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{{Short description|Congolese political administrative entity}}
{{Short description|Congolese political administrative entity}}

'''Kaniola Groupement''' is a [[Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|political]] [[Subdivisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|administrative entity]] and one of 16 groupements (''groupings'') that constitute the Ngweshe Chiefdom of the [[Shi language|Shi people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walungu : Mushi Bonane appelle la population de Kaniola à s'enrôler massivement. |url=https://libregrandlac.com/article/5907/walungu-:-mushi-bonane-appelle-la-population-de-kaniola-a-s-enroler-massivement. |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=libregrandlac.com}}</ref> Kaniola Groupement has an [[elevation]] of 1800 meters and is located 64 km from [[Bukavu|Bukavu city]] and 12 km from the capital of [[Walungu Territory]] of the [[South Kivu|South Kivu Province]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2003 |title=WALUNGU APRES LES MUDUNDU 40 : ETATS DE LIEUX |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/5424/2718.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=UT Libraries - The University of Texas at Austin |publisher=MESEP Organization |language=French}}</ref> Incidentally, it borders the [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]] and the [[Nindja Chiefdom]] to the northeast, bordered by Izege and Walungu groupements to the east, bordered by Burhale and Mulamba groupments in the West.
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaniola
| official_name = ''Groupement de Kanyola''
| settlement_type = [[Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Grouping]]
⚫
| pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Province]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Territory]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Chiefdom]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[South Kivu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Walungu Territory|Walungu]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ngweshe Chiefdom|Ngweshe]]
| timezone1 = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
| utc_offset = +2
| area_total_km2 = 138.52
}}

'''Kaniola''', also denominated as '''Kanyola''', constitutes one of the sixteen ''groupements'' ([[Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|groupings]]) within the [[Ngweshe Chiefdom]] of the [[Bushi (region)|Shi]] populace in [[Walungu Territory]]. It is situated at an altitude of 1,800 meters and lies 64 kilometers from the metropolis of [[Bukavu]]. It abuts the [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]] and the Nindja Chiefdom to the northeast, while it is contiguous with the Izege and Walungu ''groupements'' to the east. To the west, it is flanked by the Burhale and Mulamba ''groupements''.<ref name=":0" />


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
Spanning an expanse of 138.52 km<sup>2</sup>, with a population density of 399.4 people per square kilometre, Kaniola is home to a population of 60,906. It has a temperate climate with two seasons.<ref name=":0" />
Kaniola Groupement is situated close to the verdant [[Hill|hills]] of Bukavu in the territory of Walungu in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.


=== Administrative division ===
=== Administrative division ===
The Kaniola Groupement is composed of 6 sub-groupements and the chief town (Kaniola Center, which is considered as a sub-groupements but so far is not officially recognized by the chieftaincy and has no legal status yet):<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=PROVINCE DU SUD KIVU TERRITOIRE DE WALUNGU CHEFFERIE DE NGWESHE: GROUPEMENT DE KANIOLA |url=https://cdjpbukavu.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Plan-Operationnel-du-Groupement-de-Kaniola.pdf |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=C.D.J.P |page=6 |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref>
Administratively, the Kaniola ''groupement'' is divided into six sub-''groupements'', including the chief town (Kaniola Center, although not officially endorsed by the chieftaincy or currently possessing legal status). These ''groupements'' are governed by traditional leaders referred to as '[[Mwami|mwamis]].' Each ''groupement'' is then subdivided into villages (''localités'') and is under the authority of customary chiefs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Province du Sud Kivu Territoire de Walungu Chefferie de Ngweshe: Groupement de Kaniola |trans-title=South Kivu Province Walungu Territory Ngweshe Chiefdom: Kaniola Group |url=https://cdjpbukavu.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Plan-Operationnel-du-Groupement-de-Kaniola.pdf |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=C.D.J.P |pages=5–6 |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref>

==== Sub-''groupements:'' ====

* Cagala sub-''groupement'': Led by Chief Ntangano;


* Cagala sub-groupement: with Ntangano as chief;
* Mwirama sub-''groupement'': Governed by Byumanine;
* Mwirama sub-groupement: headed by Byumanine;
* Murhala sub-''groupement'': Directed by Nyakasane;
* Murhala sub-groupement: headed by Nyakasane;
* Budodo sub-''groupement'': Overseen by Nyunda;
* Budodo sub-groupement: headed by Nyunda;
* Nyamarhege sub-''groupement'': Administered by Chief Vuningoma;
* Nyamarhege sub-groupement: with Vuningoma as chief;
* Miduha sub-''groupement'': Managed by Mupanga;
* Miduha sub-groupement: headed by Mupanga;
* Kaniola Center sub-''groupement'': Under the headship of Herman.
* Kaniola center sub-groupement: with Herman as chief.


=== Towns ===
==== Villages ====
Kaniola Groupement is subdivided into 53 villages:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Rapport final : consultations participatives à la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), Territoire de WALUNGU - Province du Sud Kivu. |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4916/4023.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=UT Libraries - The University of Texas at Austin |publisher=SERACOB |language=French}}</ref><ref>https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/Zone%20de%20sant%C3%A9%20de%20Kaniola.pdf</ref>
Kaniola ''groupement'' is subdivided into 53 villages:<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Province du Sud Kivu Territoire de Walungu Chefferie de Ngweshe: Groupement de Kaniola |trans-title=South Kivu Province Walungu Territory Ngweshe Chiefdom: Kaniola Group |url=https://cdjpbukavu.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Plan-Operationnel-du-Groupement-de-Kaniola.pdf |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=C.D.J.P |pages=6–7 |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Rapport final : consultations participatives à la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), Territoire de WALUNGU - Province du Sud Kivu. |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4916/4023.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=UT Libraries - The University of Texas at Austin |publisher=SERACOB |language=French}}</ref><ref>https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/Zone%20de%20sant%C3%A9%20de%20Kaniola.pdf</ref>


* Cagala
{{Columns-list|* Cagala
* Nakalage
* Nakalage
* Chamba
* Chamba
Line 71: Line 93:
* Munyenye II
* Munyenye II
* Kalengera
* Kalengera
* Muyange
* Muyange}}


== History ==
== History ==
Kaniola was established in 1921 as a grouping of Ngweshe Chiefdom in the [[Belgian Congo]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mapatano |first=Bagalwa |title=Cahiers du CERPRU |last2=Bahuga |first2=Bapolisi |last3=Muhigwa |first3=Bahananga |last4=Mwapu |first4=Isumbisho |publisher=Publibook/Société écrivains |year=October 2015 |isbn=9782342043334 |language=French}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gerard-Libois |first=Jules |title=Congo 1964: Political Documents of a Developing Nation |last2=Verhaegen |first2=Benoit |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781400875429 |location=Princeton, NJ |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baciyunjuze |first=Justin N. |title=La naissance de l'église au Bushi: l'ère des pionniers 1906-1908 |last2=Nkunzi |first2=Baciyunjuze J. |publisher=Pontificia Università Gregoriana |year=2005 |isbn=9788878390492 |location=Rome, Italy |language=French}}</ref> The region also has a small population of [[Lega people]], a [[Bantu-speaking]] ethnic group who inhabit the [[virgin forest]] of eastern DRC, between the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes]] and the [[Lualaba River]], next to [[Luba people]] and who practice a mixed economy involving [[agriculture]], [[hunting]] and [[fishing]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |date=1973 |title=Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lega_Culture_Art_Initiation_and_Moral_Ph/br775uirFl4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Les+Bashi&pg=PA243&printsec=frontcover |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Google Books |publisher=University of California Press |language=English}}</ref>
Established in 1921 as a collective of the [[Ngweshe Chiefdom]] within the [[Belgian Congo]], the region was historically occupied by the [[Lega people]], a [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]]-speaking ethnic group residing in the primordial forests of eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], between the [[African Great Lakes]] and the [[Lualaba River]], in proximity to the [[Luba people]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mapatano |first1=Bagalwa |title=Cahiers du CERPRU |last2=Bahuga |first2=Bapolisi |last3=Muhigwa |first3=Bahananga |last4=Mwapu |first4=Isumbisho |date=October 2015 |publisher=Publibook/Société écrivains |isbn=9782342043334 |language=French}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerard-Libois |first1=Jules |title=Congo 1964: Political Documents of a Developing Nation |last2=Verhaegen |first2=Benoit |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781400875429 |location=Princeton, NJ |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baciyunjuze |first1=Justin N. |title=La naissance de l'église au Bushi: l'ère des pionniers 1906-1908 |last2=Nkunzi |first2=Baciyunjuze J. |publisher=Pontificia Università Gregoriana |year=2005 |isbn=9788878390492 |location=Rome, Italy |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |date=1973 |title=Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C&dq=Les+Bashi&pg=PA243 |access-date=2023-04-08 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520020856 |language=English}}</ref>


=== Conflict and insecurity ===
The conflict has devastated the region for nearly 30 years as a result of repeated wars and recurrent [[Ethnic conflict|ethnic conflicts]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Universite Catholique De Bukavu:katabaruka |first=Byabuze |date=2005-10-21 |title=Nouveau Massacre à Kaniola,territoire de Walungu Province du Sud-Kivu-Lettre ouverte aux autorités de la Transition en RD Congo. |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/4764 |journal=https://www.grandslacs.net/ |language=en}}</ref> In 1996, 2004, 2005, 2006, and during the night of 26 to 27 May 2007, the region was devastated by several massacres and was the epicenter of ethnic conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Election-net |title=RDC: La population de Kaniola, victime du massacre, exige la création d'un tribunal pénal international au Sud-Kivu |url=https://www.election-net.com/article/rdc-la-population-de-kaniola-victime-du-massacre-exige-la-creation-dun-tribunal-penal-international-au-sud-kivu |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=www.election-net.com |language=en}}</ref> The massacres continued and disseminate into several villages of Kaniola Groupement in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=14 ANS DE MASSACRE DE KANIOLA : Le député Amato BAYUBASIRE promet de s’impliquer pour retrouver la justice de martyrs. |url=https://bkinfos.net/politique/14-ans-de-massacre-de-kaniola-le-depute-amato-bayubasire-promet-de-simpliquer-pour-retrouver-la-justice-de-martyrs/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=BKINFOS.NET |language=fr-FR}}</ref> The massacre was attributed to [[Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda|FDLR]] (''Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda''), a Rwandan [[Hutu]] political-military movement commenced in 2000 by the ex-FAR/[[Interahamwe]] in [[Zaire]] following the [[Rwandan genocide|Rwandan Genocide]] to congregate and reunite the entire Rwandan [[Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War|Hutu refugee population]] in the isolated villages of the eastern part of Zaire to bring political demands of organizing an inter-Rwandan dialogue, the possibility for Hutu refugees to create political parties, and integrating the army and other public institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR Congo: Statement attributable to the Humanitarian Coordinator, Mr. Ross Mountain - Democratic Republic of the Congo {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/dr-congo-statement-attributable-humanitarian-coordinator-mr-ross |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PrunelleRDC |first=La |date=2020-10-11 |title=Massacre de Kaniola : un anniversaire qui appelle à la justice |url=https://laprunellerdc.info/massacre-de-kaniola-un-anniversaire-qui-appelle-a-la-justice/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=La PrunelleRDC |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
The conflict has devastated the region for nearly 30 years due to recurring wars and persistent [[Ethnic conflict|ethnic conflicts]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Universite Catholique De Bukavu:katabaruka |first=Byabuze |date=2005-10-21 |title=Nouveau Massacre à Kaniola,territoire de Walungu Province du Sud-Kivu-Lettre ouverte aux autorités de la Transition en RD Congo. |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/4764 |journal=https://www.grandslacs.net/ |language=en}}</ref> In 1996, 2004, 2005, 2006, and on the night of May 26 to 27, 2007, the region experienced several massacres, making it a focal point of ethnic strife.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bashige |first=Heir |date=February 20, 2022 |title=RDC: La population de Kaniola, victime du massacre, exige la création d'un tribunal pénal international au Sud-Kivu |trans-title=DRC: The population of Kaniola, victims of the massacre, demands the creation of an international criminal court in South Kivu |url=https://www.election-net.com/article/rdc-la-population-de-kaniola-victime-du-massacre-exige-la-creation-dun-tribunal-penal-international-au-sud-kivu |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=Election-net.com |language=fr}}</ref> These atrocities perpetuated into various villages within Kaniola ''groupement'' in 2008, predominantly attributed to the ''[[AFDL|Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo]]'' (AFDL), ''[[Rally for Congolese Democracy|Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie]]'' (RCD), [[National Congress for the Defence of the People|Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple]] (CNDP), and [[Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda|''Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda'']] (FDLR). The FDLR, a Rwandan [[Hutu]] political-military organization, was instigated in 2000 by the ex-[[Rwanda Defence Force|FAR]]/[[Interahamwe]] in [[Zaire]] following the [[Rwandan genocide]], aiming to consolidate the [[Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War|Rwandan Hutu refugee population]] in eastern Zaire to advocate for political dialogue, the formation of political parties, and integration into the army and public institutions.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Attacks against other civilian populations – South Kivu |url=https://www.mapping-report.org/en/aattacks-against-other-civilian-populations-south-kivu/ |access-date=May 15, 2023 |website=Mapping-report.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2007 |title=System of impunity making mockery of special procedures to address extrajudicial killings, papporteur tells third committee |url=https://press.un.org/en/2007/gashc3895.doc.htm |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=Press.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2007 |title=DR Congo: Statement attributable to the Humanitarian Coordinator, Mr. Ross Mountain |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/dr-congo-statement-attributable-humanitarian-coordinator-mr-ross |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=Reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uzima |first=Thomas |date=October 11, 2020 |title=Massacre de Kaniola: un anniversaire qui appelle à la justice |trans-title=Kaniola massacre: an anniversary that calls for justice |url=https://laprunellerdc.info/massacre-de-kaniola-un-anniversaire-qui-appelle-a-la-justice/ |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=La PrunelleRDC |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2020 |title=Massacre de Lemera, 24 ans déjà : Des dizaines de malades abattus dans un hôpital, certains par un coup de pistolet dans la bouche |trans-title=Lemera massacre, 24 years already: Dozens of patients shot dead in a hospital, some by a pistol shot in the mouth |url=https://actualite.cd/2020/10/06/massacre-de-lemera-24-ans-deja-des-dizaines-de-malades-abattus-dans-un-hopital-certains |access-date=May 15, 2023 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref>


In May 2009, two [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]] officers from the [[Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|17th Integrated Brigade Battalion]] were killed and one went missing following the clashes with FDLR in the Kabona and Luhago villages in the Nindja Chiefdom in the [[Kabare Territory|Kabare territory]] more than 80 kilometers west of Bukavu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-25 |title=Nindja : attaques des FDLR, 2 officiers FARDC tués et un disparu |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2009/05/25/nindja-attaques-des-fdlr-2-officiers-fardc-tues-et-un-disparu |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}</ref>
In May 2009, two officers from the [[Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|17th Integrated Brigade Battalion]] of [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]] were killed and one went missing subsequent to clashes with the FDLR in the Kabona and Luhago villages of the Nindja Chiefdom within the [[Kabare Territory]], located more than 80 kilometers west of [[Bukavu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2009 |title=Nindja: attaques des FDLR, 2 officiers FARDC tués et un disparu |trans-title=Nindja: FDLR attacks, 2 FARDC officers killed and one missing |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2009/05/25/nindja-attaques-des-fdlr-2-officiers-fardc-tues-et-un-disparu |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}</ref> By July 2009, the 421st FARDC Battalion successfully reclaimed the villages of Kafukiro and Kahamba from FDLR rebels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2009 |title=Walungu: les FARDC récupèrent les villages de Kafukiro et de Kahamba aux FDLR |trans-title=Walungu: the FARDC recovers the villages of Kafukiro and Kahamba from the FDLR |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2009/06/18/walungu-les-fardc-recuperent-les-villages-de-kafukiro-et-de-kahamba-aux-fdlr |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}</ref>

In July 2009, members of the 421st FARDC Battalion recovered the Kafukiro and Kahamba villages from FDLR rebels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-18 |title=Walungu : les FARDC récupèrent les villages de Kafukiro et de Kahamba aux FDLR |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2009/06/18/walungu-les-fardc-recuperent-les-villages-de-kafukiro-et-de-kahamba-aux-fdlr |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}</ref>


== Economy ==
== Economy ==


=== Agriculture ===
=== Agriculture ===
Both [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence]] and [[industrial agriculture]] are an important component of Kaniola’s economy. Subsistence agricultural products include [[bean]], [[maize]], [[sorghum]], [[potato]], [[tomato]], [[banana]], [[sweet potato]], [[cassava]], [[corn]] and [[rice]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2021 |title=MID-TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTHENING VALUE CHAINS (SVC) ACTIVITY IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://banyanglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Mid-Term-Performance-Evaluation-of-the-Strengthening-Value-Chains-SVC-Activity-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo.pdf |access-date=2023-04-08 |language=English}}</ref> Subsistence farming provides [[food security]] for most families and communities but also enables rural producers to increase or decrease their [[income]]. As for industrial agriculture commodities, there are [[cinchona]], [[coffee]] and [[tobacco]]. The [[subsoil]] is replete with various [[Mineral|minerals]], including [[gold]], [[cassiterite]] and [[orphamine]].<ref name=":0" />
Both [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence]] and [[industrial agriculture]] are an important component of Kaniola's economy. Subsistence agricultural products include [[bean]], [[maize]], [[sorghum]], [[potato]], [[tomato]], [[banana]], [[sweet potato]], [[cassava]], [[corn]] and [[rice]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2021 |title=MID-TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTHENING VALUE CHAINS (SVC) ACTIVITY IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://banyanglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Mid-Term-Performance-Evaluation-of-the-Strengthening-Value-Chains-SVC-Activity-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo.pdf |access-date=2023-04-08 |language=English}}</ref> Subsistence farming provides [[food security]] for most families and communities but also enables rural producers to increase or decrease their [[income]]. As for industrial agriculture commodities, there are [[cinchona]], [[coffee]] and [[tobacco]]. The [[subsoil]] is replete with various [[mineral]]s, including [[gold]], [[cassiterite]] and [[orphamine]].<ref name=":0" />


=== Breeding ===
=== Breeding ===
While agriculture is predominantly for [[Subsistence economy|subsistence]], [[livestock]] is another important source of revenue and plays a significant [[social role]] in [[marriage]] among the [[Shi language|Bashi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulago |first=V. |date=1978 |title=Studia Missionalia: Vol.27 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Studia_Missionalia_Vol_27/_0TmBvJ9gXwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Le+mariage+Bashi&pg=PA85&printsec=frontcover |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Google Books |publisher=Faculty of Missiology, Gregorian University}}</ref> It is a source of leverage, prestige and wealth. [[Animal breeding]] assists many peasants in solving many of their [[Finance|financial]], [[social]], [[Culture|cultural]] and other problems: marriage, [[Children's education|children’s education]], and visitors’ receptions. Breeding mainly centers on [[Cattle|cows]], [[Goat|goats]], [[sheep]], [[Chicken|chickens]], [[Pig|pigs]], [[Rabbit|rabbits]], and [[Guinea pig|guinea pigs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sigwalt |first=Richard D. |title=The Early History of Bushi: An Essay in the Historical Use of Genesis Traditions |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |year=1975 |location=Madison, Wisconsin |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=African Agrarian Systems |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=August 16, 2018 |isbn=9781351037648 |editor-last=Biebuyck |editor-first=Daniel |location=England |language=English}}</ref>
While agriculture is predominantly for [[Subsistence economy|subsistence]], [[livestock]] is another important source of revenue and plays a significant social role in marriage among the [[Shi language|Bashi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulago |first=V. |date=1978 |title=Studia Missionalia: Vol.27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0TmBvJ9gXwC&dq=Le+mariage+Bashi&pg=PA85 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Google Books |publisher=Faculty of Missiology, Gregorian University}}</ref> It is a source of leverage, prestige and wealth. [[Animal breeding]] assists many peasants in solving many of their financial, social, cultural and other problems: marriage, [[Primary education|children's education]], and visitors' receptions. Breeding mainly centers on [[Cattle|cows]], [[goat]]s, [[sheep]], [[chicken]]s, [[pig]]s, [[rabbit]]s, and [[guinea pig]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sigwalt |first=Richard D. |title=The Early History of Bushi: An Essay in the Historical Use of Genesis Traditions |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |year=1975 |location=Madison, Wisconsin |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=African Agrarian Systems |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=August 16, 2018 |isbn=9781351037648 |editor-last=Biebuyck |editor-first=Daniel |location=England |language=English}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==


* [[Kamanyola]]
* [[Kinyandonyi]]
* [[Kinyandonyi]]
* [[Mulenge]]
* [[Mulenge]]
* [[Sange, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sange]]
* [[Sange, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sange]]
* [[Bukavu]]
* [[Bukavu]]
* [[Kabare Territory|Kabare]]
* [[Kabare Territory|Kabare]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:South Kivu]]
[[Category:South Kivu]]
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[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo]]

Latest revision as of 17:28, 28 June 2024

Kaniola
Grouping
Groupement de Kanyola
Country Democratic Republic of the Congo
ProvinceSouth Kivu
TerritoryWalungu
ChiefdomNgweshe
Area
 • Total
138.52 km2 (53.48 sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (CAT)

Kaniola, also denominated as Kanyola, constitutes one of the sixteen groupements (groupings) within the Ngweshe Chiefdom of the Shi populace in Walungu Territory. It is situated at an altitude of 1,800 meters and lies 64 kilometers from the metropolis of Bukavu. It abuts the Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and the Nindja Chiefdom to the northeast, while it is contiguous with the Izege and Walungu groupements to the east. To the west, it is flanked by the Burhale and Mulamba groupements.[1]

Geography

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Spanning an expanse of 138.52 km2, with a population density of 399.4 people per square kilometre, Kaniola is home to a population of 60,906. It has a temperate climate with two seasons.[1]

Administrative division

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Administratively, the Kaniola groupement is divided into six sub-groupements, including the chief town (Kaniola Center, although not officially endorsed by the chieftaincy or currently possessing legal status). These groupements are governed by traditional leaders referred to as 'mwamis.' Each groupement is then subdivided into villages (localités) and is under the authority of customary chiefs.[1]

Sub-groupements:

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  • Cagala sub-groupement: Led by Chief Ntangano;
  • Mwirama sub-groupement: Governed by Byumanine;
  • Murhala sub-groupement: Directed by Nyakasane;
  • Budodo sub-groupement: Overseen by Nyunda;
  • Nyamarhege sub-groupement: Administered by Chief Vuningoma;
  • Miduha sub-groupement: Managed by Mupanga;
  • Kaniola Center sub-groupement: Under the headship of Herman.

Villages

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Kaniola groupement is subdivided into 53 villages:[2][3][4]

  • Cagala
  • Nakalage
  • Chamba
  • Cibuga
  • Cize-Icurhu
  • Iyanga Bagula
  • Mwirama
  • Bushushu
  • Cibanda
  • Nabishaka
  • Ntabunge
  • Ludundu
  • Cindubi
  • Cirhwakanyi
  • Cibira
  • Mbuba
  • Kaniola
  • Nakajaka
  • Luya
  • Muhungu
  • Cirhwa Muhunga
  • Lwashunga
  • Karhuliza IER
  • Karhuliza II
  • Cisaza IER
  • Mulangana
  • Karhwa
  • Cisaza II
  • Cimbulungu
  • Kalongo
  • Murhala
  • Budogo
  • Cega
  • Lwengero
  • Kahya
  • Cagundwe
  • Bolole
  • Madubo
  • Mudirhi
  • Cosho
  • Bulunga
  • Nyamarhege
  • Mukama
  • Mulambula
  • Mubondwe
  • Kalengera
  • Miduha
  • Kangala
  • Katudu
  • Munyenye IER
  • Munyenye II
  • Kalengera
  • Muyange

History

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Established in 1921 as a collective of the Ngweshe Chiefdom within the Belgian Congo, the region was historically occupied by the Lega people, a Bantu-speaking ethnic group residing in the primordial forests of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, between the African Great Lakes and the Lualaba River, in proximity to the Luba people.[5][1][6][7][8]

Conflict and insecurity

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The conflict has devastated the region for nearly 30 years due to recurring wars and persistent ethnic conflicts.[9] In 1996, 2004, 2005, 2006, and on the night of May 26 to 27, 2007, the region experienced several massacres, making it a focal point of ethnic strife.[10] These atrocities perpetuated into various villages within Kaniola groupement in 2008, predominantly attributed to the Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo (AFDL), Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD), Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple (CNDP), and Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR). The FDLR, a Rwandan Hutu political-military organization, was instigated in 2000 by the ex-FAR/Interahamwe in Zaire following the Rwandan genocide, aiming to consolidate the Rwandan Hutu refugee population in eastern Zaire to advocate for political dialogue, the formation of political parties, and integration into the army and public institutions.[11][12][13][14][15]

In May 2009, two officers from the 17th Integrated Brigade Battalion of FARDC were killed and one went missing subsequent to clashes with the FDLR in the Kabona and Luhago villages of the Nindja Chiefdom within the Kabare Territory, located more than 80 kilometers west of Bukavu.[16] By July 2009, the 421st FARDC Battalion successfully reclaimed the villages of Kafukiro and Kahamba from FDLR rebels.[17]

Economy

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Agriculture

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Both subsistence and industrial agriculture are an important component of Kaniola's economy. Subsistence agricultural products include bean, maize, sorghum, potato, tomato, banana, sweet potato, cassava, corn and rice.[1][18] Subsistence farming provides food security for most families and communities but also enables rural producers to increase or decrease their income. As for industrial agriculture commodities, there are cinchona, coffee and tobacco. The subsoil is replete with various minerals, including gold, cassiterite and orphamine.[1]

Breeding

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While agriculture is predominantly for subsistence, livestock is another important source of revenue and plays a significant social role in marriage among the Bashi.[19] It is a source of leverage, prestige and wealth. Animal breeding assists many peasants in solving many of their financial, social, cultural and other problems: marriage, children's education, and visitors' receptions. Breeding mainly centers on cows, goats, sheep, chickens, pigs, rabbits, and guinea pigs.[20][21]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Province du Sud Kivu Territoire de Walungu Chefferie de Ngweshe: Groupement de Kaniola" [South Kivu Province Walungu Territory Ngweshe Chiefdom: Kaniola Group] (PDF). C.D.J.P (in French). Bukavu, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2015. pp. 5–6. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  2. ^ "Province du Sud Kivu Territoire de Walungu Chefferie de Ngweshe: Groupement de Kaniola" [South Kivu Province Walungu Territory Ngweshe Chiefdom: Kaniola Group] (PDF). C.D.J.P (in French). Bukavu, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2015. pp. 6–7. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  3. ^ "Rapport final : consultations participatives à la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), Territoire de WALUNGU - Province du Sud Kivu" (PDF). UT Libraries - The University of Texas at Austin (in French). SERACOB. 2004. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  4. ^ https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/Zone%20de%20sant%C3%A9%20de%20Kaniola.pdf
  5. ^ Mapatano, Bagalwa; Bahuga, Bapolisi; Muhigwa, Bahananga; Mwapu, Isumbisho (October 2015). Cahiers du CERPRU (in French). Publibook/Société écrivains. ISBN 9782342043334.
  6. ^ Gerard-Libois, Jules; Verhaegen, Benoit (2015). Congo 1964: Political Documents of a Developing Nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400875429.
  7. ^ Baciyunjuze, Justin N.; Nkunzi, Baciyunjuze J. (2005). La naissance de l'église au Bushi: l'ère des pionniers 1906-1908 (in French). Rome, Italy: Pontificia Università Gregoriana. ISBN 9788878390492.
  8. ^ Biebuyck, Daniel P. (1973). Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520020856. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  9. ^ Universite Catholique De Bukavu:katabaruka, Byabuze (2005-10-21). "Nouveau Massacre à Kaniola,territoire de Walungu Province du Sud-Kivu-Lettre ouverte aux autorités de la Transition en RD Congo". https://www.grandslacs.net/. {{cite journal}}: External link in |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Bashige, Heir (February 20, 2022). "RDC: La population de Kaniola, victime du massacre, exige la création d'un tribunal pénal international au Sud-Kivu" [DRC: The population of Kaniola, victims of the massacre, demands the creation of an international criminal court in South Kivu]. Election-net.com (in French). Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  11. ^ "Attacks against other civilian populations – South Kivu". Mapping-report.org. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  12. ^ "System of impunity making mockery of special procedures to address extrajudicial killings, papporteur tells third committee". Press.un.org. October 26, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  13. ^ "DR Congo: Statement attributable to the Humanitarian Coordinator, Mr. Ross Mountain". Reliefweb.int. May 29, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  14. ^ Uzima, Thomas (October 11, 2020). "Massacre de Kaniola: un anniversaire qui appelle à la justice" [Kaniola massacre: an anniversary that calls for justice]. La PrunelleRDC (in French). Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  15. ^ "Massacre de Lemera, 24 ans déjà : Des dizaines de malades abattus dans un hôpital, certains par un coup de pistolet dans la bouche" [Lemera massacre, 24 years already: Dozens of patients shot dead in a hospital, some by a pistol shot in the mouth]. Actualite.cd (in French). October 6, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  16. ^ "Nindja: attaques des FDLR, 2 officiers FARDC tués et un disparu" [Nindja: FDLR attacks, 2 FARDC officers killed and one missing]. Radio Okapi (in French). May 25, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  17. ^ "Walungu: les FARDC récupèrent les villages de Kafukiro et de Kahamba aux FDLR" [Walungu: the FARDC recovers the villages of Kafukiro and Kahamba from the FDLR]. Radio Okapi (in French). June 18, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  18. ^ "MID-TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTHENING VALUE CHAINS (SVC) ACTIVITY IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" (PDF). January 15, 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  19. ^ Mulago, V. (1978). "Studia Missionalia: Vol.27". Google Books. Faculty of Missiology, Gregorian University. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  20. ^ Sigwalt, Richard D. (1975). The Early History of Bushi: An Essay in the Historical Use of Genesis Traditions. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin--Madison.
  21. ^ Biebuyck, Daniel, ed. (August 16, 2018). African Agrarian Systems. England: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351037648.
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