Kaniola Groupement
Kaniola Groupement, also known as Kanyola, is one of the 16 groupements that constitute the Ngweshe Chiefdom of the Shi people. Kaniola Groupement is located at an elevation of 1800 meters and is situated 64 km from Bukavu city. It shares borders with the Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and the Nindja Chiefdom to the northeast, while being bordered by the Izege groupement and Walungu groupement to the east. It is also bordered by the Burhale groupement and Mulamba groupement in the west.[1]
Geography
Covering an area of 138.52 km², with a population density of 399.4 individuals per square kilometer, Kaniola Groupement is home to a population of 60,906. The groupement experiences an altitude of 1800m and has a temperate climate with two seasons.[1]
Administrative division
The Kaniola Groupement is composed of 6 sub-groupements and the chief town (Kaniola Center, which is considered as a sub-groupements but so far is not officially recognized by the chieftaincy and has no legal status yet):[1]
- Cagala sub-groupement: with Ntangano as chief;
- Mwirama sub-groupement: headed by Byumanine;
- Murhala sub-groupement: headed by Nyakasane;
- Budodo sub-groupement: headed by Nyunda;
- Nyamarhege sub-groupement: with Vuningoma as chief;
- Miduha sub-groupement: headed by Mupanga;
- Kaniola center sub-groupement: with Herman as chief.
Villages
Kaniola Groupement is subdivided into 53 villages:[2][3]
- Cagala
- Nakalage
- Chamba
- Cibuga
- Cize-Icurhu
- Iyanga Bagula
- Mwirama
- Bushushu
- Cibanda
- Nabishaka
- Ntabunge
- Ludundu
- Cindubi
- Cirhwakanyi
- Cibira
- Mbuba
- Kaniola
- Nakajaka
- Luya
- Muhungu
- Cirhwa Muhunga
- Lwashunga
- Karhuliza IER
- Karhuliza II
- Cisaza IER
- Mulangana
- Karhwa
- Cisaza II
- Cimbulungu
- Kalongo
- Murhala
- Budogo
- Cega
- Lwengero
- Kahya
- Cagundwe
- Bolole
- Madubo
- Mudirhi
- Cosho
- Bulunga
- Nyamarhege
- Mukama
- Mulambula
- Mubondwe
- Kalengera
- Miduha
- Kangala
- Katudu
- Munyenye IER
- Munyenye II
- Kalengera
- Muyange
History
Kaniola was established in 1921 as a grouping of Ngweshe Chiefdom in the Belgian Congo.[4][1][5][6] The region was conventionally inhabited by Lega people, a Bantu-speaking ethnic group who inhabit the virgin forest of eastern DRC, between the Great Lakes and the Lualaba River, next to Luba people and who practice a mixed economy involving agriculture, hunting and fishing.[7]
The conflict has devastated the region for nearly 30 years as a result of repeated wars and recurrent ethnic conflicts.[8] In 1996, 2004, 2005, 2006, and during the night of 26 to 27 May 2007, the region was devastated by several massacres and was the epicenter of ethnic conflicts.[9] The massacres continued and disseminate into several villages of Kaniola Groupement in 2008.[10] The massacre was attributed to FDLR (Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda), a Rwandan Hutu political-military movement commenced in 2000 by the ex-FAR/Interahamwe in Zaire following the Rwandan Genocide to congregate and reunite the entire Rwandan Hutu refugee population in the isolated villages of the eastern part of Zaire to bring political demands of organizing an inter-Rwandan dialogue, the possibility for Hutu refugees to create political parties, and integrating the army and other public institutions.[11][12]
In May 2009, two FARDC officers from the 17th Integrated Brigade Battalion were killed and one went missing following the clashes with FDLR in the Kabona and Luhago villages in the Nindja Chiefdom in the Kabare territory more than 80 kilometers west of Bukavu.[13]
In July 2009, members of the 421st FARDC Battalion recovered the Kafukiro and Kahamba villages from FDLR rebels.[14]
Economy
Agriculture
Both subsistence and industrial agriculture are an important component of Kaniola's economy. Subsistence agricultural products include bean, maize, sorghum, potato, tomato, banana, sweet potato, cassava, corn and rice.[1][15] Subsistence farming provides food security for most families and communities but also enables rural producers to increase or decrease their income. As for industrial agriculture commodities, there are cinchona, coffee and tobacco. The subsoil is replete with various minerals, including gold, cassiterite and orphamine.[1]
Breeding
While agriculture is predominantly for subsistence, livestock is another important source of revenue and plays a significant social role in marriage among the Bashi.[16] It is a source of leverage, prestige and wealth. Animal breeding assists many peasants in solving many of their financial, social, cultural and other problems: marriage, children's education, and visitors’ receptions. Breeding mainly centers on cows, goats, sheep, chickens, pigs, rabbits, and guinea pigs.[17][18]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f "PROVINCE DU SUD KIVU TERRITOIRE DE WALUNGU CHEFFERIE DE NGWESHE: GROUPEMENT DE KANIOLA" (PDF). C.D.J.P (in French). Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2015. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ "Rapport final : consultations participatives à la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), Territoire de WALUNGU - Province du Sud Kivu" (PDF). UT Libraries - The University of Texas at Austin (in French). SERACOB. 2004. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/Zone%20de%20sant%C3%A9%20de%20Kaniola.pdf
- ^ Mapatano, Bagalwa; Bahuga, Bapolisi; Muhigwa, Bahananga; Mwapu, Isumbisho (October 2015). Cahiers du CERPRU (in French). Publibook/Société écrivains. ISBN 9782342043334.
- ^ Gerard-Libois, Jules; Verhaegen, Benoit (2015). Congo 1964: Political Documents of a Developing Nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400875429.
- ^ Baciyunjuze, Justin N.; Nkunzi, Baciyunjuze J. (2005). La naissance de l'église au Bushi: l'ère des pionniers 1906-1908 (in French). Rome, Italy: Pontificia Università Gregoriana. ISBN 9788878390492.
- ^ Biebuyck, Daniel P. (1973). Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520020856. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ Universite Catholique De Bukavu:katabaruka, Byabuze (2005-10-21). "Nouveau Massacre à Kaniola,territoire de Walungu Province du Sud-Kivu-Lettre ouverte aux autorités de la Transition en RD Congo". https://www.grandslacs.net/.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|journal= - ^ Election-net. "RDC: La population de Kaniola, victime du massacre, exige la création d'un tribunal pénal international au Sud-Kivu". www.election-net.com. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ "14 ANS DE MASSACRE DE KANIOLA : Le député Amato BAYUBASIRE promet de s'impliquer pour retrouver la justice de martyrs". BKINFOS.NET (in French). 2020-09-17. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ "DR Congo: Statement attributable to the Humanitarian Coordinator, Mr. Ross Mountain - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ PrunelleRDC, La (2020-10-11). "Massacre de Kaniola : un anniversaire qui appelle à la justice". La PrunelleRDC (in French). Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ "Nindja : attaques des FDLR, 2 officiers FARDC tués et un disparu". Radio Okapi (in French). 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ "Walungu : les FARDC récupèrent les villages de Kafukiro et de Kahamba aux FDLR". Radio Okapi (in French). 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ "MID-TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTHENING VALUE CHAINS (SVC) ACTIVITY IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" (PDF). January 15, 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ Mulago, V. (1978). "Studia Missionalia: Vol.27". Google Books. Faculty of Missiology, Gregorian University. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ Sigwalt, Richard D. (1975). The Early History of Bushi: An Essay in the Historical Use of Genesis Traditions. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin--Madison.
- ^ Biebuyck, Daniel, ed. (August 16, 2018). African Agrarian Systems. England: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351037648.