Heir apparent

For other uses, see Heir apparent (disambiguation).

An heir apparent (FEM: heiress apparent) or simply heir is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person. A person who is first in the current order of succession but could be displaced by the birth of a more eligible heir is known as heir presumptive.

Today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles (e.g. titles of nobility) or offices, especially when only inheritable by a single person. Most monarchies refer to the heir apparent of their thrones with the descriptive term of crown prince or crown princess, but they may also be accorded with a more specific substantive title: such as Prince of Orange in the Netherlands, Duke of Brabant in Belgium, Prince of Asturias in Spain (also granted to heirs presumptive), or the Prince of Wales in England and Wales; former titles include Dauphin in the Kingdom of France, and Tsesarevich in Imperial Russia.

The term is also applied metaphorically to an expected successor to any position of power, e.g. a political or corporate leader.

This article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture—it may be less applicable to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir (performed either while alive, e.g. crowning the heir as a rex iunior, or through the monarch's will).

Heir apparent versus heir presumptive

Throngs before the Imperial Palace in Japan awaiting the appearance of the Crown Prince Hirohito for the recent proclamation of his official recognition as the heir apparent to the Japanese Imperial Throne – New York Times, 1916.

In a hereditary system governed by some form of primogeniture, an heir apparent is easily identifiable as the person whose position as first in the line of succession to a title or office is secure, regardless of future births. An heir presumptive, by contrast, can always be "bumped down" in the succession by the birth of somebody more closely related in a legal sense (according to that form of primogeniture) to the current title-holder.

The clearest example occurs in the case of a childless bearer of a hereditary title that can only be inherited by one person. If at any time the title bearer were to produce children, those children would rank ahead of any person who had formerly been heir presumptive.

Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health. In such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Indeed, when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle King William IV, the wording of the proclamation even gave as a caveat:

...saving the rights of any issue of his late Majesty King William IV, which may be born of his late Majesty's consort.

This provided for the possibility that William's wife, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, was pregnant at the moment of his death, since such a posthumous child, regardless of its sex, would have displaced Victoria from the throne. Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was possible even if unlikely.

Daughters in male-preference primogeniture

Main articles: Male heir and Son preference

Daughters (and their lines) may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, but only in default of sons (and their heirs). That is, both female and male offspring have the right to a place somewhere in the order of succession, but when it comes to what that place is, a female will rank behind her brothers regardless of their ages or her age.

Thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive. For example, Queen Elizabeth II was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI; had George fathered a legitimate son, then that child would have displaced Elizabeth in the line of succession and become heir apparent.

However, a granddaughter could for example be heir apparent if she were the only daughter of the deceased eldest son of the sovereign (e.g. Queen Elizabeth II would have been heir apparent to George V if her oldest uncle and father both had died before their father).

Women as heirs apparent

In a system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur. As succession to titles, positions, or offices in the past most often favoured males, females considered to be an heir apparent were rare. Absolute primogeniture was not practised by any modern monarchy for succession to their thrones until the late twentieth century, with Sweden being the first to adopt absolute primogeniture in 1980 and other Western European monarchies following suit.

Since the adoption of absolute primogeniture by most of the Western European monarchies, examples of female heirs apparent include Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, and Princess Elisabeth of Belgium; they are, respectively, the oldest children of Kings Carl XVI Gustaf, Willem-Alexander, and Philippe. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father, who is heir apparent to the Norwegian throne, and Victoria herself has a female heir apparent in her elder child, Princess Estelle. Victoria was not heir apparent from birth (in 1977), but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession. Her younger brother Carl Philip (born 1979) was thus heir apparent for a few months (and is a rare example of an heir apparent losing this status without a death occurring).

In 2015, pursuant to the 2011 Perth Agreement, the Commonwealth realms changed the rules of succession to the 16 thrones of Elizabeth II to absolute primogeniture, except for male heirs born before the Perth Agreement. The effects are not likely to be felt for many years; the first two heirs at the time of the agreement (Charles, Prince of Wales, later Charles III, and his son William, Prince of Wales) were already eldest born children, and in 2013 William's first-born son Prince George of Wales became the next apparent successor.

But even in legal systems that apply male-preference primogeniture, female heirs apparent are by no means impossible: if a male heir apparent dies leaving no sons but at least one daughter, then the eldest daughter would replace her father as heir apparent to whatever throne or title is concerned, but only when it has become clear that the widow of the deceased is not pregnant. Then, as the representative of her father's line she would assume a place ahead of any more distant relatives. For example, had George, Prince of Wales (the future George IV) predeceased his father, King George III, between 1796 and 1817, the former's daughter, Princess Charlotte, being his only legitimate child, would have become heiress apparent to the British throne. Such a situation has not to date occurred with the English or British throne; several times an heir apparent has died, but each example has either been childless or left a son or sons. However, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages (e.g. Frances Ward, 6th Baroness Dudley, and Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth).

In one special case, however, England and Scotland had a female heir apparent. The Revolution settlement that established William and Mary as joint monarchs in 1689 only gave the power to continue the succession through issue to Mary II, elder daughter of the previous king, James II. William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, and his (hypothetical) children by a wife other than Mary would be placed in his original place (as Mary's first cousin) in the line of succession—after Mary's younger sister Anne. Thus, although after Mary's death William continued to reign, he had no power to beget direct heirs, and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of William's reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Displacement of heirs apparent

The position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable: it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, however, extraordinary events—such as the death or the deposition of the parent—intervene.

People who lost heir apparent status

• Al-Mufawwid on 30 April 892, al-Muwaffad was removed from the succession (heir apparent) completely, and when al-Mu'tamid died in October 892, he was succeeded by Al-Mu'tadid.
• Parliament deposed James Francis Edward Stuart, the infant son of King James VII & II (of Scotland and of England and Ireland respectively) whom James II was rearing as a Catholic, as the King's legal heir apparent—declaring that James had, de facto, abdicated—and offered the throne to James II's elder daughter, the young prince's much older Protestant half-sister, Mary (along with her husband, Prince William of Orange). When the exiled King James died in 1701, his Jacobite supporters proclaimed the exiled Prince James Francis Edward as King James VIII of Scotland and James III of England and Ireland; but neither he nor his descendants (the last of whom died in 1807) were ever successful in their bids for the throne.
• Crown Prince Gustav (later known as Gustav, Prince of Vasa), son of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, lost his place when his father was deposed and replaced by Gustav IV Adolf's aged uncle, the Duke Carl, who became Charles XIII of Sweden in 1809. The aged King Charles XIII did not have surviving sons, and Prince Gustav was the only living male of the whole dynasty (besides his deposed father), but the prince was never regarded as heir of Charles XIII, although there were factions in the Riksdag and elsewhere in Sweden who desired to preserve him, and, in the subsequent constitutional elections, supported his election as his grand-uncle's successor. Instead, the government proceeded to have a new crown prince elected (which was the proper constitutional action, if no male heir was left in the dynasty), and the Riksdag elected first August, Prince of Augustenborg, and then, after August's death, the Prince of Ponte Corvo (Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, who acceded as Charles XIV John in 1818). The two lines united later, when Charles XIV John's great-grandson Crown Prince Gustaf (who acceded as Gustaf V in 1907) married Gustav IV Adolf's great-granddaughter Victoria of Baden, who became Crown Princess of Sweden. Thus, from Gustav VI Adolf onward, the kings of Sweden are direct descendants of both Gustav IV Adolf and his son's replacement as crown prince, Charles XIV John.
• Prince Carl Philip of Sweden, at his birth in 1979, was heir apparent to the throne of Sweden. Less than eight months later, a change in that country's succession laws instituted absolute primogeniture, and Carl Philip was supplanted as heir apparent by his elder sister Victoria.
• Muqrin bin Abdulaziz became Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia in January 2015 upon the death of his half-brother King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and the accession of another half-brother, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, to the Saudi throne. In April of that year, Salman removed Muqrin as Crown Prince, replacing him with their nephew Muhammad bin Nayef. Muhammad bin Nayef himself was later replaced as Crown Prince by the king's son Mohammad bin Salman.

Breaching legal qualification of heirs apparent

In some jurisdictions, an heir apparent can automatically lose that status by breaching certain constitutional rules. Today, for example:

• A British heir apparent would lose this status if he or she became a Catholic. This is the only religion-based restriction on the heir-apparent. (Previously, marrying a Catholic also equated to losing this status, however, in October 2011, the governments of the then 16 Commonwealth realms, now 15, of which King Charles III is monarch, agreed to remove the restriction on marriage to a Catholic. All of the Commonwealth realms subsequently passed legislation to implement the change, which fully took effect in March 2015.)
• Swedish Crown Princes and Crown Princesses would lose heir apparent status, according to the Act of Succession, if they married without approval of the monarch and the Government, abandoned the "pure Evangelical faith", or accepted another throne without the approval of the Riksdag.
• Dutch Princes and Princesses of Orange would lose status as heir to the throne if they married without the approval of the States-General, or simply renounced the right.
• Spanish Princes and Princesses of Asturias would lose status if they married against the express prohibition of the monarch and the Cortes.
• Belgian Dukes and Duchesses of Brabant would lose heir apparent status if they married without the consent of the monarch, or became monarch of another country.
• Danish Crown Princes and Princesses would lose status if they married without the permission of the monarch. When the monarch grants permission for a dynast to enter marriage, he may set conditions that must be met for the dynasts and/or their children to gain or maintain a place in the line of succession; this also applies for Crown Princes and Princesses.

Current heirs apparent

Country	Picture	Name of heir apparent	Title	Date of birth (age)	Relation to monarch
Bahrain		Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa	Crown Prince of Bahrain	(1969-10-21) October 21, 1969	eldest son
Belgium		Elisabeth	Princess, Duchess of Brabant	(2001-10-25) October 25, 2001	eldest child
Bhutan		Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck	Dragon Prince of Bhutan, Druk Gyalsey of Bhutan	(2016-02-05) February 5, 2016	eldest child
Brunei		Al-Muhtadee Billah	Crown Prince of Brunei Darussalam	(1974-02-17) February 17, 1974	eldest son
Denmark		Christian	Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat	(2005-10-15) October 15, 2005	eldest child
Jordan		Hussein bin Abdullah	Crown Prince of Jordan	(1994-06-28) June 28, 1994	elder son
Lesotho		Lerotholi Seeiso	Crown Prince of Lesotho	(2007-04-18) April 18, 2007	only son
Liechtenstein		Alois	Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein, Count of Rietberg	(1968-06-11) June 11, 1968	eldest son
Luxembourg		Guillaume	Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg	(1981-11-11) November 11, 1981	eldest child
Monaco		Jacques	Hereditary Prince of Monaco, Marquis of Baux	(2014-12-10) December 10, 2014	only legitimate son
Morocco		Moulay Hassan	Crown Prince of Morocco	(2003-05-08) May 8, 2003	only son
Netherlands		Catharina-Amalia	Princess of Orange	(2003-12-07) December 7, 2003	eldest child
Norway		Haakon Magnus	Crown Prince of Norway	(1973-07-20) July 20, 1973	only son
Oman	File:ذي يزن بن هيثم آل سعيد.png	Theyazin bin Haitham	Sayyid, Crown Prince of Oman	(1990-08-21) August 21, 1990	eldest son
Saudi Arabia		Mohammad bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud	Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia	(1985-08-31) August 31, 1985	child
Sweden		Victoria	Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland	(1977-07-14) July 14, 1977	eldest child
Tonga		Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala	Crown Prince of Tonga	(1985-09-17) September 17, 1985	elder son
United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth realms		William	Prince of Wales, Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland	(1982-06-21) June 21, 1982	elder son

Heirs apparent who never inherited the throne

Heirs apparent who predeceased the monarch

Heir apparent	Lived	Heir of	Cause of death
Setka	Died before 2575 BC	Djedefre	Unknown causes
Kawab	Died before 2566 BC	Khufu
Yanassi	Died before 1580 BC	Khyan
Ahmose-ankh	Died before 1525 BC	Ahmose I
Amenemhat	Died c. 1455 BC	Thutmose III	Plague
Amenmose	Died before 1493 BC	Thutmose I	Unknown causes
Amenhotep	Died before 1401 BC	Amenhotep II
Thutmose	Died before 1353 BC	Amenhotep III
Nakhtmin	Died before 1323 BC	Ay
Amun-her-khepeshef	Died c. 1254 BC	Ramesses II
Ramesses	Died c. 1229 BC
Khaemweset	Died c. 1224 BC
Amun-her-khepeshef	Died before 1155 BC	Ramesses III
Crown Prince Mian	Died 707 BC	Duke Huan of Chen	Killed by uncle Chen Tuo
Yukou	BC 672	Duke Xuan of Chen	Killed
Fusu	Died 210 BC	Qin Shi Huang	Forced to commit suicide
Liu Ju	BC 128–BC 91	Emperor Wu of Han	Killed
Pacorus I	Died BC 38	Orodes II of Parthia	Killed in battle
Gaius Caesar	BC 20–4 AD	Augustus	Wounds
Lucius Caesar	BC 17–2 AD		Sudden illness
Germanicus	BC 15–19 AD	Tiberius	Mysterious illness
Drusus Julius Caesar	BC 13–23 AD		Suspected poisoning
Nero Julius Caesar	6–31		Starvation
Drusus Caesar	7–33
Tiberius Gemellus	19–37	Caligula	Killed
Lucius Aelius Caesar	101–138	Hadrian	Hemorrhage
Marcus Annius Verus Caesar	162–169	Marcus Aurelius	Natural causes
Cao Ang	Died in 197	Cao Cao	Killed in battle
Sun Deng	209–241	Emperor Da of Wu	Illness
Valerian II	Died 258	Gallienus	Died under mysterious circumstances
Liu Xuan	224–264	Liu Shan	Killed in Disaster of Yongjia
Sima Yu	278–300	Emperor Hui of Jin	Killed by Empress Jia Nanfeng
Nigrinian	Died 284/285	Carinus	Unknown causes
Tuoba Tao	428–451	Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei
Xiao Zhangmao	458–493	Emperor Wu of Southern Qi	Illness
Xiao Tong	501–531	Emperor Wu of Liang
Yang Zhao	584–606	Emperor Yang of Sui
Li Jiancheng	589–626	Emperor Gaozu of Tang	Killed during the Xuanwu Gate Incident
Mardanshah	Died 628	Khosrow II	Killed
Li Hong	652–675	Emperor Gaozong of Tang	Illness
Prince Kusakabe	662–689	Empress Jitō
Li Chongrun	682–701	Emperor Zhongzong of Tang	Executed by Empress Wu Zetian
Li Chongjun	683–707		Killed after coup
Li Ying	Died in 737	Emperor Xuanzong of Tang	Killed
Li Ning	793–812	Emperor Xianzong of Tang	Illness
Li Yong	Died in 838	Emperor Wenzong of Tang	Unknown cause
Liudolf, Duke of Swabia	930–957	Otto the Great	Fever
Saint Emeric of Hungary	1007–1031	Stephen I of Hungary	Hunting accident
Edward the Exile	1016–1057	Edward the Confessor	Unknown cause
Henry of Burgundy	1035–1070	Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
Sancho Alfónsez	1093–1108	Alfonso VI of León and Castile	Killed at the Battle of Uclés
William Adelin	1103–1120	Henry I of England	Drowned in the White Ship disaster
Zhao Fu	1127–1129	Emperor Gaozong of Song	Illness
Henry of Scotland	1114–1152	David I of Scotland
Roger III, Duke of Apulia	1118–1148	Roger II of Sicily	Unknown causes
Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne	1127–1153	Stephen, King of England	Sudden death
Henry Berengar	1136–1150	Conrad III of Germany	Illness
Peter of Barcelona	1152–1157	Petronilla of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona	Unknown cause
Roger IV, Duke of Apulia	1152–1161	William I of Sicily	Arrow to the eye
William IX, Count of Poitiers	1153–1156	Henry II of England	Seizure
Henry the Young King	1155–1183		Dysentery
Ferdinand of Castile	1189–1211	Alfonso VIII of Castile	Fever
Ferdinand of León	1192–1214	Alfonso IX of León	Unknown cause
Naratheinga Uzana	1197–1235	Htilominlo
Sigurd Lavard	Died 1200	Sverre of Norway
Alexios Palaiologos	Died 1203	Alexios III Angelos	Natural causes
Valdemar the Young	1209–1231	Valdemar II of Denmark	Hunting accident
Andronikos Palaiologos	Died 1216	Theodore I Laskaris	Disease
Vladislaus III of Moravia	1228–1247	Wenceslaus I of Bohemia	Illness
Thihathu of Pagan	1230s–1256	Uzana of Pagan	Assassinated
Odo, Count of Nevers	1230–1266	Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy	Died during Crusades
John, Count of Charolais	1231–1268		Illness
Haakon the Young	1232–1257	Haakon IV of Norway
Zhenjin	1243–1286	Kublai Khan
Louis of France	1244–1260	Louis IX of France
George	1250–1268	David VII of Georgia	Bowel disease
Fernando de la Cerda	1255–1275	Alfonso X of Castile	Unexpected causes
Louis of France	1264–1276	Philip III of France	Illness
Alexander, Prince of Scotland	1264–1284	Alexander III of Scotland
Henry, son of Edward I	1268–1274	Edward I of England
Theingapati	1270s–1299	Kyawswa of Pagan	Assassinated
Charles Martel of Anjou	1271–1295	Charles II of Naples	Plague
Louis I, Count of Nevers	1272–1322	Robert III, Count of Flanders	Illness
Alphonso, Earl of Chester	1273–1284	Edward I of England	Illness
Charles, Duke of Calabria	1298–1328	Robert, King of Naples
Eric Christoffersen of Denmark	1307–1332	Christopher II of Denmark	Died in battle
Otto the Younger	1322–1366	Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse	Illness
Philip I, Count of Auvergne	1323–1346	Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy and Joan III, Countess of Burgundy	Fell from horse during siege
Edward, the Black Prince	1330–1376	Edward III of England	A long lasting illness
Christopher, Duke of Lolland	1341–1363	Valdemar IV of Denmark	Illness
Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria	1345–1348	Joanna I of Naples
Zhu Biao	1355–1392	Hongwu Emperor
Martin I of Sicily	1374–1409	Martin of Aragon	Malaria
David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay	1378–1402	Robert III of Scotland	Starvation
Henry V of England	1387–1422	Charles VI of France (by the Treaty of Troyes)	Dysentery
Minye Kyawswa	1391–1415	Minkhaung I	Killed in battle
Peter of Aragon	1394–1400	Martin I of Sicily and Maria, Queen of Sicily	Wound from spear
Louis, Duke of Guyenne	1397–1415	Charles VI of France	Dysentery
John, Duke of Touraine	1398–1417		Abscess to the head
Martin of Aragon	1406–1407	Martin I of Sicily	Illness
Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York	1411–1460	Henry VI of England (by Act of Accord)	Killed in battle
Charles, Prince of Viana	1421–1461	John II of Aragon and Navarre	Unknown causes
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay	1430	James I of Scotland	Illness
Crown Prince Uigyeong	1438–1457	Sejo of Joseon	Illness
Gaston, Prince of Viana	1444–1470	Gaston IV, Count of Foix	Wounds in jousting tournament
Zhu Jianji	1448–1453	Jingtai Emperor	Illness
John, Prince of Portugal	1451	Afonso V of Portugal	Sudden death
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales	1453–1471	Henry VI of England	Killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury
Ivan the Young	1458–1490	Ivan III of Russia	Gout
Zhu Youji	1469–1472	Chenghua Emperor	Illness
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales	1473–1484	Richard III of England	Unknown
Afonso, Prince of Portugal	1475–1491	John II of Portugal	Horse riding accident
John, Prince of Asturias	1478–1497	Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon	Tuberculosis
Philip I of Castile	1478–1506	Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	Typhoid fever
Arthur, Prince of Wales	1486–1502	Henry VII of England	Unknown illness
Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France	1492–1495	Charles VIII of France	Measles
Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal	1498–1500	Manuel I of Portugal	Illness
John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony	1498–1537	George, Duke of Saxony
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxony	1504–1539
James, Duke of Rothesay	1507–1508	James IV of Scotland
Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay	1509–1510
Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	1509–1550	Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg
Henry, Duke of Cornwall	1511	Henry VIII of England	Sudden death
Şehzade Mustafa	1515–1553	Suleiman the Magnificent	Executed
Francis III, Duke of Brittany	1518–1536	Francis I of France	Tuberculosis
Bhoj Raj	Died 1526	Rana Sanga	Died in battle
Afonso, Prince of Portugal	1526	John III of Portugal	Illness
Prince George of Kakheti	1529–1561	Levan of Kakheti	Died in battle
Manuel, Prince of Portugal	1531–1537	John III of Portugal	Illness
Philip, Prince of Portugal	1533–1539
João Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal	1537–1554		Tuberculosis or diabetes
Crown Prince Sunhoe	1551–1563	Myeongjong of Joseon	Illness
Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia	1552–1553	Ivan IV of Russia	Drowned
Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia	1554–1581		Wounds to the head inflicted by his father during a dispute
Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg	1555–1575	William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg	Smallpox
Mingyi Swa	1558–1593	Nanda Bayin	Killed in battle
Prince George of Kakheti	1570–1605	Alexander II of Kakheti	Killed alongside his father
Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias	1571–1578	Philip II of Spain	Dysentery
Diego, Prince of Asturias	1575–1582		Smallpox
Philip de' Medici	1577–1582	Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany	Hydrocephalus
John Ernest, Hereditary Count of Nassau-Siegen	1582–1617	John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen	Dysentery
Philip Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont	1586–1605	Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy	Smallpox
Khusrau Mirza	1587–1622	Jahangir	Killed by his brother Shah Jahan
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales	1594–1612	James I of England	Typhoid fever
Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel	1594–1617	Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel	Accidentally shot himself
Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark	1603–1647	Christian IV of Denmark	Illness
Louis of Anhalt-Köthen (the Younger)	1607–1624	Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen
Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers	1609–1631	Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat
Crown Prince Sohyeon	1612–1645	Injo of Joseon	Bleeding from the head
Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate	1614–1629	Frederick V, Elector Palatine	Drowned
Erdmann August, Hereditary Prince of Brandenburg-Bayreuth	1615–1651	Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth	Illness
Dara Shikoh	1615–1659	Shah Jahan	Killed by his brother Aurangzeb
George Louis, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg	1618–1656	Louis Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg	Illness
Maurice Frederick of Nassau-Siegen	1621–1638	William, Count of Nassau-Siegen	Died in the Battle of Kallo
Ercole, Marquis of Baux	1623–1651	Honoré II, Prince of Monaco	Gunshot wound
Ferdinand Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Baden	1625–1669	William, Margrave of Baden-Baden	Hunting accident
Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias	1626–1646	Philip IV of Spain	Smallpox
Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans	1633–1654	Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Theodosius III, Duke of Braganza and Prince of Brazil	1634–1653	John IV of Portugal	Tuberculosis
Sigismund Casimir	1640–1647	Władysław IV Vasa	Dysentery
Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia	1648–1649	Alexis of Russia	Illness
Prince Luarsab of Kartli	Died 1652	Rostom of Kartli	Gunshot wound
Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia	1654–1670	Alexis of Russia	Illness
Leopold George, Hereditary Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg	1654–1675	William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
Prince Mamuka of Imereti	Died 1654	Rostom of Kartli	Died in captivity
Charles, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg	1655–1674	Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg	Dysentery
Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias	1657–1661	Philip IV of Spain	Epileptic attack
Louis, le grand Dauphin	1661–1711	Louis XIV of France	Smallpox
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany	1663–1713	Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany	Illness
Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow	1664–1688	Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow	Smallpox
Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma	1666–1693	Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma	Illness
Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria	1682–1684	Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Louis, Dauphin and Duke of Burgundy	1682–1712	Louis XIV of France	Measles
João, Prince of Brazil	1688	Peter II of Portugal	Illness
Birbhadra Shah	Died c.1697	Prithvipati Shah
Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria	1692–1699	Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria	Sudden illness
Count Palatine Joseph Charles of Sulzbach	1694–1729	Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach	Illness
Crown Prince Friedrich Ludwig	1698–1731	Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont	1699–1715	Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia	Smallpox
Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria	1700–1701	Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor	Hydrocephalus
Frédéric Maurice Casimir de La Tour d'Auvergne	1702–1723	Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne	Illness
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach	1703–1732	Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
Louis, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine	1704–1711	Leopold, Duke of Lorraine	Smallpox
Joseph, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Rotenburg	1705–1744	Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg	Illness
Ludwig Gruno of Hesse-Homburg	1705–1745	Frederick III, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
Louis, Dauphin and Duke of Brittany	1707–1712	Louis XIV of France	Measles
Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine	1707–1723	Leopold, Duke of Lorraine	Smallpox
Frederick, Prince of Wales	1707–1751	George II of Great Britain	A burst abscess in the lung
Pedro, Prince of Brazil	1712–1714	John V of Portugal	Unknown disease
Peter Petrovich	1715–1719	Peter the Great	Unknown causes
Crown Prince Hyojang	1719–1728	Yeongjo of Joseon	Illness
Louis, Dauphin of France	1729–1765	Louis XV of France	Tuberculosis
Yonglian	1730–1738	Qianlong Emperor	Illness
Crown Prince Sado of Joseon (Korea)	1735–1762	Yeongjo of Joseon (Korea)	His father killed him by locking him in a rice chest
Lê Duy Vĩ	1745–1772	Lê Hiển Tông	Executed
Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden	1755–1801	Charles Frederick, Margrave of Baden	Illness
Shō Tetsu	1759–1788	Shō Boku	Unknown cause
José, Prince of Brazil	1761–1788	Maria I of Portugal	Smallpox
Thado Minsaw	1762–1808	Bodawpaya	Illness
Karl Georg August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	1766–1806	Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden	1768–1810	Charles XIII of Sweden	Stroke
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau	1769–1814	Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau	Illness
Carlo, Duke of Calabria	1775–1778	Ferdinand IV of Naples	Smallpox
Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	1778–1819	Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	Illness
Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh	1780–1801	Gia Long Emperor	Smallpox
Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France	1781–1789	Louis XVI of France	Tuberculosis
Crown Prince Munhyo	1782–1788	Jeongjo of Joseon	Illness
Abbas Mirza	1789–1833	Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
Mirza Dara Bakht	1790–1841	Bahadur Shah Zafar
Crown Prince Hyomyeong	1809–1830	Sunjo of Joseon
Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans	1810–1842	Louis-Philippe of France	Carriage accident
Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk Bahadur	1816–1856	Bahadur Shah Zafar	Cholera
Kanaung Mintha	1820–1866	Mindon Min	Assassinated
Tēvita ʻUnga	1824–1879	George Tupou I	Liver ailment
Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium	1833–1834	Leopold I of Belgium	Inflammation of mucous membrane
Victoria Kamāmalu	1838–1866	Kamehameha V	Illness
Keaweaweulaokalani	1839	Kamehameha III
Keaweaweulaokalani	1842
Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia	1843–1865	Alexander II of Russia	Meningitis
William, Prince of Orange	1843–1879	William III of the Netherlands	Debauchery
Vuna Takitakimālohi	1844–1862	George Tupou I	Illness
Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil	1845–1847	Pedro II of Brazil	Epilepsy
Raja Musa ibni Sultan Abdul Samad	1844–1884	Abdul Samad of Selangor	Unknown causes
Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	1844–1894	Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Illness
Trailokya, Crown Prince of Nepal	1847–1878	Surendra of Nepal	Unknown causes
Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil	1848–1850	Pedro II of Brazil	Fever
ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku	1850–1889	George Tupou I	Illness
Alexander, Prince of Orange	1851–1884	William III of the Netherlands	Typhus
Leleiohoku II	1854–1877	Kalākaua	Rheumatic fever
ʻUelingatoni Ngū	1854–1885	George Tupou I	Illness
Ludvonga	1855–1872	Mswati II	Poisoned
Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt	1855–1886	Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt	Illness
Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin	1857–1916	Mehmed V	Suicide (disputed)
Albert Kamehameha	1858–1862	Kamehameha IV	Meningitis
Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria	1858–1889	Franz Joseph I of Austria	Suicide (disputed)
Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant	1859–1869	Leopold II of Belgium	Pneumonia, after falling into a pond
Nalesoni Laifone	1859–1889	George Tupou I	Illness
Araya Selassie Yohannes	1869/1870–1888	Yohannes IV	Smallpox
Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	1874–1899	Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Unclear circumstances
Maha Vajirunhis, Crown Prince of Siam	1878–1895	Rama V	Typhoid
Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal	1887–1908	Carlos I of Portugal and the Algarves	Jointly assassinated with his father
Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani	1896–1948	Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani	Illness
Turki I bin Abdulaziz Al Saud	1900–1919	Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia	Flu
Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia	1925–2011	Abdullah of Saudi Arabia	Illness
Muhammed Akbar Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan	1933–1941	Mohammed Zahir Shah
Nayef, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia	1934–2012	Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
Muhammad bin Sultan Al Qasimi	1974–1999	Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi	Heroin overdose

Heirs apparent who were forced to abandon their claim

Heir apparent	Lived	Heir of	Forced out
Darius	Died 465 BC	Xerxes I	Upon the murder of Xerxes I, Darius was framed for the murder and executed
Liu Rong	Died 148 BC	Emperor Jing of Han	His mother angered the emperor by requesting the position of empress and refusing to allow the marriage of Liu Rong to Chen Jiao
Kunala	Born 263 BC	Ashoka	Blinded
Antipater	BC 46–BC 4	Herod the Great	Disinherited after being charged with intended murder. Subsequently, executed.
Alexander	BC 35–BC 7		Disinherited and executed
Aristobulus IV	BC 31–BC 7
Herod II	BC 27–33 AD		Disinherited
Agrippa Postumus	BC 12–14 AD	Augustus	Banished. Later executed by his own guards after the accession of Tiberius
Liu Jiang	25–58	Emperor Guangwu of Han	His mother lost the position of empress
Sun He	224–253	Sun Quan	Replaced with his brother Sun Liang
Sima Ying	279–306	Emperor Hui of Jin	Replaced as heir by Emperor Huai of Jin
Crispus	295–326	Constantine the Great	Executed
Prince Kinashi no Karu	Died 453	Emperor Ingyō	His brother Emperor Ankō took the throne instead
Yuan Xun	483–497	Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei	Disagreement of his father's policy
Hermenegild	Died 585	Liuvigild	Disinherited for rebellion
Niketas the Persian	Died 636	Shahrbaraz	Killed after 40 days of rule
Yang Yong	Died 604	Emperor Wen of Sui	Forced to abdicate and killed by younger brother Yang Guang
Li Chengqian	619–645	Emperor Taizong of Tang	Attempted to overthrow his father and kill his brother by coup. Exiled from immorality and treason
Li Zhong	642–665	Emperor Gaozong of Tang	Empress Wu Zetian got the favor from Gaozong and his position was taken by his half brother Li Hong
Li Xian	655–684		Exiled by Empress Wu Zetian from rumors. And forced to commit suicide after Gaozong's death
Prince Kusakabe	662–689	Emperor Tenmu	Did not assume throne
Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan	Died 705	Marwan I	Removed from line of succession
Li Chengqi	679–742	Emperor Ruizong of Tang	Gave up the claim because he thought that he did not have the strength to be a wise emperor
Alexios Mosele	9th century	Theophilos	Disinherited for rebellion
Al-Mufawwid	Died 890s	Al-Mu'tamid (Abbasid caliph)	On 30 April 892, Al-Mufawwid was removed from the succession by his cousin, al-Mu'tadid and when al-Mu'tamid died in October 892, he was succeeded by al-Mu'tadid.
Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun	Died 884	Ahmad ibn Tulun	Attempted to overthrow his father
Li Yu	Died in 904	Emperor Zhaozong of Tang	Actually inherited the throne in fact, but not recognized as an emperor. Became crown prince again after two months and killed by Zhu Wen
Prince Tsunesada	825–884	Emperor Ninmyō	Disinherited in the Jōwa Incident
Yelü Bei	899–937	Emperor Taizu of Liao	Kept the favor away from her mother Empress Shulü Ping, because he their political view were totally opposite.
Fujiwara no Korechika	974–1010	Fujiwara no Michitaka	Lost in Chōtoku Incident to his uncle Fujiwara no Michinaga who seize the power and lost the position to inherent Kampaku.
Prince Atsuyasu	999–1019	Emperor Ichijō	Kugyō Fujiwara no Yukinari and Fujiwara no Michinaga forced him to give up the status and his half brother Prince Atsuhira took his position.
Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas	Died 1020s	Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah	Sidelined upon Al-Hakim's death in favor of Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah, who had him arrested and imprisoned.
Al-Malik al-Aziz	Died 1049	Jalal al-Dawla	Late ruler's nephew Abu Kalijar took the throne instead
Peter Raymundi	Born 1050	Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona	Disinherited and exiled for killing his stepmother Almodis of La Marche
Conrad II of Italy	1074–1101	Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor	Disinherited for rebellion
Min Shin Saw	1117–1167	Alaungsithu	Exiled
William I, Count of Boulogne	1137–1159	Stephen, King of England	Treaty of Wallingford dictated the succession of Henry II of England
Demna of Georgia	1155–1178	David V of Georgia	Imprisoned, blinded and castrated by his uncle, King George III of Georgia
Zhao Hong	Died 1225	Emperor Ningzong	Shi Miyuan and Empress Yang faked the edict of emperor.
Henry (VII) of Germany	1211–1242	Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor	Disinherited for rebellion
Louis of Toulouse	1274–1297	Charles II of Naples	Renounced rights to become a clergyman
James of Majorca	1275–1330	James II of Majorca	Became a monk
Charles Robert of Anjou	1288–1342	Charles II of Naples	His uncle Robert was made heir instead on 13 February 1296
James of Aragon	1296–1334	James II of Aragon	Became a monk
Otto, Duke of Lolland and Estonia	1310–1346	Christopher II of Denmark	Forced to surrender claim to the throne in favor of his brother Valdemar IV of Denmark
Prince Narinaga	1326–c. 1337–44	Emperor Kōmyō	Killed or deposed by Ashikaga Takauji
Eric XII of Sweden	1339–1359	Magnus VII of Norway	Became King of Sweden, with his brother Haakon VI of Norway taking the throne of Norway
Baw Ngan-Mohn	1370–1390	Binnya U	Imprisoned
Grand Prince Yangnyeong	1394–1462	Taejong of Joseon	Removed for an affair
Vladislaus Jagiellon	1456–1516	Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland	Elected King of Bohemia
Dmitry Ivanovich	1483–1509	Ivan III of Russia	Disinherited in favor of uncle Vasili III of Russia
Carlos, Prince of Asturias	1545–1568	Philip II of Spain	Arrested and imprisoned by his father; died in prison six months later
Minye Kyawswa II of Ava	1567–1599	Nanda Bayin	Defected
Cuyen	1580–1615	Nurhaci	Political conflict with his father; replaced by his brother Hong Taiji
Yinreng	1674–1725	The Kangxi Emperor	Imprisoned for life by Kangxi for immorality and treason; replaced by his brother Yongzheng Emperor
Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia	1690–1718	Peter the Great of Russia	Imprisoned by his father and forced to relinquish his claim in favor of his half-brother Peter Petrovich. Died in prison.
Philip, Duke of Calabria	1747–1777	Charles III of Spain	Intellectually disabled; removed from the line of succession in favor of his brothers Charles and Ferdinand, who took the thrones of Spain and Naples and Sicily, respectively
Louis, Prince of Piacenza	1773–1803	Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma	The Treaty of Aranjuez forced Ferdinand to relinquish the Duchy of Parma to France upon his death. Louis was compensated by being made King of Etruria.
Pedro, Prince Imperial of Brazil	1825–1891	Pedro IV of Portugal	Became heir solely to Brazil, with his sister Maria becoming heir presumptive
Mustafa Fazıl Pasha	1830–1875	Isma'il Pasha	Succession law changed to pass from father to son instead of brother to brother; replaced by Tewfik Pasha
Tengku Alam Shah	1846–1891	Sultan Ali of Johor	Throne given to kinsman Abu Bakar of Johor instead
Khalifa bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan	c.1856–?	Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan	Refused throne, with his brother Tahnoun bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan becoming ruler instead
George, Crown Prince of Serbia	1887–1972	Peter I of Serbia	Abdicated his succession rights in 1909; replaced by his brother Alexander
Muhammad of Saudi Arabia	1910–1988	King Faisal ibn Abdul-Aziz	Forced to abdicate in 1965; replaced by his brother Khalid
Abdullah Mubarak Al-Sabah	1914–1991	Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah	Resigned as Vice Ruler in 1961
Tunku Abdul Rahman of Johor	1933–1989	Ismail of Johor	His elder brother Iskandar of Johor was reinstated after previously being forced to renounce his rights
Khalid bin Saqr Al Qasimi	Born 1940	Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi	Disinherited in favor of his half-brother Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Muqrin of Saudi Arabia	Born 1945	King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud	Removed as Crown Prince in April 2015; replaced by his nephew Muhammad bin Nayef
Hassan of Jordan	Born 1947	King Hussein of Jordan	He was replaced by his nephew Abdullah only days before the king died in 1999
Muhammad bin Nayef of Saudi Arabia	Born 1959	King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud	Removed as Crown Prince in June 2017; replaced by his cousin Mohammad bin Salman
Mishaal bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani	Born 1972	Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani	Renounced his claim in 1996 in favor of his younger half-brother, Sheikh Jasim
Jassim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani	Born 1978		Renounced his claim in 2003 in favor of his younger brother, Sheikh Tamim
Prince Carl Philip of Sweden	Born 1979	Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden	Swedish succession laws were changed in 1980. Carl Philip was supplanted by his elder sister Victoria
Prince Hamzah of Jordan	Born 1980	Abdullah II of Jordan	Title of Crown Prince removed in 2004. Hamzah was supplanted by his half-nephew Hussein

Heirs apparent of monarchs who themselves abdicated or were deposed

Heir apparent	Lived	Heir of	End of line/monarchy
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus	38–69	Galba	Assassinated in 69 under orders of Otho
Gaius Julius Verus Maximus	217–238	Maximinus Thrax	Assassinated in 238
Publius Licinius Egnatius Marinianus	249–268	Gallienus	Killed in 268
Licinius II	315–326	Licinius	Both father and son were executed by Licinius' co-emperor Constantine the Great
Victor	Died 388	Magnus Maximus	Both executed
Constans II	Died 411	Constantine III	Both killed in revolts
Chen Yin	573–618	Chen Shubao	Chen Dynasty fell
Theodosius	583/585–602	Maurice	Both father and son executed by supporters of Phocas
Tiberius IV	705–711	Justinian II	Both father and son overthrown and executed
Theophylact	793–849	Michael I Rangabe	Michael I abdicated in the face of a military revolt
Constantine	800 and 810–?	Leo V the Armenian	Leo V was assassinated and his heirs banished
Crown Prince Maui	912–?	Gyeongsun of Silla	Gyeongsun surrendered his throne to Taejo of Goryeo
Meng Xuanzhe	937–991	Meng Chang	Later Shu was defeated by Song Dynasty
William fitz Duncan	1090–1147	Duncan II of Scotland	Duncan II was killed in battle in 1094 and his uncle Donald III retook the throne
Daoud ibn al-Adid	Died 1207	Al-Adid	The Ayyubid dynasty took power
Edward Balliol	1283–1367	John Balliol	Abdicated following defeat in First War of Scottish Independence
Crown Prince Jeongseong	Died 1394	Gongyang of Goryeo	Father and son were exiled and assassinated
Zhu Wenkui	Disappeared in 1402	Jianwen Emperor	Prince Yan sacked Nanjing. Disappeared with his father Jianwen Emperor.
Deposed Crown Prince Yi Hwang	1498–1506	Yeonsangun of Joseon	Yeonsangun was deposed in 1506 in favor of his half-brother Jungjong of Joseon
John of Denmark	1518–1532	Christian II of Denmark	Christian II was deposed in 1523 in favor of his uncle Frederick I
Gustav of Sweden	1568–1607	Eric XIV of Sweden	Eric XIV was deposed in 1568 in favor of his half-brother John III
Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg	1570–1597	Magnus II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg	Magnus' father Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg reascended
Władysław Vasa	1595–1648	Sigismund of Sweden	Sigismund was deposed in 1599 in favor of his uncle Charles IX
Deposed Crown Prince Yi Ji	1598–1623	Gwanghaegun of Joseon	Gwanghaegun was deposed in 1623 in favor of his nephew Injo of Joseon
Zhu Cilang	1629–1644	Chongzhen Emperor	Ming conquered by Manchu and founded Qing Dynasty
Yunreng, Prince Limi of the First Rank	1674–1725	Kangxi Emperor	He was demoted by his father.
James Francis Edward Stuart	1688–1766	James II of England	James II was deposed in favor of his daughter and son-in-law Mary II and William III and II on 11 April 1689 for being Catholic
Yonglian, Crown Prince Duanhui	1730–1738	Qianlong Emperor	Died of smallpox aged 8.
Emich Karl, Hereditary Prince of Leiningen	1763–1814	Karl Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Leiningen	German mediatisation
Prince David of Georgia	1767–1819	George XII of Georgia	Annexation by Russia
Franz Joseph, Hereditary Prince of Dietrichstein	1767–1854	Karl Johann Baptist, Prince of Dietrichstein	German mediatisation
Henry, Hereditary Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode	1772–1854	Christian Frederick, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode
Louis-Antoine, Dauphin and Duke of Angoulême	1775–1844	Charles X of France	Abdicated jointly with his father on 2 August 1830
Alexius, Hereditary Count of Bentheim and Steinfurt	1781–1866	Louis William Geldricus Ernest, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt	German mediatisation
Charles Thomas, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort	1783–1849	Dominic Constantine, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
Louis-Charles, Dauphin of France	1785–1795	Louis XVI of France	French Revolution
Duke Pius August in Bavaria	1786–1837	Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen	Annexation by Bavaria
Prince Constantine of Imereti	1789–1844	Solomon II of Imereti	Annexation by Russia
Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg	1794–1860	Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg	German mediatisation
Gustav, Prince of Vasa	1799–1877	Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden	Gustav's whole family was excluded from the line of royal succession on 10 May 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates, after the deposition of Gustav IV Adolf in favor of his uncle Charles XIII
Maximilian Karl, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis	1802–1871	Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis	German mediatisation
Jacques-Victor Henry	1804–1820	Henri Christophe	Fearing a coup, Henri Christophe committed suicide and Jacques-Victor Henry was assassinated
Agustín Jerónimo, Prince Imperial of Mexico	1807–1866	Agustín I of Mexico	Deposed in 1823
Auguste de Beauharnais	1810–1835	Eugène de Beauharnais, Grand Duke of Frankfurt	Frankfurt again became a free city
Charles, Hereditary Prince of Lucca	1823–1854	Charles I, Duke of Lucca	Per the stipulations of the Congress of Vienna, upon the death of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, Lucca was traded for the Duke's ancestral land of Parma
Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern	1835–1905	Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern	Annexed by Prussia on 7 December 1849
Prince Philippe, Count of Paris	1838–1894	Louis Philippe I of France	Declaration of the Second Republic on 24 February 1848
Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover	1845–1923	George V of Hanover	Annexation by Prussia in 1866
Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal	1846–1925	Charles II, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal
Marama Teururai	1851–1909	Ari'imate	Ari'imate was deposed in 1868 in favor of his wife Tehaapapa II
William, Hereditary Prince of Nassau	1852–1912	Adolphe, Duke of Nassau	Annexation by Prussia in 1866
Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial	1856–1879	Napoleon III of France	Napoleon III was deposed 4 September 1870 by the forces of the Third Republic
Crown Prince Gustaf of Norway	1858–1950	Oscar II of Norway	Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905
Agustín, Prince of Iturbide	1863–1925	Maximilian I of Mexico	Monarchy abolished in 1867
Shō Ten	1864–1920	Shō Tai	Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by Japan in 1872
Abdulmejid II	1868–1944	Mehmed VI	Ottoman Empire dissolved in 1922.
Teriivaetua	1869–1918	Pōmare V	Tahiti was annexed by France in 1880
Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta	1869–1931	Amadeo I of Spain	Abdicated in 1873
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria	1869–1955	Ludwig III of Bavaria	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro	1871–1939	Nicholas I of Montenegro	Annexed by Serbia
Kaʻiulani	1875–1899	Liliuokalani	Annexation by the United States
Yuan Keding	1878–1958	Yuan Shikai	Short lived Empire abolished in March 1916
Wilhelm, German Crown Prince	1882–1951	Wilhelm II, German Emperor	Wilhelm was deposed by the German government on 9 November 1918
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony	1893–1943	Frederick Augustus III of Saxony	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Husain Bey, Crown Prince of Tunisia	1893–1969	Muhammad VIII al-Amin	Deposed in 1957
Heinrich XLV, Hereditary Prince Reuss Younger Line	1895–1945	Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont	1896–1967	Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont
Prince Philipp of Hesse	1896–1980	Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, King-elect of Finland	Monarchy abolished in 1918
Prince Wilhelm of Urach	1897–1957	Mindaugas II of Lithuania
Yi Un	1897–1970	Sunjong of Korea	Annexation by Korea in 1910
Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg	1897–1970	Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Crown Prince Friðrik of Iceland	1899–1972	Kristján X of Iceland	Monarchy abolished on 17 June 1944
Muhammad Abdel Moneim	1899–1979	Abbas II of Egypt	Abbas II was deposed by the British for supporting the Ottomans in World War I
Georg Moritz, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Altenburg	1900–1991	Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Lippe	1902–1987	Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe
Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia	1904–1918	Nicholas II of Russia	Nicholas abdicated on 2/15 March 1917 on behalf of both himself and his son. The monarchy was abolished 1 September 1917
Umberto, Prince of Piedmont	1904–1983	Victor Emmanuel III of Ethiopia and Albania	Victor Emmanuel was only partially recognized in those countries, renounced claims in 1943 in favor of previous holders
Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse	1906–1937	Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	1906–1972	Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Alfonso, Prince of Asturias	1907–1938	Alfonso XIII of Spain	Alfonso XIII was deposed by the formation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14, 1931. Prince Alfonso renounced his claim on 21 June 1933 so he could marry a commoner
Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	1910–2001	Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Ghazi bin Faisal	1912–1939	Faisal I of Syria	Deposed in 1920
Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	1912–1988	William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Archduke Otto, Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia	1912–2011	Charles I of Austria	Austria and Hungary abolished the monarchy in 1918.
'Abd al-Ilah	1913–1958	Ali of Hejaz	Deposed in 1925
Carol Victor, Hereditary Prince of Albania	1913–1973	Wilhelm, Prince of Albania	Fled into exile in 1914
Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover	1914–1987	Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Amha Selassie	1916–1997	Haile Selassie of Ethiopia	Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974 after being taken by communist Derg power
Hasan as-Senussi	1928–1992	Idris of Libya	Deposed in 1969
Vong Savang	1931–1978	Sisavang Vatthana	Monarchy abolished after Laotian Civil War
Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan	Born 1934	Mohammed Zahir Shah	Deposed in 1973
Bảo Long	1936–2007	Bảo Đại	1955 State of Vietnam referendum
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples	1937–2024	Umberto II of Italy	Italy abolished the monarchy on 12 June 1946, after Umberto II had reigned 33 days
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania	1939–2011	Zog of Albania	Two days after Leka's birth, Mussolini's Italy invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and sent the royal family into exile
Crown Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Apulia	1943–2021	Tomislav II of Croatia	Tomislav II abdicated October 12, 1943 due to the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, when Amedeo was only two weeks old
Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia	Born 1945	Peter II of Yugoslavia	Peter II was deposed by Yugoslavia's Constituent Assembly on 29 November 1945
Abdelaziz bin Ahmed Al Thani	1946–2008	Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani	Deposed in 1972; Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani took the throne
Charles, Prince of Wales	Born 1948	Elizabeth II of Pakistan, South Africa, Ceylon, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanganyika, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Malta, The Gambia, Guyana, Mauritius, Fiji, and Barbados	Countries became republics
Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran	Born 1960	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	The Shah was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979
Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece	Born 1967	Constantine II of Greece	Constantine II fled into exile shortly after Pavlos's birth, and the monarchy was abolished 1 June 1973
Paras, Crown Prince of Nepal	Born 1971	Gyanendra of Nepal	Gyanendra was deposed 28 May 2008 in favour of a republican government
Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Crown Prince of the Central African Empire	Born 1973	Jean-Bédel Bokassa	Deposed in 1979

See also

• List of heirs apparent
• President-elect
• Prime minister-designate
• Heads of former ruling families

Notes and references

Sources

• Fields, Philip M., ed. (1987). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXVII: The ʿAbbāsid Recovery: The War Against the Zanj Ends, A.D. 879–893/A.H. 266–279. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-054-0.
• Kennedy, Hugh N. (1993). "al-Muʿtamid ʿAlā 'llāh". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 765–766. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.