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The '''retroflex trill''' is a sound that has been reported from the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] [[Toda language|Toda]], and confirmed with laboratory measurements. [[Peter Ladefoged]] transcribes it with the IPA symbol normally associated with the [[retroflex flap]], {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ}}}}. Although the tongue starts out in a sub-apical retroflex position, trilling involves the tip of the tongue and causes it to move forward to the alveolar ridge; this means that the retroflex trill gives a preceding vowel retroflex coloration the way other retroflex consonants do, but the vibration itself is not much different from an [[alveolar trill]]. Thus, the narrower transcription {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ͡r}}}} is also appropriate.
The '''retroflex trill''' is a sound that has been reported from the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] [[Toda language|Toda]] and confirmed with laboratory measurements. [[Peter Ladefoged]] transcribes it with the IPA symbol that is normally associated with the [[retroflex flap]], {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ}}}}. Although the tongue starts out in a subapical retroflex position, trilling involves the tip of the tongue and causes it to move forward to the alveolar ridge. Thus, the retroflex trill gives a preceding vowel retroflex coloration, like other retroflex consonants, but the vibration itself is not much different from an [[alveolar trill]]. Thus, the narrower transcription {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ͡r}}}} is also appropriate.


[[Wahgi language|Wahgi]] has a similar trilled allophone of its lateral flap, {{IPA|[{{PUA|̥}}r̥]}}, but it is voiceless.
[[Wahgi language|Wahgi]] has a similar trilled allophone of its lateral flap, {{IPA|[{{PUA|̥}}r̥]}}, but it is voiceless.


[[Wintu language|Wintu]] and [[Lardil language|Lardil]] are other languages with a reported (apico-)retroflex trill where the tongue apex "approaches" the hard palate (this is not sub-apical as in Toda). The trill has a retroflex flap allophone occurring in intervocalic position.
[[Wintu language|Wintu]] and [[Lardil language|Lardil]] are other languages with a reported (apico-)retroflex trill where the tongue apex "approaches" the hard palate, but it is not sub-apical, unlike in Toda. The trill has a retroflex flap allophone that between vowels.


[[Image:Retroflex trill.svg|thumb|center|200px|Variations of the retroflex trill in IPA symbols.]]
[[Image:Retroflex trill.svg|thumb|center|200px|Variations of the retroflex trill in IPA symbols.]]


Several languages have been reported to have trilled retroflex affricates such as {{IPA|[ɳɖ͡ɽ̝]}} and {{IPA|[ʈ͡ɽ̝̊]}}, including [[Mapudungun language|Mapudungun]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], and [[Fijian language|Fijian]]. However, the exact articulation is seldom clear from the descriptions. In Fijian, for example, further investigation revealed that the sound (written {{anglebracket|dr}}) is seldom trilled, usually realized as a postalveolar stop {{IPA|[n̠d̠]}} instead. In Mapudungun, the sound (written ''tr'') is strongly retroflex, causing {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/r/}} following the subsequent vowel to become retroflex as well. In the southern dialect it varies between {{IPA|/ʈɽ/}} and {{IPA|/ʈʂ/}}, but it is not clear whether the letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ}}}} represents a trill or a non-sibilant fricative.
Several languages have been reported to have trilled retroflex affricates such as {{IPA|[ɳɖ͡ɽ̝]}} and {{IPA|[ʈ͡ɽ̝̊]}}, including [[Mapudungun language|Mapudungun]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] and [[Fijian language|Fijian]]. However, the exact articulation is seldom clear from descriptions.
In Fijian, for example, further investigation has revealed that the sound (written {{anglebracket|dr}}) is seldom trilled but is usually realized as a postalveolar stop {{IPA|[n̠d̠]}} instead. In Mapudungun, the sound (written ''tr'') is strongly retroflex, causing {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/r/}} following the subsequent vowel to become retroflex as well. The southern dialect varies between {{IPA|/ʈɽ/}} and {{IPA|/ʈʂ/}}, but it is not clear whether the letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ}}}} represents a trill or a non-sibilant fricative.


==Occurrence==
==Occurrence==

Revision as of 14:29, 8 August 2017

Voiced retroflex trill
ɽ͡r
IPA number105 101 122
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɽ​͡​r
Unicode (hex)U+027D U+0361 U+0072

The retroflex trill is a sound that has been reported from the Dravidian language Toda and confirmed with laboratory measurements. Peter Ladefoged transcribes it with the IPA symbol that is normally associated with the retroflex flap, ɽ. Although the tongue starts out in a subapical retroflex position, trilling involves the tip of the tongue and causes it to move forward to the alveolar ridge. Thus, the retroflex trill gives a preceding vowel retroflex coloration, like other retroflex consonants, but the vibration itself is not much different from an alveolar trill. Thus, the narrower transcription ɽ͡r is also appropriate.

Wahgi has a similar trilled allophone of its lateral flap, [̥r̥], but it is voiceless.

Wintu and Lardil are other languages with a reported (apico-)retroflex trill where the tongue apex "approaches" the hard palate, but it is not sub-apical, unlike in Toda. The trill has a retroflex flap allophone that between vowels.

Variations of the retroflex trill in IPA symbols.

Several languages have been reported to have trilled retroflex affricates such as [ɳɖ͡ɽ̝] and [ʈ͡ɽ̝̊], including Mapudungun, Malagasy and Fijian. However, the exact articulation is seldom clear from descriptions.

In Fijian, for example, further investigation has revealed that the sound (written ⟨dr⟩) is seldom trilled but is usually realized as a postalveolar stop [n̠d̠] instead. In Mapudungun, the sound (written tr) is strongly retroflex, causing /l/ and /r/ following the subsequent vowel to become retroflex as well. The southern dialect varies between /ʈɽ/ and /ʈʂ/, but it is not clear whether the letter ɽ represents a trill or a non-sibilant fricative.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Dutch[1] North Brabant[2] [riem] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɽ͡rim] 'belt' A rare variant of /r/, which occurs almost exclusively word-initially.[3] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
North Holland[2]
Lardil [example needed] Apical
Toda[4] [kaɽ͡r] 'pen for calves' Subapical. Toda contrasts plain and palatalized fronted alveolar, alveolar and retroflex trills.[4]
Wintu[5] [example needed] Apical

References

  1. ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:94–95, 97, 101 and 107)
  2. ^ a b Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107)
  3. ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101 and 107)
  4. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:223)
  5. ^ Pitkin (1984:?)

Bibliography

  • Goeman, Ton; Van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 91–112, ISSN 0777-3692
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Pitkin, Harvey (1984), Wintu grammar, Berkeley: University of California Press., ISBN 0-520-09612-6