View source for complement

{{also|complément}}
==English==
{{wikipedia}}
{{wikipedia|complement (linguistics)}}
[[Image:Venn_B_minus_A.png|right|150px|thumb|The '''complement''' of ''A'' relative to ''B'' (indicated as ''B''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''A'')]]

===Etymology===
From {{inh|en|enm|complement}}, from {{der|en|la|complēmentum||that which fills up or completes}}, from {{m|la|compleō||I fill up, I complete}} (English {{m|en|complete}}). {{doublet|en|compliment}}. The verb is from the noun.<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=v|id=1166019843}}</ref>

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈkɒmpləmənt/|a=UK}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈkɑmpləmənt/|a=GenAm}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-complement.wav|a=Southern England}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-complement.wav|a=US}}
* {{homophones|en|compliment}} (in some dialects)

===Noun===
{{en-noun|~}}

# The [[totality]], the full amount or number which [[complete]]s something. {{defdate|from 16th c.}}
#* {{RQ:Melville Moby-Dick|text=Queequeg sought a passage to Christian lands. But the ship, having her full '''complement''' of seamen, spurned his suit; and not all the King his father's influence could prevail.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=30 October 2009|journal=The Guardian
|passage=Some 11 members of Somerton council's '''complement''' of 15 stepped down on Tuesday.}}
# {{lb|en|nautical}} The whole working force of a vessel.
# {{lb|en|astronomy|geometry}} An [[angle]] which, together with a given angle, makes a [[right angle]]. {{defdate|from 18th c.}}
# Something which [[complete]]s, something which combines with something else to make up a complete whole; loosely, something perceived to be a harmonious or desirable partner or addition. {{defdate|from 19th c.}}
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1854|author={{w|James Stephen (civil servant)|James Stephen}}|title=On Desultory and Systematic Reading
|passage=History is the '''complement''' of poetry.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|year=1962|month=October|author=Brian Haresnape|title=Focus on B.R. passenger stations|journal=Modern Railways|page=255|text=It would be too much to imagine that improving stations will alone create a much needed new image in the public eye; a smartly turned out station staff is a very necessary '''complement''' to a smart station.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=13 December 2009|journal=The Guardian
|passage=London's Kings Place, now one year old, established itself as a venue for imaginative programming, a '''complement''' to the evergreen Wigmore Hall.}}
# {{senseid|en|grammar}} {{lb|en|grammar|linguistics}} A [[word]] or group of words that completes a [[grammatical]] construction in the [[predicate]] and that describes or is identified with the [[subject]] or [[object]]. {{defdate|from 19th c.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1988|author=Andrew Radford|title=Transformational grammar: a first course|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=340|chapter=7
|passage=Why has our grammar broken down at this point? It is not difficult to see why. For, we have failed to make any provision for the fact that only ''some'' Verbs in English (i.e. Verbs like those italicized in (5) (a), traditionally called ''Transitive Verbs'') subcategorize ( = ‘takeʼ) an immediately following NP '''Complement''', whereas others (such as those italicised in (5) (b), traditionally referred to as ''Intransitive Verbs'') do not.}}
# {{lb|en|music}} An [[interval]] which, together with the given interval, makes an [[octave]]. {{defdate|from 19th c.}}
# {{lb|en|optics}} The [[color]] which, when mixed with the given color, gives black (for mixing pigments) or white (for mixing light). {{defdate|from 19th c.}}
#: {{ux|en|The '''complement''' of blue is orange.}}
# {{lb|en|set theory}} Given two sets, the [[set]] containing one set's elements that are not members of the other set (whether a [[relative complement]] or an [[absolute complement]]). {{defdate|from 20th c.}}
#: {{ux|en|The '''complement''' of the odd numbers is the even numbers, relative to the natural numbers.}}
# {{lb|en|immunology}} One of several [[blood]] [[protein]]s that work with [[antibody|antibodies]] during an [[immune response]]. {{defdate|from 20th c.}}
# {{senseid|en|logic}}{{lb|en|logic}} An [[expression]] related to some other expression such that it is [[true]] under the same conditions that make other [[false]], and vice versa. {{defdate|from 20th c.}}
# {{lb|en|electronics}} A [[voltage]] level with the opposite [[logical]] sense to the given one.
# {{lb|en|computing}} A [[bit]] with the opposite value to the given one; the [[logical complement]] of a number.
# {{lb|en|computing|mathematics}} The [[diminished radix complement]] of a number; the [[nines' complement]] of a decimal number; the [[ones' complement]] of a binary number.
#: {{ux|en|The '''complement''' of <math>01100101_2</math> is <math>10011010_2</math>.}}
# {{lb|en|computing|mathematics}} The [[radix complement]] of a number; the [[two's complement]] of a binary number.
#: {{ux|en|The '''complement''' of <math>01100101_2</math> is <math>10011011_2</math>.}}
# {{lb|en|computing|mathematics}} The [[numeric complement]] of a number.
#: {{ux|en|The '''complement''' of &minus;123 is 123.}}
# {{lb|en|genetics}} A [[nucleotide]] sequence in which each base is replaced by the complementary base of the given sequence: [[adenine]] (A) by [[thymine]] (T) or [[uracil]] (U), [[cytosine]] (C) by [[guanine]] (G), and vice versa.
#: {{ux|en|A DNA molecule is formed from two strands, each of which is the '''complement''' of the other.}}
# {{lb|en|biochemistry}} {{synonym of|en|alexin}}
# {{lb|en|economics}} {{abbr of|en|complementary good}}
# {{lb|en|now|_|rare}} Something (or someone) that [[complete]]s; the [[consummation]]. {{defdate|from 14th c.}}
#* {{RQ:Burton Melancholy|edition=2nd|text=perform all those works of mercy, which Clemens Alexandrinus calls ''amoris et amicitiæ impletionem et extentionem'', the extent and '''complement''' of love{{nb...}}.}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} The act of [[completing]] something, or the fact of being [[complete]]; [[completion]], [[completeness]], [[fulfilment]]. {{defdate|15th|18th c.}}
#* {{RQ:Spenser Faerie Queene|passage=And both encreast the prayse of woman kynde, / And both encreast her beautie excellent: / So all did make in her a perfect '''complement'''.|3|5}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} Something which completes one's equipment, dress etc.; an [[accessory]]. {{defdate|16th|17th c.}}
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1591|author=w:Edmund Spenser|title=The Teares of the Muses [The Tears of the Muses]: Polyhymnia
|passage=A doleful case desires a doleful song,<br>Without vain art or curious '''complements.'''}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Henry 5|2|2|text=Garnish'd and deck'd in modest complement,}}
#* {{RQ:Montaigne Florio Essayes|chapter=42|book=I|passage=A man should be judged by himselfe, and not by his '''complements'''.}}
# {{n-g|Obsolete spelling or misspelling of}} '''[[compliment]]'''. {{attn|en|should this be at a different ety?}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost|1|1|passage=A man of '''complements'''}}

====Derived terms====
{{col4|en|collapse=n
|complement membrane attack complex|anticomplement|complemental|complementarian|complementisation|complementization|complementize|complementoid|complementologist|complementology|complementopathy|complementophile|hypercomplementemia|transcomplement
|complement protein
|complement system
|diminished radix complement
|full complement
|in complement
|logical complement
|nines' complement
|numeric complement
|object complement
|ones' complement
|orthocomplement
|orthogonal complement
|pseudo-complement
|radix complement
|relative pseudo-complement
|subject complement
|ten's complement
|two's complement
}}

====Related terms====
{{col4|en
|complementary
|complete
|compliment
|counterpart
}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|something which complements}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|допълнение|n}}, {{t+|bg|добавка|f}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|täydennys}}
* French: {{t+|fr|complète}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|συμπλήρωμα|n}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|completamento|m}}, {{t+|it|complemento|m}}
* Latin: {{t|la|complementum|n}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|complemento|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|дополне́ние|n}}, {{t+|ru|доба́вка|f}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|complemento}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|доповнення}}, {{t|uk|добавка}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|angle which, together with a given angle, makes a right angle}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|komplementti}}
* Greek: {{t|el|συμπληρωματική γωνία|f}}
* Italian: {{t|it|[[angolo]] [[complementare]]}}
* Portuguese: {{t|pt|[[ângulo]] [[complementar]]|m}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|[[дополне́ние]] до [[прямой|прямо́го]] [[угол|угла́]]|n}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|kapuno}}, {{t|tl|sihang kapuno}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|set theory: relative complement}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t|cmn|相对补集|tr=xiāngduì bǔ jí}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|doplněk|m}}
* Greek: {{t|el|σχετικό συμπλήρωμα|n}}
* Italian: {{t|it|insieme complemento|m}}, {{t|it|insieme differenza|m}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|差集合|tr=[[さしゅうごう]], sashūgō}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|dopełnienie|n}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|[[ра́зность]] [[множество|мно́жеств]]|f}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|доповнення множин}}
* Vietnamese: {{t|vi|phần bù tương đối}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|set theory: absolute complement}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t|cmn|绝对补集|tr=juéduì bǔ jí}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|komplementti}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|συμπλήρωμα|n}}
* Italian: {{t|it|insieme complemento|m}}, {{t|it|complemento assoluto|m}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|補集合|tr=[[ほしゅうごう]], hoshūgō}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|dopełnienie|n}}
* Romanian: {{t|ro|complementară|f}}, {{t+|ro|complement|n}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|дополне́ние|n}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|доповнення}}
* Vietnamese: {{t|vi|phần bù tuyệt đối}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|expression which is true when the other is false, and vice versa}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|komplementti}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|voltage level with the opposite logical sense to the given one}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|word or group of words completing the predicate, identified with the subject or object}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|عُمْدَة|f}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|լրացում}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|допълнение|n}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|doplněk|m}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|complement|n}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|komplemento}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|määre}}, {{t+|fi|attribuutti}}; {{qualifier|completing the predicate but not being the object}} {{t+|fi|predikatiivi}}
* Hungarian: {{q|for the subject}} {{t|hu|alanykiegészítő}}, {{q|for the object}} {{t|hu|tárgykiegészítő}}, {{q|more broadly: grammatically required argument, actant}} {{t|hu|[[kötelező]] [[bővítmény]]}}, {{t+|hu|vonzat}}, {{t|hu|[[állandó]] [[határozó]]}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|補部|tr=ほぶ, hobu}}, {{t+|ja|補語|tr=ほご, hogo}} {{qual|word}}, {{t|ja|補文|tr=ほぶん, hobun}} {{qual|clause}}
* Manx: {{t|gv|aachione|m}}
* Mongolian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|mn|гүйцээвэр}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|дополне́ние|n}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|tümleç}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|bit with the opposite value to the given one}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|komplementti}}, {{t|fi|binäärikomplementti}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|diminished radix complement of a number}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|yhden komplementti}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|radix complement of a number}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|kahden komplementti}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|numeric complement of a number}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|vastaluku}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|interval which, together with the given interval, makes an octave}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|συμπλήρωμα|n}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|color which, when mixed with the given color, gives black}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|komplementtiväri}}, {{t|fi|täydennysväri}}, {{t+|fi|vastaväri}}
* Greek: {{t|el|συμπληρωματικό χρώμα|n}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|[[дополни́тельный]] [[цвет]]|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|nucleotide sequence in which each base is replaced by the complementary base of the given sequence}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|[[после́довательность]] [[комплементарный|комплемента́рных]] [[основание|основа́ний]]|f|}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|one of several blood proteins that work with antibodies during an immune response}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|komplementti}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|комплеме́нт|m}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|complemento|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Verb===
{{en-verb}}

# To [[complete]], to bring to [[perfection]], to make [[whole]].
#: {{ux|en|We believe your addition will '''complement''' the team.}}
# To provide what the [[partner]] lacks and [[lack]] what the partner [[provide]]s, thus forming part of a whole.
#: {{ux|en|The flavors of the pepper and garlic '''complement''' each other, giving a very rich taste in combination.}}
#: {{ux|en|I believe our talents really '''complement''' each other.}}
# To change a [[voltage]], [[number]], [[color]], etc. to its complement.
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} {{alt sp of|en|compliment}}

====Derived terms====
{{col-auto|en|noncomplementing|complementable|complementer|recomplement}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|to complete}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|допълвам}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|doplnit}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|aanvullen}}, {{t+|nl|volmaken}}
* French: {{t+|fr|compléter}}
* German: {{t+|de|ergänzen}}, {{t+|de|komplementieren}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|συμπληρώνω}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|पूरक}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|completare}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|completar}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|дополня́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|допо́лнить|pf}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|complementar}}, {{t+|es|completar}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|tamamlama}}, {{t+|tr|tamamlamak}}, {{t+|tr|tekmil}}, {{t+|tr|tekmil etmek}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|доповнювати}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to provide what the partner lacks and lack what the partner provides}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|допълвам}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|complementar}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|aanvullen}}
* Estonian: {{t|et|täiendama}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|täydentää}}
* French: {{t+|fr|complémenter}}
* Greek: {{t|el|αλληλοσυμπληρώνω}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|השלים|tr=hishlím}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|kīnaki}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|complementar}}, {{t+|es|complementarse}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to change a voltage, number, color, etc. to its complement}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===See also===
{{col4|en
|compliment
|invert
|inversion
|negate
|negation
|supplement
}}

===References===
* DeLone et. al. (Eds.) (1975). ''Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music''. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. {{ISBN|0130493465}}.
<references/>

==Catalan==

===Etymology===
{{bor+|ca|la|complēmentum}}. Cf. also {{m|ca|compliment}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{ca-IPA|n/}}

===Noun===
{{ca-noun|m}}

# {{l|en|complement}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|ca|complir}}

==Romanian==

===Etymology===
{{bor+|ro|fr|complément}}.

===Noun===
{{ro-noun|n|complemente}}

# [[complement]]

====Declension====
{{ro-noun-n}}