Voiced retroflex trill: Difference between revisions
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The '''retroflex trill''' is a sound that has been reported from the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] [[Toda language|Toda]] |
The '''retroflex trill''' is a sound that has been reported from the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] [[Toda language|Toda]] and confirmed with laboratory measurements. [[Peter Ladefoged]] transcribes it with the IPA symbol that is normally associated with the [[retroflex flap]], {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ}}}}. Although the tongue starts out in a subapical retroflex position, trilling involves the tip of the tongue and causes it to move forward to the alveolar ridge. Thus, the retroflex trill gives a preceding vowel retroflex coloration, like other retroflex consonants, but the vibration itself is not much different from an [[alveolar trill]]. Thus, the narrower transcription {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ͡r}}}} is also appropriate. |
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[[Wahgi language|Wahgi]] has a similar trilled allophone of its lateral flap, {{IPA|[{{PUA|̥}}r̥]}}, but it is voiceless. |
[[Wahgi language|Wahgi]] has a similar trilled allophone of its lateral flap, {{IPA|[{{PUA|̥}}r̥]}}, but it is voiceless. |
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[[Wintu language|Wintu]] and [[Lardil language|Lardil]] are other languages with a reported (apico-)retroflex trill where the tongue apex "approaches" the hard palate |
[[Wintu language|Wintu]] and [[Lardil language|Lardil]] are other languages with a reported (apico-)retroflex trill where the tongue apex "approaches" the hard palate, but it is not sub-apical, unlike in Toda. The trill has a retroflex flap allophone that between vowels. |
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[[Image:Retroflex trill.svg|thumb|center|200px|Variations of the retroflex trill in IPA symbols.]] |
[[Image:Retroflex trill.svg|thumb|center|200px|Variations of the retroflex trill in IPA symbols.]] |
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Several languages have been reported to have trilled retroflex affricates such as {{IPA|[ɳɖ͡ɽ̝]}} and {{IPA|[ʈ͡ɽ̝̊]}}, including [[Mapudungun language|Mapudungun]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] |
Several languages have been reported to have trilled retroflex affricates such as {{IPA|[ɳɖ͡ɽ̝]}} and {{IPA|[ʈ͡ɽ̝̊]}}, including [[Mapudungun language|Mapudungun]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] and [[Fijian language|Fijian]]. However, the exact articulation is seldom clear from descriptions. |
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In Fijian, for example, further investigation has revealed that the sound (written {{anglebracket|dr}}) is seldom trilled but is usually realized as a postalveolar stop {{IPA|[n̠d̠]}} instead. In Mapudungun, the sound (written ''tr'') is strongly retroflex, causing {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/r/}} following the subsequent vowel to become retroflex as well. The southern dialect varies between {{IPA|/ʈɽ/}} and {{IPA|/ʈʂ/}}, but it is not clear whether the letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ}}}} represents a trill or a non-sibilant fricative. |
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==Occurrence== |
==Occurrence== |
Revision as of 14:29, 8 August 2017
Voiced retroflex trill | |
---|---|
ɽ͡r | |
IPA number | 105 101 122 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | ɽ͡r |
Unicode (hex) | U+027D U+0361 U+0072 |
The retroflex trill is a sound that has been reported from the Dravidian language Toda and confirmed with laboratory measurements. Peter Ladefoged transcribes it with the IPA symbol that is normally associated with the retroflex flap, ⟨ɽ⟩. Although the tongue starts out in a subapical retroflex position, trilling involves the tip of the tongue and causes it to move forward to the alveolar ridge. Thus, the retroflex trill gives a preceding vowel retroflex coloration, like other retroflex consonants, but the vibration itself is not much different from an alveolar trill. Thus, the narrower transcription ⟨ɽ͡r⟩ is also appropriate.
Wahgi has a similar trilled allophone of its lateral flap, [̥r̥], but it is voiceless.
Wintu and Lardil are other languages with a reported (apico-)retroflex trill where the tongue apex "approaches" the hard palate, but it is not sub-apical, unlike in Toda. The trill has a retroflex flap allophone that between vowels.
Several languages have been reported to have trilled retroflex affricates such as [ɳɖ͡ɽ̝] and [ʈ͡ɽ̝̊], including Mapudungun, Malagasy and Fijian. However, the exact articulation is seldom clear from descriptions.
In Fijian, for example, further investigation has revealed that the sound (written ⟨dr⟩) is seldom trilled but is usually realized as a postalveolar stop [n̠d̠] instead. In Mapudungun, the sound (written tr) is strongly retroflex, causing /l/ and /r/ following the subsequent vowel to become retroflex as well. The southern dialect varies between /ʈɽ/ and /ʈʂ/, but it is not clear whether the letter ⟨ɽ⟩ represents a trill or a non-sibilant fricative.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dutch[1] | North Brabant[2] | [riem] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɽ͡rim] | 'belt' | A rare variant of /r/, which occurs almost exclusively word-initially.[3] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
North Holland[2] | |||||
Lardil | [example needed] | Apical | |||
Toda[4] | [kaɽ͡r] | 'pen for calves' | Subapical. Toda contrasts plain and palatalized fronted alveolar, alveolar and retroflex trills.[4] | ||
Wintu[5] | [example needed] | Apical |
References
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:94–95, 97, 101 and 107)
- ^ a b Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107)
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101 and 107)
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:223)
- ^ Pitkin (1984:?)
Bibliography
- Goeman, Ton; Van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 91–112, ISSN 0777-3692
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Pitkin, Harvey (1984), Wintu grammar, Berkeley: University of California Press., ISBN 0-520-09612-6