court case
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 蓋 (“to build; to construct (a building)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 蓋, 建, 建造, 建築, 興建, 修建
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 蓋
    Taiwan 蓋
    Harbin 蓋
    Singapore 建
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 蓋
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 蓋
    Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 蓋
    Xi'an 蓋
    Xining 蓋
    Xuzhou 起
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 蓋
    Lanzhou 蓋
    Ürümqi 蓋, 起
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 修, 起
    Guiyang 起, 修
    Liuzhou 起
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 蓋, 造
    Yangzhou 蓋
    Cantonese Guangzhou 起
    Hong Kong 起
    Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 起
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 起
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 起
    Taishan 起
    Dongguan 起
    Rongxian 起
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 起
    Hepu (Shatian) 做
    Guiping 起
    Guiping (Mule) 起, 整
    Pingnan 起
    Guigang (Gangcheng) 起
    Guigang (Pingdong) 起
    Beihai 起
    Beihai (Nankang) 起
    Beihai (Yingpan) 起
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 起, 做
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 起
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 做
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 起, 搭
    Singapore (Guangfu) 起
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 起
    Móng Cái 起
    Bangkok (Guangfu) 起
    Betong (Rongxian) 起
    Gan Nanchang 起
    Lichuan 做
    Pingxiang 起
    Hakka Meixian 起, 做
    Yudu 做
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 起
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 起
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 起
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 起
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 起
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 起
    Hong Kong 起
    Senai (Huiyang) 起
    Huizhou Jixi 起
    Jin Taiyuan 蓋
    Xinzhou 蓋
    Northern Min Jian'ou 開
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 起
    Matsu 起
    Southern Min Xiamen 起
    Quanzhou 起
    Zhangzhou 起
    Tainan 起
    Singapore (Hokkien) 起
    Chaozhou 起
    Shantou 起
    Jieyang 起
    Bangkok (Teochew) 起
    Chiang Mai (Teochew) 起
    Hat Yai (Teochew) 起
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 起
    Singapore (Teochew) 起
    Leizhou 作
    Haikou 作
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 起
    Wu Shanghai 造
    Shanghai (Chongming) 造, 起
    Suzhou 造
    Danyang 砌
    Hangzhou 造
    Ningbo 起
    Jinhua 起
    Xiang Changsha 起
    Loudi 起

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    Rime
    Character 造
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 清 (14)
    Final (韻) 豪 (89)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 七到切
    Baxter tshawH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/t͡sʰawH/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		cào
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		cou3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 造
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zào
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tshawH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*(mə-)tsʰˁuʔ-s/
    English go to

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 造
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 3799
    Phonetic
    component         		告
    Rime
    group         		奧
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		操
    Old
    Chinese         		/*skʰuːɡs/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    造

    1. (literary) to go to; to visit; to reach
      造訪／造访  ―  zàofǎng  ―  to pay a visit; to call on
      登峰造極／登峰造极  ―  dēngfēngzàojí  ―  to reach great heights; to reach the peak of perfection
    2. (literary) attainments; achievements
      造詣／造诣  ―  zàoyì  ―  attainments; achievements
    3. (literary) to train
      深造  ―  shēnzào  ―  to pursue advanced studies
      可造之材  ―  kězàozhīcái  ―  a promising talent deserving training
    4. (literary) to give a life
      再造之恩  ―  zàizàozhī'ēn  ―  great benevolence of saving one's life
    5. (literary) era

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 3

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    造

    1. Used in 新造 (xīnzào, “Xinzao, a town in Guangzhou”).

    Etymology 4

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    造

    1. (Mandarin, slang) Contraction of 知道 (zhīdào).
      你造嗎？／你造吗？  ―  Nǐ zào ma?  ―  Didja know?

    Etymology 5

    [edit]
    For pronunciation and definitions of 造 – see 𢲵 (“(Sichuan) to stir; to flip over; to rummage”).
    (This character is a variant form of 𢲵).

    References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]
    Shinjitai 造
    Kyūjitai
    [1][2][3]
    造󠄁
    造+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    造󠄃
    造+&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    造󠄄
    造+&#xE0104;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji

    [edit]
    造

    (Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. create, make, physique, structure

    Readings

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC dzawX); compare Mandarin 造 (zào):

    • Go-on: ぞう (zō, Jōyō)←ざう (zau, historical)
    • Kan-on: そう (sō)←さう (sau, historical)

    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC tshawH); compare Mandarin 造 (zào, cào):

    From native Japanese roots:

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ “造”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
    2. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2107 (paper), page 1105 (digital)
    3. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1214 (paper), page 620 (digital)

    Korean

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC dzawX).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    [edit]
    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    造 (eumhun 지을 조 (jieul jo))

    1. hanja form? of 조 (“to create; to make”)
    2. hanja form? of 조 (“physique; structure”)

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC tshawH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    [edit]

    造 (eumhun 이룰 조 (irul jo))

    1. (literary) hanja form? of 조 (“to achieve”)

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    References

    [edit]
    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    造: Hán Nôm readings: tạo, xáo, xạo, tháo

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=造&oldid=82514267"