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{{original research|date=September 2016}}
{{Culture of Pakistan}}
The major ethnic groups of [[Pakistan]] include [[Punjabis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Sindhis]], [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Brahui people|Brahuis]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]], [[Hindkowans]], and other smaller groups. Smaller ethnic groups found throughout the nation include [[Gurjar|Gujjar]], [[Kho people|Khowar]], [[Gujarati people|Gujratis]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=Karachi’s Gujarati speaking youth strive to revive Jinnah’s language |url=https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1381116/pakistan |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Arab News PK |language=en}}</ref>,[[Bengalis]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-16 |title=Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/322325/five-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> [[Nuristanis]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistanis]], [[Shina people|Shina]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Siddi]], [[Kashmiris]], [[Burusho people|Burusho]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhis]], [[Hazaras|Hazara]], [[Balti people|Baltis]], [[Ladakhis]] and others.
Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million [[Afghan identity card|citizens of Afghanistan]] who are temporarily residing in [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/Statistical%20Factsheet%20Onward%20movements%20of%20Afghan%20refugees%20March-April%202021.pdf|title=Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees |date=March–April 2021|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/pk/12999-government-to-deliver-first-new-por-smartcards-to-afghan-refugees.html |title=Government delivered first new Proof of Registration smartcards to Afghan refugees |date=May 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/pak|title=Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan|work=UNHCR|date=December 31, 2020|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref> A majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically [[Pashtuns]], [[Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |date=November 2016 |title=Voluntary Repatriation Update |publisher=UNHCR |location=Pakistan |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173655/https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Major ethnic groups==
[[File:Mother Tongue by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|
<div style="text-align: center">Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]
[[Image:Ethnic Groups by Region.jpg|thumb|Bar Graph of Ethnic Groups by Region]]
[[Image:Ethnic Groups Urban Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Bar Graph of Ethnic Groups in Urban Pakistan]]
===Punjabis===
{{Main|Punjabis|Punjab, Pakistan|Punjabi language}}
[[File:Major ethnic groups of Pakistan in 1980 borders removed.jpg|thumb|The four major ethnic groups of Pakistan]] The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as ''biradaris'' (literally 'brotherhood'), with further divisions between the ''zamindar'' or ''qoums'', traditionally associated with agriculture, and ''moeens'', traditionally associated with artisanry. Some ''zamindars'' are further divided into tribes such as [[Rajput]], [[Muslim Jats|Jat]], [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikh]], [[Gujjar]], [[Awan (Pakistan)|Awan]], [[Arain]] and [[Syed]]. Ethnicities from neighbouring regions such as [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiris]], [[Punjabi Pathan|Pashtuns]] and [[Punjabi Baloch|Baluchis]] also form a sizeable portion of the population of Punjab, especially in metropolises such as [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. A large number of Punjabis descend from groups historically associated with skilled professions and crafts, such as the [[Sunar]], [[Lohar]], [[Kumhar]], [[Tarkhan]], [[Julaha]], [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]], [[Hajjam]], [[Chhimba Darzi]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], [[Lalari (caste)|Lalari]], [[Qassab]], [[Mallaah]], [[Dhobi]], [[Mirasi]], etc.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorburn|first1=S. S.|title=Musalmans and Money Lenders in the Punjab|date=1983|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789351137481|edition=(reprint)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSYJp4R54kMC&q=jat+punjab+islam&pg=PR5}}</ref><ref>Mirza, Z.I., Hassan, M.U. and Bandaragoda, D.J., 1997. Socio-Economic Baseline Survey for a Pilot Project on Water Users Organizations in the Hakra 4-R Distributary Command Area, Punjab.[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/40765852/H_9246i.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1501802940&Signature=ZMY7vx8jEwBB2boiRXHsps0XqR0%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DSocioeconomic_baseline_survey_for_a_pilo.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">Nazir, P., 1993. Social structure, ideology and language: caste among Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 2897-2900.</ref> The Pakistani Punjab is relatively religiously homogenous, with 97% of the population adhering to Islam (with small [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]], Sikh and [[Punjabi Christians|Christian]] minorities). Notable Punjabi-Pakistanis include Nobel laureate [[Abdus Salam]], cricketer [[Wasim Akram]] and economist [[Mahbub ul Haq|Mahbub al Haq]].
===Pashtuns===
{{Main|Pashtuns|Pashtunistan|Pashtuns in Punjab}}
[[Pashtuns]] (also referred to as Pukhtuns, Pathans and ethnic Afghans), an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethno-linguistic group. They are native to the regions, west of the Indus River including the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan, southern and eastern Afghanistan.
They constitute a significant diaspora community in the cities of Lahore and Karachi, and are also a major ethnic group among the [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees in Pakistan]]. Pashtuns form the major ethnic group in Afghanistan. They follow [[Pashtunwali]] and a deep rich history linked to rulers.
They speak [[Pashto]] as their first language and are divided into multiple tribes such as [[Afridi]] and [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] and [[Khattak]], which are notably the main Pashtun tribes in Pakistan. They make up an estimated 32 million of Pakistan's total population<ref name=":1">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ The World Factbook]</ref> and are mostly adherent to Sunni Islam. Notable Pashtuns include former president [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], incumbent prime minister [[Imran Khan]], cricketers [[Shahid Afridi]] and [[Shaheen Afridi]], actor [[Fawad Khan]] and Nobel Laureate [[Malala Yousafzai]].
=== Sindhis ===
The [[Sindhis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] who speak the [[Sindhi language]] and are native to the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]] and they are Pakistan's third largest ethnicity (consisting 14% of the country). Sindhis are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]], but have a minority Hindu population, making up the largest Hindu minority population in Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Census statistics">{{webarchive |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-religion | date= May 19, 2017}}". </ref> Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by [[Sufi]] doctrines and principles and some of the popular cultural icons of Sindh are [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]], [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]], [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]] and [[Sachal Sarmast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=CIA Factbook Pakistan}}</ref>
===Saraikis===
The [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] also known as '''Multanis''',<ref name="BhatiaRitchie2008">{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470756744|page=803}}</ref> are an ethnolinguistic group in central and southeastern [[Pakistan]], primarily southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. Their language is [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], which has similarities to Punjabi and Sindhi.
===Muhajirs===
[[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]] (meaning "migrants") are also called "[[Urdu-speaking people]]." Muhajirs are a collective multiethnic group who emerged through the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of the world's largest mass migration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf|title=Rupture in South Asia|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml|title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies|author=Dr Crispin Bates|date=2011-03-03|work=BBC|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref> The majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sukkur]] and [[Mirpur Khas]]. Sizable communities of Muhajirs are also present in cities including [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Islamabad]], and [[Peshawar]]. Muhajirs held a dominating position during the early nation building years of Pakistan. The term Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/07-Nov-2014/muhajirs-in-historical-perspective|title=Muhajirs in historical perspective|date=2014-11-07|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1100948|title=The evolution of Mohajir politics and identity|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2014-04-20|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Baloch===
The [[Baloch people|Baloch]] are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethnic linguistic group, and are principally found in the east of Balochistan province of Pakistan.<ref>Blood, Peter, ed. [https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055) "Baloch"]. ''Pakistan: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.</ref> Despite living south towards the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Arabian sea]] for centuries, they are classified as a northwestern Iranian people in accordance to [[Baloch language|their language]] which belongs to the northwestern subgroup of [[Iranian languages]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|title=Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian|work=Agnes Korn|access-date=2016-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174053/https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, [[Professor]] at [[University of Karachi]], the Balochis migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries<ref name="Mann2003">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf|author= Mann, Michael|editor=Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry|access-date=17 November 2012|chapter=Little Ice Age}}</ref><ref name="Lamb1972">{{cite book|chapter = The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800|author=Lamb, HH|title=Climate: present, past and future|publisher= Methuen|location=London|year=1972|page=107|isbn=0-416-11530-6}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref name="NASA Glossary">{{Cite journal|title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N|publisher=NASA|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD|access-date=17 July 2015}}.</ref> (or alternatively, from about 1300<ref name="miller2012">Miller ''et al''. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" ''Geophysical Research Letters'' '''39''', 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/https://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see [https://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/ press release on AGU website] (accessed 11 July 2015).</ref> to about 1850<ref>Grove, J.M., ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,'' Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</ref><ref>Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], ''Geogr. Ann., 87,'' A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html|title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|publisher=Ipcc.ch|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>), although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was uninhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/ From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh]</ref>
===Kashmiris===
[[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]] are a [[Dards|Dardic]] (subgrouping of Indo-Aryan) ethnic group native to the [[Kashmir Valley]]. The majority of Kashmiri Muslims are Sunni. They refer to themselves as "Kashur" in their mother language. Kashmiri Muslims are [[Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage|descended]] from [[Kashmiri Pandit|Kashmiri Hindus]] and are also known as 'Sheikhs'.Since 1947, many ethnic Kashmiri Muslims also live in [[Pakistan]]. There are Kashmiris who live in areas that border the Kashmir Valley, in the Neelum and Leepa Valleys of northern Azad Kashmir. Invariably, Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir and Pakistan are Muslims.
===Brahuis===
The [[Brahui people|Brahui]] or '''Brahvi''' people are a Pakistani ethnic group of about 2.2 million people with the vast majority found in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]]. They are a small minority group in [[Afghanistan]], where they are native, but they are also found through their diaspora in [[Middle East]]ern states.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT73|title=Brahuis|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|author=James B. Minahan|date=30 August 2012|isbn=9781598846607|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> They mainly occupy the area in Balochistan from [[Bolan Pass]] through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari ([[Cape Monze]]) on the Arabian sea, separating the [[Baloch people]] living to the east and west.<ref>{{citation |last=Shah |first=Mahmood Ali |title=Sardari, jirga & local government systems in Balochistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4iOAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Qasim Printers|pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Minahan |first=James B. |chapter=Brahui |title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |date=31 August 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-954-9 |pages=79–80}}</ref> The Brahuis are almost entirely [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Andrew Dalby - Hindu origin of Brahui people">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96| title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|publisher = Columbia University Press|access-date = 2010-09-09|isbn = 9780231115698|date = 2004-03-01}}</ref>
===Hindkowans===
[[Hindkowans]] are a Hindko speaking people, they live mainly in the [[Hazara division]] and the [[Peshawar Division]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and there is also a large population of Hindkowans that can be found in the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar Region]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] in Pakistan. They have a population that consists of nearly four million people and they form 2% of [[Pakistan]] entire population.<ref name=":1" />
===Hazara===
The [[Hazara people]], natives to the present day [[Hazarajat]] ('''Hazaristan'''), are a [[Persian language|Persian]]-speaking people mostly residing in all [[Pakistan]] and specially in [[Quetta]]. Some are citizens of Pakistan while others are refugees. Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Mongols and Iranian-speaking]] peoples, and those of [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]]. The genetic research suggests that they are closely related to the [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasian]] and the [[Uyghurs]]. The [[Pakistani]] Hazaras estimated population is believed to be more than 1,550,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/07/the-plight-of-the-hazaras-in-pakistan/|title=The Plight of the Hazaras in Pakistan|author=Malik Ayub Sumbal|website=thediplomat.com|publisher=The Diplomat|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/267225/who-are-the-hazara/|title=Who are the Hazara?|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=5 October 2011|website=tribune.com.pk|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref>
===Burusho people===
The [[Burusho people|Burusho]] or '''Brusho''' people live in the [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]] and [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]] valleys of [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] in northern [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2777/munshis96677.pdf |title=Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski : Language, Language Contact, and Change |publisher=Repositories.lib.utexas.edu |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> They are predominantly Muslims. Their language, [[Burushki]], has not been shown to be related to any other language.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9018245/ |title=Burushaski language | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica online }}</ref>
The '''Hunzakuts''' or Hunza people, are an ethnically Burusho people indigenous to the Hunza Valley, in the [[Karakorum Mountains]] of northern Pakistan. They are descended from inhabitants of the former principality of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]]. The Hunza's are predominantly [[Shia]]s, with many of them [[Ismaili]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghoash|first1=Palash|title=Hunza: A Paradise Of High Literacy And Gender Equality In A Remote Corner Of Pakistan|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/hunza-paradise-high-literacy-gender-equality-remote-corner-pakistan-1524688|access-date=31 July 2016|newspaper=International Business Times|date=1 February 2014}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Demographics of Pakistan]]
* [[Minorities in Pakistan]]
* [[Languages of Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistanis]]
* [[Indo-Iranian peoples]]
==References==
{{reflist|40em}}
{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan topics}}
{{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic Groups In Pakistan}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Overview of the ethnic groups of Pakistan}}
{{original research|date=September 2016}}
The major [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethnolinguistic groups]] of [[Pakistan]] include [[Punjabis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Sindhis]], [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]], [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]], [[Baloch people|Balochs]], [[Hindkowans]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Pothoharis/Paharis]]{{efn|Major ethnolonguistic group in [[Azad Kashmir]]. Lack of exact numbers of the ethnic population due to the language not being represented in the previous censuses. Upcoming [[2022 Census of Pakistan]] will include [[Pahari-Pothwari]] as an option. {{harvtxt|Baart|2003|p=10}} provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. {{Harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=9}} estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}} to be about 1 million as of 2000.}} and [[Brahuis]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Pakistan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=main|Ethnolinguistic groups with a population of more than a million each.<ref name="PakPop">{{Cite web |title=POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>}} with significant numbers of [[Kashmiris]], [[Chitralis]], [[Shina people|Shina]], [[Balti people|Baltis]], [[Hazaras]], [[Burusho people|Burusho]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhis]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Siddi|Siddis]] and other various minorities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadeer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA40&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation |date=2006-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-18617-4 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Shaheen Sardar |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=60VAsoo-huYC&dq=pakistan+ethnic+groups&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives |last2=Rehman |first2=Javaid |date=2013-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77868-1 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Mother Tongue by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|
<div style="text-align: center">Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]
Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million [[Afghan identity card|citizens of Afghanistan]] who are temporarily residing in [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/Statistical%20Factsheet%20Onward%20movements%20of%20Afghan%20refugees%20March-April%202021.pdf|title=Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees |date=March–April 2021|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/pk/12999-government-to-deliver-first-new-por-smartcards-to-afghan-refugees.html |title=Government delivered first new Proof of Registration smartcards to Afghan refugees |date=May 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/pak|title=Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan|work=UNHCR|date=December 31, 2020|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref> Majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically [[Pashtuns]], [[Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |date=November 2016 |title=Voluntary Repatriation Update |publisher=UNHCR |location=Pakistan |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173655/https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ethnic groups in Pakistan ([[World Factbook]])<ref name=":1"/>
|label1 = [[Punjabis]]
|value1 = 44.7
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Pashtuns]]
|value2 = 15.4
|color2 = Red
|label3 = [[Sindhis]]
|value3 = 14.1
|color3 = Black
|label4 = [[Saraikis]]
|value4 = 8.4
|color4 = Maroon
|label5 = [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]]
|value5 = 7.6
|color5 = DarkGreen
|label6 = [[Balochis]]
|value6 = 3.6
|color6 = White
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 6.3
|color7 = Grey
}}
{{Culture of Pakistan}}
==Major ethnic groups==
===Punjabis===
{{Main|Punjabis|Punjab, Pakistan|Punjabi language}}
[[Punjabis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] associated with the [[Punjab]] region in [[South Asia]]. They are the largest ethnic group of Pakistan.
Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the [[Punjabi language]] their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thandi |first=edited by Pritam Singh, Shinder Singh |title=Punjabi identity in a global context |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-564864-5 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Qadeer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA71&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation |date=2006-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-18617-4 |pages=70-72 |language=en}}</ref> [[social integration|Integration]] and [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Prtiam |year=2012 |title=Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!) |url=https://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=153–72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124071525/https://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2016 |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Notable Pakistani Punjabis include Nobel laureate [[Abdus Salam]], cricketer [[Wasim Akram]] and singer and actor [[Ali Zafar]].
===Pashtuns===
{{Main|Pashtuns|Pashtunistan|Pashtuns in Punjab}}
[[Pashtuns]] are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethnolinguistic group and are Pakistan's second largest ethnicity. They speak [[Pashto]] as their first language and are divided into multiple tribes such as [[Afridi]], [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] and [[Khattak]], which are notably the main Pashtun tribes in Pakistan. They make up an estimated 32 million of Pakistan's total population<ref name=":1">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ The World Factbook]</ref> and are mostly adherent to Sunni Islam. Notable Pashtuns include former president [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], incumbent prime minister [[Imran Khan]], cricketers [[Shahid Afridi]] and [[Shaheen Afridi]], actor [[Fawad Khan]] and Nobel Laureate [[Malala Yousafzai]].
=== Sindhis ===
{{Main articles|Sindhis|Sindh}}
The [[Sindhis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnolinguistic group who speak the [[Sindhi language]] and are native to the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]]. Sindhis are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]], but have a minority Hindu population, making up the largest Hindu minority population in Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Census statistics">{{webarchive |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-religion | date= May 19, 2017}}". </ref> Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by [[Sufi]] doctrines and principles and some of the popular cultural icons of Sindh are [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]], [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]], [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]] and [[Sachal Sarmast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=CIA Factbook Pakistan}}</ref>
===Saraikis===
{{Main articles|Saraiki people}}
The [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] inhabiting parts of central and southeastern [[Pakistan]], primarily in the southern part of the Pakistani province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name=":13">{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA283 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |isbn=9781598846591 |page=283-284}}</ref> They are mainly found in [[Derajat]], a cultural region of central [[Pakistan]], located in the region where the provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] meet.<ref name="punjab">{{cite web |title=About Punjab: Geography |url=https://tdcp.punjab.gov.pk/TDCP/about_punjab.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=Tourism Development Corporation, Government of the Punjab |accessdate=2007-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202183134/https://tdcp.punjab.gov.pk/TDCP/about_punjab.htm |archivedate=2007-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=People & Culture |url=https://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=NWFP-PeopleCulture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117134513/https://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=NWFP-PeopleCulture |archive-date=2007-11-17 |publisher=Government of the North-West Frontier Province |accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadeer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA40&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation |date=2006-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-18617-4 |pages=40 |language=en |quote=Punjab's diversity of dialects, Saraiki and Pothohari contrasting with the heartland Punjabi, was striking at the time of independence. Since then, the increased mobility of the population and the absorption of refugees from India have stimulated homogenizing tendencies both linguistically and ethnically. NWFP, although symbolically a Pashtoon is also a province of many ethnicities and languages, for example, Hindku-speaking people inhabit the Peshawar Valley and Hazara district, and Saraiki speakers are found in the Derajats.}}</ref> Derajat is bound by the [[Indus River]] and the [[Sulaiman Mountains]] to the west.
===Muhajirs===
[[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]] (meaning "migrants"), also called "[[Urdu-speaking people]]" are a collective multiethnic group who emerged through the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of the world's largest mass migration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf|title=Rupture in South Asia|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml|title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies|author=Dr Crispin Bates|date=2011-03-03|work=BBC|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref> The majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sukkur]] and [[Mirpur Khas]]. Sizable communities of Muhajirs are also present in cities including [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Islamabad]], and [[Peshawar]]. Muhajirs held a dominating position during the early nation building years of Pakistan. The term Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.<ref name=":0">Nazir, P., 1993. Social structure, ideology and language: caste among Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 2897-2900.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/07-Nov-2014/muhajirs-in-historical-perspective|title=Muhajirs in historical perspective|date=2014-11-07|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1100948|title=The evolution of Mohajir politics and identity|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2014-04-20|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Baloch===
The [[Baloch people|Baloch]] are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethnolinguistic group, and are principally found in the south of Balochistan province of Pakistan.<ref>Blood, Peter, ed. [https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055) "Baloch"]. ''Pakistan: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.</ref> Despite living in the southeastern side towards the [[Indian subcontinent]] for centuries, they are classified as a northwestern Iranian people in accordance to [[Baloch language|their language]] which belongs to the northwestern subgroup of [[Iranian languages]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|title=Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian|work=Agnes Korn|access-date=2016-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174053/https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, [[Professor]] at [[University of Karachi]], the Balochis migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries<ref name="Mann2003">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf|author= Mann, Michael|editor=Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry|access-date=17 November 2012|chapter=Little Ice Age}}</ref><ref name="Lamb1972">{{cite book|chapter = The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800|author=Lamb, HH|title=Climate: present, past and future|publisher= Methuen|location=London|year=1972|page=107|isbn=0-416-11530-6}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref name="NASA Glossary">{{Cite journal|title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N|publisher=NASA|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD|access-date=17 July 2015}}.</ref> or alternatively, from about 1300<ref name="miller2012">Miller ''et al''. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" ''Geophysical Research Letters'' '''39''', 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/https://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see [https://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/ press release on AGU website] (accessed 11 July 2015).</ref> to about 1850<ref>Grove, J.M., ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,'' Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</ref><ref>Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], ''Geogr. Ann., 87,'' A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html|title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|publisher=Ipcc.ch|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>, although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was uninhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/ From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh]</ref>
=== Hindkowans ===
{{Main articles|Hindkowans|Hazara division}}
[[Hindkowans]], also known as the '''Hindki''', are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] linguistic-cultural group,<ref name="West2010">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438119137 |page=285 |language=en |quote=The term ''Hindko'' as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group. Nonetheless there are people in the region who claim Hindko identity and who trace their heritage back nearly 2,000 years to the inhabitants of the ancient city of Gandhara.}}</ref><ref name="GeijbelsAddleton"/> primarily native to the [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]], [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] regions of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="West201022">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Barbara A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438119137 |page=285 |language=en |quote=The term ''Hindko'' as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group. Nonetheless there are people in the region who claim Hindko identity and who trace their heritage back nearly 2,000 years to the inhabitants of the ancient city of Gandhara.}}</ref> Hindkowans speak various [[Hindko]] dialects of [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi).
Hindkowans are mainly found in the Pakistani cities of [[Peshawar]], [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]], [[Swabi]], [[Mansehra]], [[Abbottabad]], [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]] and [[Attock]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Qadeer|first=Mohammad A.|title=Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415375665|page=40}}</ref> Prior to the [[Formation of pakistan|formation of Pakistan]], these areas were dominated by Hindko speakers.<ref name="GeijbelsAddleton">{{cite book |title=The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan |publisher=Christian Study Centre |page=38 |quote=Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language' and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country'. Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.}}</ref> Those who reside in urban centers of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan such as [[Peshawar]], [[Kohat]], Nowshera and Swabi are alternatively termed as "Kharian/Kharay" or ''city-dweller''. Other Hindko-speakers, including members of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh faiths, reside in Afghanistan and are known as [[Hindki]].<ref name="Venkatesh">{{cite web |last1=Venkatesh |first1=Karthik |title=The strange and little-known case of Hindko |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=24 September 2019 |language=en |date=6 July 2019 |quote=Besides Pakistan, Hindko is also spoken in Afghanistan, where it is referred to as Hindki and largely understood to be the language of its non-Muslim population, i.e. Afghan Hindus and Sikhs. This is not entirely correct, for there are Hindko-speaking Muslims in Afghanistan as well as Pashto-speaking non-Muslims.}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url = https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/h2/hindki.html | title = Hindki|encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]|edition=11th |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote=HINDKI, the name given to the Hindus who inhabit Afghanistan.}}</ref>
===Brahuis===
The [[Brahui people|Brahui]], '''Brahvi''' or '''Brohi''', are an ethnic group principally found in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]]. They speak the [[Brahui language]], which belongs to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] language family, although ethnically they tend to identify as [[Baloch people|Baloch]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elfenbein |first1=Josef |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138853768 |editor1-last=Seever |editor1-first=Sanford B. |edition=2 |page=495 |quote=The main habitat of Brahui tribesmen, as well as the main area where the [[Brahui language]] is spoken, extends continuously over a narrow north-south belt in Pakistan from north of Quetta southwards through Mastung and Kalat (including Nushki to the west) as far south as Las Bela, just inland from the Arabian sea coast.}}</ref><ref name="Iranica2">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1989 |title=BRAHUI |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4 |publisher= |location= |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui |last=Elfenbein |first=Josef |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |pages=433–443 |isbn= |quote=BRAHUI (Brāhūī, Brāhōī), the name of a tribal group living principally in Pakistani Baluchistan and of a Dravidian language spoken mainly by Brahui tribesmen. |authorlink=}}</ref>
They are a small minority group in [[Afghanistan]], where they are native, but they are also found through their diaspora in [[Middle East]]ern states.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT73|title=Brahuis|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|author=James B. Minahan|date=30 August 2012|isbn=9781598846607|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> They mainly occupy the area in Balochistan from [[Bolan Pass]] through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari ([[Cape Monze]]) on the Arabian sea, separating the [[Baloch people]] living to the east and west.<ref>{{citation |last=Shah |first=Mahmood Ali |title=Sardari, jirga & local government systems in Balochistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4iOAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Qasim Printers|pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Minahan |first=James B. |chapter=Brahui |title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |date=31 August 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-954-9 |pages=79–80}}</ref> The Brahuis are almost entirely [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Andrew Dalby - Hindu origin of Brahui people">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96| title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|publisher = Columbia University Press|access-date = 2010-09-09|isbn = 9780231115698|date = 2004-03-01}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Demographics of Pakistan]]
* [[Languages of Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistanis]]
* [[Indo-Iranian peoples]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|40em}}
{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan topics}}
{{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic Groups In Pakistan}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,63 +1,83 @@
{{Short description|Overview of the ethnic groups of Pakistan}}
{{original research|date=September 2016}}
+The major [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethnolinguistic groups]] of [[Pakistan]] include [[Punjabis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Sindhis]], [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]], [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]], [[Baloch people|Balochs]], [[Hindkowans]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Pothoharis/Paharis]]{{efn|Major ethnolonguistic group in [[Azad Kashmir]]. Lack of exact numbers of the ethnic population due to the language not being represented in the previous censuses. Upcoming [[2022 Census of Pakistan]] will include [[Pahari-Pothwari]] as an option. {{harvtxt|Baart|2003|p=10}} provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. {{Harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=9}} estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}} to be about 1 million as of 2000.}} and [[Brahuis]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Pakistan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=main|Ethnolinguistic groups with a population of more than a million each.<ref name="PakPop">{{Cite web |title=POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>}} with significant numbers of [[Kashmiris]], [[Chitralis]], [[Shina people|Shina]], [[Balti people|Baltis]], [[Hazaras]], [[Burusho people|Burusho]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhis]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Siddi|Siddis]] and other various minorities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadeer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA40&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation |date=2006-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-18617-4 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Shaheen Sardar |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=60VAsoo-huYC&dq=pakistan+ethnic+groups&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives |last2=Rehman |first2=Javaid |date=2013-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77868-1 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Mother Tongue by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|
+<div style="text-align: center">Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]
+Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million [[Afghan identity card|citizens of Afghanistan]] who are temporarily residing in [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/Statistical%20Factsheet%20Onward%20movements%20of%20Afghan%20refugees%20March-April%202021.pdf|title=Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees |date=March–April 2021|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/pk/12999-government-to-deliver-first-new-por-smartcards-to-afghan-refugees.html |title=Government delivered first new Proof of Registration smartcards to Afghan refugees |date=May 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/pak|title=Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan|work=UNHCR|date=December 31, 2020|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref> Majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically [[Pashtuns]], [[Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |date=November 2016 |title=Voluntary Repatriation Update |publisher=UNHCR |location=Pakistan |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173655/https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+
+{{Pie chart
+|thumb = right
+|caption = Ethnic groups in Pakistan ([[World Factbook]])<ref name=":1"/>
+|label1 = [[Punjabis]]
+|value1 = 44.7
+|color1 = Green
+|label2 = [[Pashtuns]]
+|value2 = 15.4
+|color2 = Red
+|label3 = [[Sindhis]]
+|value3 = 14.1
+|color3 = Black
+|label4 = [[Saraikis]]
+|value4 = 8.4
+|color4 = Maroon
+|label5 = [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]]
+|value5 = 7.6
+|color5 = DarkGreen
+|label6 = [[Balochis]]
+|value6 = 3.6
+|color6 = White
+|label7 = Others
+|value7 = 6.3
+|color7 = Grey
+}}
+
{{Culture of Pakistan}}
-The major ethnic groups of [[Pakistan]] include [[Punjabis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Sindhis]], [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Brahui people|Brahuis]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]], [[Hindkowans]], and other smaller groups. Smaller ethnic groups found throughout the nation include [[Gurjar|Gujjar]], [[Kho people|Khowar]], [[Gujarati people|Gujratis]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=Karachi’s Gujarati speaking youth strive to revive Jinnah’s language |url=https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1381116/pakistan |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Arab News PK |language=en}}</ref>,[[Bengalis]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-16 |title=Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/322325/five-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> [[Nuristanis]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistanis]], [[Shina people|Shina]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Siddi]], [[Kashmiris]], [[Burusho people|Burusho]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhis]], [[Hazaras|Hazara]], [[Balti people|Baltis]], [[Ladakhis]] and others.
-
-Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million [[Afghan identity card|citizens of Afghanistan]] who are temporarily residing in [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/Statistical%20Factsheet%20Onward%20movements%20of%20Afghan%20refugees%20March-April%202021.pdf|title=Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees |date=March–April 2021|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/pk/12999-government-to-deliver-first-new-por-smartcards-to-afghan-refugees.html |title=Government delivered first new Proof of Registration smartcards to Afghan refugees |date=May 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/pak|title=Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan|work=UNHCR|date=December 31, 2020|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref> A majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically [[Pashtuns]], [[Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |date=November 2016 |title=Voluntary Repatriation Update |publisher=UNHCR |location=Pakistan |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173655/https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Major ethnic groups==
-[[File:Mother Tongue by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|
-<div style="text-align: center">Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]
-[[Image:Ethnic Groups by Region.jpg|thumb|Bar Graph of Ethnic Groups by Region]]
-[[Image:Ethnic Groups Urban Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Bar Graph of Ethnic Groups in Urban Pakistan]]
-
===Punjabis===
{{Main|Punjabis|Punjab, Pakistan|Punjabi language}}
-[[File:Major ethnic groups of Pakistan in 1980 borders removed.jpg|thumb|The four major ethnic groups of Pakistan]] The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as ''biradaris'' (literally 'brotherhood'), with further divisions between the ''zamindar'' or ''qoums'', traditionally associated with agriculture, and ''moeens'', traditionally associated with artisanry. Some ''zamindars'' are further divided into tribes such as [[Rajput]], [[Muslim Jats|Jat]], [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikh]], [[Gujjar]], [[Awan (Pakistan)|Awan]], [[Arain]] and [[Syed]]. Ethnicities from neighbouring regions such as [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiris]], [[Punjabi Pathan|Pashtuns]] and [[Punjabi Baloch|Baluchis]] also form a sizeable portion of the population of Punjab, especially in metropolises such as [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. A large number of Punjabis descend from groups historically associated with skilled professions and crafts, such as the [[Sunar]], [[Lohar]], [[Kumhar]], [[Tarkhan]], [[Julaha]], [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]], [[Hajjam]], [[Chhimba Darzi]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], [[Lalari (caste)|Lalari]], [[Qassab]], [[Mallaah]], [[Dhobi]], [[Mirasi]], etc.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorburn|first1=S. S.|title=Musalmans and Money Lenders in the Punjab|date=1983|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789351137481|edition=(reprint)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSYJp4R54kMC&q=jat+punjab+islam&pg=PR5}}</ref><ref>Mirza, Z.I., Hassan, M.U. and Bandaragoda, D.J., 1997. Socio-Economic Baseline Survey for a Pilot Project on Water Users Organizations in the Hakra 4-R Distributary Command Area, Punjab.[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/40765852/H_9246i.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1501802940&Signature=ZMY7vx8jEwBB2boiRXHsps0XqR0%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DSocioeconomic_baseline_survey_for_a_pilo.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">Nazir, P., 1993. Social structure, ideology and language: caste among Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 2897-2900.</ref> The Pakistani Punjab is relatively religiously homogenous, with 97% of the population adhering to Islam (with small [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]], Sikh and [[Punjabi Christians|Christian]] minorities). Notable Punjabi-Pakistanis include Nobel laureate [[Abdus Salam]], cricketer [[Wasim Akram]] and economist [[Mahbub ul Haq|Mahbub al Haq]].
+[[Punjabis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] associated with the [[Punjab]] region in [[South Asia]]. They are the largest ethnic group of Pakistan.
+
+Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the [[Punjabi language]] their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thandi |first=edited by Pritam Singh, Shinder Singh |title=Punjabi identity in a global context |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-564864-5 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Qadeer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA71&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation |date=2006-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-18617-4 |pages=70-72 |language=en}}</ref> [[social integration|Integration]] and [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Prtiam |year=2012 |title=Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!) |url=https://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=153–72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124071525/https://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2016 |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Notable Pakistani Punjabis include Nobel laureate [[Abdus Salam]], cricketer [[Wasim Akram]] and singer and actor [[Ali Zafar]].
===Pashtuns===
{{Main|Pashtuns|Pashtunistan|Pashtuns in Punjab}}
-[[Pashtuns]] (also referred to as Pukhtuns, Pathans and ethnic Afghans), an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethno-linguistic group. They are native to the regions, west of the Indus River including the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan, southern and eastern Afghanistan.
-
-They constitute a significant diaspora community in the cities of Lahore and Karachi, and are also a major ethnic group among the [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees in Pakistan]]. Pashtuns form the major ethnic group in Afghanistan. They follow [[Pashtunwali]] and a deep rich history linked to rulers.
-
-They speak [[Pashto]] as their first language and are divided into multiple tribes such as [[Afridi]] and [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] and [[Khattak]], which are notably the main Pashtun tribes in Pakistan. They make up an estimated 32 million of Pakistan's total population<ref name=":1">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ The World Factbook]</ref> and are mostly adherent to Sunni Islam. Notable Pashtuns include former president [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], incumbent prime minister [[Imran Khan]], cricketers [[Shahid Afridi]] and [[Shaheen Afridi]], actor [[Fawad Khan]] and Nobel Laureate [[Malala Yousafzai]].
+[[Pashtuns]] are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethnolinguistic group and are Pakistan's second largest ethnicity. They speak [[Pashto]] as their first language and are divided into multiple tribes such as [[Afridi]], [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] and [[Khattak]], which are notably the main Pashtun tribes in Pakistan. They make up an estimated 32 million of Pakistan's total population<ref name=":1">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ The World Factbook]</ref> and are mostly adherent to Sunni Islam. Notable Pashtuns include former president [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], incumbent prime minister [[Imran Khan]], cricketers [[Shahid Afridi]] and [[Shaheen Afridi]], actor [[Fawad Khan]] and Nobel Laureate [[Malala Yousafzai]].
=== Sindhis ===
-The [[Sindhis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] who speak the [[Sindhi language]] and are native to the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]] and they are Pakistan's third largest ethnicity (consisting 14% of the country). Sindhis are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]], but have a minority Hindu population, making up the largest Hindu minority population in Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Census statistics">{{webarchive |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-religion | date= May 19, 2017}}". </ref> Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by [[Sufi]] doctrines and principles and some of the popular cultural icons of Sindh are [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]], [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]], [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]] and [[Sachal Sarmast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=CIA Factbook Pakistan}}</ref>
+{{Main articles|Sindhis|Sindh}}
+The [[Sindhis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnolinguistic group who speak the [[Sindhi language]] and are native to the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]]. Sindhis are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]], but have a minority Hindu population, making up the largest Hindu minority population in Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Census statistics">{{webarchive |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-religion | date= May 19, 2017}}". </ref> Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by [[Sufi]] doctrines and principles and some of the popular cultural icons of Sindh are [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]], [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]], [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]] and [[Sachal Sarmast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=CIA Factbook Pakistan}}</ref>
===Saraikis===
-The [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] also known as '''Multanis''',<ref name="BhatiaRitchie2008">{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470756744|page=803}}</ref> are an ethnolinguistic group in central and southeastern [[Pakistan]], primarily southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. Their language is [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], which has similarities to Punjabi and Sindhi.
+{{Main articles|Saraiki people}}
+The [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] inhabiting parts of central and southeastern [[Pakistan]], primarily in the southern part of the Pakistani province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name=":13">{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA283 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |isbn=9781598846591 |page=283-284}}</ref> They are mainly found in [[Derajat]], a cultural region of central [[Pakistan]], located in the region where the provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] meet.<ref name="punjab">{{cite web |title=About Punjab: Geography |url=https://tdcp.punjab.gov.pk/TDCP/about_punjab.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=Tourism Development Corporation, Government of the Punjab |accessdate=2007-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202183134/https://tdcp.punjab.gov.pk/TDCP/about_punjab.htm |archivedate=2007-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=People & Culture |url=https://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=NWFP-PeopleCulture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117134513/https://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=NWFP-PeopleCulture |archive-date=2007-11-17 |publisher=Government of the North-West Frontier Province |accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadeer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA40&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation |date=2006-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-18617-4 |pages=40 |language=en |quote=Punjab's diversity of dialects, Saraiki and Pothohari contrasting with the heartland Punjabi, was striking at the time of independence. Since then, the increased mobility of the population and the absorption of refugees from India have stimulated homogenizing tendencies both linguistically and ethnically. NWFP, although symbolically a Pashtoon is also a province of many ethnicities and languages, for example, Hindku-speaking people inhabit the Peshawar Valley and Hazara district, and Saraiki speakers are found in the Derajats.}}</ref> Derajat is bound by the [[Indus River]] and the [[Sulaiman Mountains]] to the west.
===Muhajirs===
-[[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]] (meaning "migrants") are also called "[[Urdu-speaking people]]." Muhajirs are a collective multiethnic group who emerged through the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of the world's largest mass migration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf|title=Rupture in South Asia|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml|title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies|author=Dr Crispin Bates|date=2011-03-03|work=BBC|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref> The majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sukkur]] and [[Mirpur Khas]]. Sizable communities of Muhajirs are also present in cities including [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Islamabad]], and [[Peshawar]]. Muhajirs held a dominating position during the early nation building years of Pakistan. The term Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/07-Nov-2014/muhajirs-in-historical-perspective|title=Muhajirs in historical perspective|date=2014-11-07|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1100948|title=The evolution of Mohajir politics and identity|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2014-04-20|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref>
+[[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]] (meaning "migrants"), also called "[[Urdu-speaking people]]" are a collective multiethnic group who emerged through the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of the world's largest mass migration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf|title=Rupture in South Asia|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml|title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies|author=Dr Crispin Bates|date=2011-03-03|work=BBC|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref> The majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sukkur]] and [[Mirpur Khas]]. Sizable communities of Muhajirs are also present in cities including [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Islamabad]], and [[Peshawar]]. Muhajirs held a dominating position during the early nation building years of Pakistan. The term Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.<ref name=":0">Nazir, P., 1993. Social structure, ideology and language: caste among Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 2897-2900.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/07-Nov-2014/muhajirs-in-historical-perspective|title=Muhajirs in historical perspective|date=2014-11-07|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1100948|title=The evolution of Mohajir politics and identity|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2014-04-20|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Baloch===
-The [[Baloch people|Baloch]] are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethnic linguistic group, and are principally found in the east of Balochistan province of Pakistan.<ref>Blood, Peter, ed. [https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055) "Baloch"]. ''Pakistan: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.</ref> Despite living south towards the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Arabian sea]] for centuries, they are classified as a northwestern Iranian people in accordance to [[Baloch language|their language]] which belongs to the northwestern subgroup of [[Iranian languages]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|title=Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian|work=Agnes Korn|access-date=2016-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174053/https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+The [[Baloch people|Baloch]] are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethnolinguistic group, and are principally found in the south of Balochistan province of Pakistan.<ref>Blood, Peter, ed. [https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055) "Baloch"]. ''Pakistan: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.</ref> Despite living in the southeastern side towards the [[Indian subcontinent]] for centuries, they are classified as a northwestern Iranian people in accordance to [[Baloch language|their language]] which belongs to the northwestern subgroup of [[Iranian languages]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|title=Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian|work=Agnes Korn|access-date=2016-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174053/https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+
+According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, [[Professor]] at [[University of Karachi]], the Balochis migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries<ref name="Mann2003">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf|author= Mann, Michael|editor=Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry|access-date=17 November 2012|chapter=Little Ice Age}}</ref><ref name="Lamb1972">{{cite book|chapter = The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800|author=Lamb, HH|title=Climate: present, past and future|publisher= Methuen|location=London|year=1972|page=107|isbn=0-416-11530-6}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref name="NASA Glossary">{{Cite journal|title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N|publisher=NASA|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD|access-date=17 July 2015}}.</ref> or alternatively, from about 1300<ref name="miller2012">Miller ''et al''. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" ''Geophysical Research Letters'' '''39''', 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/https://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see [https://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/ press release on AGU website] (accessed 11 July 2015).</ref> to about 1850<ref>Grove, J.M., ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,'' Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</ref><ref>Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], ''Geogr. Ann., 87,'' A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html|title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|publisher=Ipcc.ch|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>, although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was uninhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/ From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh]</ref>
-According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, [[Professor]] at [[University of Karachi]], the Balochis migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries<ref name="Mann2003">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf|author= Mann, Michael|editor=Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry|access-date=17 November 2012|chapter=Little Ice Age}}</ref><ref name="Lamb1972">{{cite book|chapter = The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800|author=Lamb, HH|title=Climate: present, past and future|publisher= Methuen|location=London|year=1972|page=107|isbn=0-416-11530-6}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref name="NASA Glossary">{{Cite journal|title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N|publisher=NASA|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD|access-date=17 July 2015}}.</ref> (or alternatively, from about 1300<ref name="miller2012">Miller ''et al''. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" ''Geophysical Research Letters'' '''39''', 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/https://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see [https://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/ press release on AGU website] (accessed 11 July 2015).</ref> to about 1850<ref>Grove, J.M., ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,'' Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</ref><ref>Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], ''Geogr. Ann., 87,'' A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html|title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|publisher=Ipcc.ch|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>), although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was uninhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/ From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh]</ref>
+=== Hindkowans ===
+{{Main articles|Hindkowans|Hazara division}}
+[[Hindkowans]], also known as the '''Hindki''', are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] linguistic-cultural group,<ref name="West2010">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438119137 |page=285 |language=en |quote=The term ''Hindko'' as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group. Nonetheless there are people in the region who claim Hindko identity and who trace their heritage back nearly 2,000 years to the inhabitants of the ancient city of Gandhara.}}</ref><ref name="GeijbelsAddleton"/> primarily native to the [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]], [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] regions of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="West201022">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Barbara A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438119137 |page=285 |language=en |quote=The term ''Hindko'' as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group. Nonetheless there are people in the region who claim Hindko identity and who trace their heritage back nearly 2,000 years to the inhabitants of the ancient city of Gandhara.}}</ref> Hindkowans speak various [[Hindko]] dialects of [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi).
-===Kashmiris===
-[[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]] are a [[Dards|Dardic]] (subgrouping of Indo-Aryan) ethnic group native to the [[Kashmir Valley]]. The majority of Kashmiri Muslims are Sunni. They refer to themselves as "Kashur" in their mother language. Kashmiri Muslims are [[Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage|descended]] from [[Kashmiri Pandit|Kashmiri Hindus]] and are also known as 'Sheikhs'.Since 1947, many ethnic Kashmiri Muslims also live in [[Pakistan]]. There are Kashmiris who live in areas that border the Kashmir Valley, in the Neelum and Leepa Valleys of northern Azad Kashmir. Invariably, Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir and Pakistan are Muslims.
+Hindkowans are mainly found in the Pakistani cities of [[Peshawar]], [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]], [[Swabi]], [[Mansehra]], [[Abbottabad]], [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]] and [[Attock]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Qadeer|first=Mohammad A.|title=Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415375665|page=40}}</ref> Prior to the [[Formation of pakistan|formation of Pakistan]], these areas were dominated by Hindko speakers.<ref name="GeijbelsAddleton">{{cite book |title=The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan |publisher=Christian Study Centre |page=38 |quote=Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language' and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country'. Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.}}</ref> Those who reside in urban centers of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan such as [[Peshawar]], [[Kohat]], Nowshera and Swabi are alternatively termed as "Kharian/Kharay" or ''city-dweller''. Other Hindko-speakers, including members of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh faiths, reside in Afghanistan and are known as [[Hindki]].<ref name="Venkatesh">{{cite web |last1=Venkatesh |first1=Karthik |title=The strange and little-known case of Hindko |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=24 September 2019 |language=en |date=6 July 2019 |quote=Besides Pakistan, Hindko is also spoken in Afghanistan, where it is referred to as Hindki and largely understood to be the language of its non-Muslim population, i.e. Afghan Hindus and Sikhs. This is not entirely correct, for there are Hindko-speaking Muslims in Afghanistan as well as Pashto-speaking non-Muslims.}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url = https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/h2/hindki.html | title = Hindki|encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]|edition=11th |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote=HINDKI, the name given to the Hindus who inhabit Afghanistan.}}</ref>
===Brahuis===
-The [[Brahui people|Brahui]] or '''Brahvi''' people are a Pakistani ethnic group of about 2.2 million people with the vast majority found in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]]. They are a small minority group in [[Afghanistan]], where they are native, but they are also found through their diaspora in [[Middle East]]ern states.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT73|title=Brahuis|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|author=James B. Minahan|date=30 August 2012|isbn=9781598846607|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> They mainly occupy the area in Balochistan from [[Bolan Pass]] through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari ([[Cape Monze]]) on the Arabian sea, separating the [[Baloch people]] living to the east and west.<ref>{{citation |last=Shah |first=Mahmood Ali |title=Sardari, jirga & local government systems in Balochistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4iOAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Qasim Printers|pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Minahan |first=James B. |chapter=Brahui |title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |date=31 August 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-954-9 |pages=79–80}}</ref> The Brahuis are almost entirely [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Andrew Dalby - Hindu origin of Brahui people">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96| title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|publisher = Columbia University Press|access-date = 2010-09-09|isbn = 9780231115698|date = 2004-03-01}}</ref>
-
-===Hindkowans===
-[[Hindkowans]] are a Hindko speaking people, they live mainly in the [[Hazara division]] and the [[Peshawar Division]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and there is also a large population of Hindkowans that can be found in the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar Region]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] in Pakistan. They have a population that consists of nearly four million people and they form 2% of [[Pakistan]] entire population.<ref name=":1" />
+The [[Brahui people|Brahui]], '''Brahvi''' or '''Brohi''', are an ethnic group principally found in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]]. They speak the [[Brahui language]], which belongs to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] language family, although ethnically they tend to identify as [[Baloch people|Baloch]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elfenbein |first1=Josef |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138853768 |editor1-last=Seever |editor1-first=Sanford B. |edition=2 |page=495 |quote=The main habitat of Brahui tribesmen, as well as the main area where the [[Brahui language]] is spoken, extends continuously over a narrow north-south belt in Pakistan from north of Quetta southwards through Mastung and Kalat (including Nushki to the west) as far south as Las Bela, just inland from the Arabian sea coast.}}</ref><ref name="Iranica2">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1989 |title=BRAHUI |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4 |publisher= |location= |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui |last=Elfenbein |first=Josef |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |pages=433–443 |isbn= |quote=BRAHUI (Brāhūī, Brāhōī), the name of a tribal group living principally in Pakistani Baluchistan and of a Dravidian language spoken mainly by Brahui tribesmen. |authorlink=}}</ref>
-===Hazara===
-The [[Hazara people]], natives to the present day [[Hazarajat]] ('''Hazaristan'''), are a [[Persian language|Persian]]-speaking people mostly residing in all [[Pakistan]] and specially in [[Quetta]]. Some are citizens of Pakistan while others are refugees. Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Mongols and Iranian-speaking]] peoples, and those of [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]]. The genetic research suggests that they are closely related to the [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasian]] and the [[Uyghurs]]. The [[Pakistani]] Hazaras estimated population is believed to be more than 1,550,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/07/the-plight-of-the-hazaras-in-pakistan/|title=The Plight of the Hazaras in Pakistan|author=Malik Ayub Sumbal|website=thediplomat.com|publisher=The Diplomat|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/267225/who-are-the-hazara/|title=Who are the Hazara?|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=5 October 2011|website=tribune.com.pk|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref>
-
-===Burusho people===
-The [[Burusho people|Burusho]] or '''Brusho''' people live in the [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]] and [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]] valleys of [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] in northern [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2777/munshis96677.pdf |title=Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski : Language, Language Contact, and Change |publisher=Repositories.lib.utexas.edu |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> They are predominantly Muslims. Their language, [[Burushki]], has not been shown to be related to any other language.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9018245/ |title=Burushaski language | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica online }}</ref>
-The '''Hunzakuts''' or Hunza people, are an ethnically Burusho people indigenous to the Hunza Valley, in the [[Karakorum Mountains]] of northern Pakistan. They are descended from inhabitants of the former principality of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]]. The Hunza's are predominantly [[Shia]]s, with many of them [[Ismaili]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghoash|first1=Palash|title=Hunza: A Paradise Of High Literacy And Gender Equality In A Remote Corner Of Pakistan|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/hunza-paradise-high-literacy-gender-equality-remote-corner-pakistan-1524688|access-date=31 July 2016|newspaper=International Business Times|date=1 February 2014}}</ref>
+They are a small minority group in [[Afghanistan]], where they are native, but they are also found through their diaspora in [[Middle East]]ern states.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT73|title=Brahuis|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|author=James B. Minahan|date=30 August 2012|isbn=9781598846607|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> They mainly occupy the area in Balochistan from [[Bolan Pass]] through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari ([[Cape Monze]]) on the Arabian sea, separating the [[Baloch people]] living to the east and west.<ref>{{citation |last=Shah |first=Mahmood Ali |title=Sardari, jirga & local government systems in Balochistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4iOAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Qasim Printers|pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Minahan |first=James B. |chapter=Brahui |title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |date=31 August 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-954-9 |pages=79–80}}</ref> The Brahuis are almost entirely [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Andrew Dalby - Hindu origin of Brahui people">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96| title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|publisher = Columbia University Press|access-date = 2010-09-09|isbn = 9780231115698|date = 2004-03-01}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Demographics of Pakistan]]
-* [[Minorities in Pakistan]]
* [[Languages of Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistanis]]
* [[Indo-Iranian peoples]]
+
+==Notes==
+{{Notelist}}
+{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
' |
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0 => 'The major [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethnolinguistic groups]] of [[Pakistan]] include [[Punjabis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Sindhis]], [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]], [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]], [[Baloch people|Balochs]], [[Hindkowans]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Pothoharis/Paharis]]{{efn|Major ethnolonguistic group in [[Azad Kashmir]]. Lack of exact numbers of the ethnic population due to the language not being represented in the previous censuses. Upcoming [[2022 Census of Pakistan]] will include [[Pahari-Pothwari]] as an option. {{harvtxt|Baart|2003|p=10}} provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. {{Harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=9}} estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}} to be about 1 million as of 2000.}} and [[Brahuis]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Pakistan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=main|Ethnolinguistic groups with a population of more than a million each.<ref name="PakPop">{{Cite web |title=POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>}} with significant numbers of [[Kashmiris]], [[Chitralis]], [[Shina people|Shina]], [[Balti people|Baltis]], [[Hazaras]], [[Burusho people|Burusho]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhis]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Siddi|Siddis]] and other various minorities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadeer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA40&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation |date=2006-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-18617-4 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Shaheen Sardar |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=60VAsoo-huYC&dq=pakistan+ethnic+groups&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives |last2=Rehman |first2=Javaid |date=2013-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77868-1 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Mother Tongue by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|',
1 => '<div style="text-align: center">Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]',
2 => 'Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million [[Afghan identity card|citizens of Afghanistan]] who are temporarily residing in [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/Statistical%20Factsheet%20Onward%20movements%20of%20Afghan%20refugees%20March-April%202021.pdf|title=Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees |date=March–April 2021|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/pk/12999-government-to-deliver-first-new-por-smartcards-to-afghan-refugees.html |title=Government delivered first new Proof of Registration smartcards to Afghan refugees |date=May 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/pak|title=Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan|work=UNHCR|date=December 31, 2020|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref> Majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically [[Pashtuns]], [[Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |date=November 2016 |title=Voluntary Repatriation Update |publisher=UNHCR |location=Pakistan |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173655/https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
3 => '',
4 => '{{Pie chart',
5 => '|thumb = right',
6 => '|caption = Ethnic groups in Pakistan ([[World Factbook]])<ref name=":1"/>',
7 => '|label1 = [[Punjabis]]',
8 => '|value1 = 44.7',
9 => '|color1 = Green',
10 => '|label2 = [[Pashtuns]]',
11 => '|value2 = 15.4',
12 => '|color2 = Red',
13 => '|label3 = [[Sindhis]]',
14 => '|value3 = 14.1',
15 => '|color3 = Black',
16 => '|label4 = [[Saraikis]]',
17 => '|value4 = 8.4',
18 => '|color4 = Maroon',
19 => '|label5 = [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]]',
20 => '|value5 = 7.6',
21 => '|color5 = DarkGreen',
22 => '|label6 = [[Balochis]]',
23 => '|value6 = 3.6',
24 => '|color6 = White',
25 => '|label7 = Others',
26 => '|value7 = 6.3',
27 => '|color7 = Grey',
28 => '}}',
29 => '',
30 => '[[Punjabis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] associated with the [[Punjab]] region in [[South Asia]]. They are the largest ethnic group of Pakistan.',
31 => '',
32 => 'Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the [[Punjabi language]] their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thandi |first=edited by Pritam Singh, Shinder Singh |title=Punjabi identity in a global context |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-564864-5 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Qadeer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA71&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation |date=2006-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-18617-4 |pages=70-72 |language=en}}</ref> [[social integration|Integration]] and [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Prtiam |year=2012 |title=Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!) |url=https://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=153–72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124071525/https://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2016 |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Notable Pakistani Punjabis include Nobel laureate [[Abdus Salam]], cricketer [[Wasim Akram]] and singer and actor [[Ali Zafar]].',
33 => '[[Pashtuns]] are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethnolinguistic group and are Pakistan's second largest ethnicity. They speak [[Pashto]] as their first language and are divided into multiple tribes such as [[Afridi]], [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] and [[Khattak]], which are notably the main Pashtun tribes in Pakistan. They make up an estimated 32 million of Pakistan's total population<ref name=":1">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ The World Factbook]</ref> and are mostly adherent to Sunni Islam. Notable Pashtuns include former president [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], incumbent prime minister [[Imran Khan]], cricketers [[Shahid Afridi]] and [[Shaheen Afridi]], actor [[Fawad Khan]] and Nobel Laureate [[Malala Yousafzai]].',
34 => '{{Main articles|Sindhis|Sindh}}',
35 => 'The [[Sindhis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnolinguistic group who speak the [[Sindhi language]] and are native to the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]]. Sindhis are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]], but have a minority Hindu population, making up the largest Hindu minority population in Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Census statistics">{{webarchive |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-religion | date= May 19, 2017}}". </ref> Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by [[Sufi]] doctrines and principles and some of the popular cultural icons of Sindh are [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]], [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]], [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]] and [[Sachal Sarmast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=CIA Factbook Pakistan}}</ref>',
36 => '{{Main articles|Saraiki people}}',
37 => 'The [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] inhabiting parts of central and southeastern [[Pakistan]], primarily in the southern part of the Pakistani province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name=":13">{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA283 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |isbn=9781598846591 |page=283-284}}</ref> They are mainly found in [[Derajat]], a cultural region of central [[Pakistan]], located in the region where the provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] meet.<ref name="punjab">{{cite web |title=About Punjab: Geography |url=https://tdcp.punjab.gov.pk/TDCP/about_punjab.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=Tourism Development Corporation, Government of the Punjab |accessdate=2007-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202183134/https://tdcp.punjab.gov.pk/TDCP/about_punjab.htm |archivedate=2007-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=People & Culture |url=https://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=NWFP-PeopleCulture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117134513/https://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=NWFP-PeopleCulture |archive-date=2007-11-17 |publisher=Government of the North-West Frontier Province |accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadeer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA40&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation |date=2006-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-18617-4 |pages=40 |language=en |quote=Punjab's diversity of dialects, Saraiki and Pothohari contrasting with the heartland Punjabi, was striking at the time of independence. Since then, the increased mobility of the population and the absorption of refugees from India have stimulated homogenizing tendencies both linguistically and ethnically. NWFP, although symbolically a Pashtoon is also a province of many ethnicities and languages, for example, Hindku-speaking people inhabit the Peshawar Valley and Hazara district, and Saraiki speakers are found in the Derajats.}}</ref> Derajat is bound by the [[Indus River]] and the [[Sulaiman Mountains]] to the west.',
38 => '[[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]] (meaning "migrants"), also called "[[Urdu-speaking people]]" are a collective multiethnic group who emerged through the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of the world's largest mass migration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf|title=Rupture in South Asia|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml|title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies|author=Dr Crispin Bates|date=2011-03-03|work=BBC|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref> The majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sukkur]] and [[Mirpur Khas]]. Sizable communities of Muhajirs are also present in cities including [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Islamabad]], and [[Peshawar]]. Muhajirs held a dominating position during the early nation building years of Pakistan. The term Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.<ref name=":0">Nazir, P., 1993. Social structure, ideology and language: caste among Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 2897-2900.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/07-Nov-2014/muhajirs-in-historical-perspective|title=Muhajirs in historical perspective|date=2014-11-07|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1100948|title=The evolution of Mohajir politics and identity|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2014-04-20|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref>',
39 => 'The [[Baloch people|Baloch]] are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethnolinguistic group, and are principally found in the south of Balochistan province of Pakistan.<ref>Blood, Peter, ed. [https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055) "Baloch"]. ''Pakistan: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.</ref> Despite living in the southeastern side towards the [[Indian subcontinent]] for centuries, they are classified as a northwestern Iranian people in accordance to [[Baloch language|their language]] which belongs to the northwestern subgroup of [[Iranian languages]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|title=Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian|work=Agnes Korn|access-date=2016-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174053/https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
40 => '',
41 => 'According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, [[Professor]] at [[University of Karachi]], the Balochis migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries<ref name="Mann2003">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf|author= Mann, Michael|editor=Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry|access-date=17 November 2012|chapter=Little Ice Age}}</ref><ref name="Lamb1972">{{cite book|chapter = The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800|author=Lamb, HH|title=Climate: present, past and future|publisher= Methuen|location=London|year=1972|page=107|isbn=0-416-11530-6}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref name="NASA Glossary">{{Cite journal|title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N|publisher=NASA|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD|access-date=17 July 2015}}.</ref> or alternatively, from about 1300<ref name="miller2012">Miller ''et al''. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" ''Geophysical Research Letters'' '''39''', 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/https://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see [https://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/ press release on AGU website] (accessed 11 July 2015).</ref> to about 1850<ref>Grove, J.M., ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,'' Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</ref><ref>Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], ''Geogr. Ann., 87,'' A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html|title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|publisher=Ipcc.ch|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>, although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was uninhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/ From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh]</ref>',
42 => '=== Hindkowans ===',
43 => '{{Main articles|Hindkowans|Hazara division}}',
44 => '[[Hindkowans]], also known as the '''Hindki''', are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] linguistic-cultural group,<ref name="West2010">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438119137 |page=285 |language=en |quote=The term ''Hindko'' as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group. Nonetheless there are people in the region who claim Hindko identity and who trace their heritage back nearly 2,000 years to the inhabitants of the ancient city of Gandhara.}}</ref><ref name="GeijbelsAddleton"/> primarily native to the [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]], [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] regions of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="West201022">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Barbara A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438119137 |page=285 |language=en |quote=The term ''Hindko'' as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group. Nonetheless there are people in the region who claim Hindko identity and who trace their heritage back nearly 2,000 years to the inhabitants of the ancient city of Gandhara.}}</ref> Hindkowans speak various [[Hindko]] dialects of [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi).',
45 => 'Hindkowans are mainly found in the Pakistani cities of [[Peshawar]], [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]], [[Swabi]], [[Mansehra]], [[Abbottabad]], [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]] and [[Attock]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Qadeer|first=Mohammad A.|title=Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415375665|page=40}}</ref> Prior to the [[Formation of pakistan|formation of Pakistan]], these areas were dominated by Hindko speakers.<ref name="GeijbelsAddleton">{{cite book |title=The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan |publisher=Christian Study Centre |page=38 |quote=Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language' and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country'. Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.}}</ref> Those who reside in urban centers of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan such as [[Peshawar]], [[Kohat]], Nowshera and Swabi are alternatively termed as "Kharian/Kharay" or ''city-dweller''. Other Hindko-speakers, including members of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh faiths, reside in Afghanistan and are known as [[Hindki]].<ref name="Venkatesh">{{cite web |last1=Venkatesh |first1=Karthik |title=The strange and little-known case of Hindko |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=24 September 2019 |language=en |date=6 July 2019 |quote=Besides Pakistan, Hindko is also spoken in Afghanistan, where it is referred to as Hindki and largely understood to be the language of its non-Muslim population, i.e. Afghan Hindus and Sikhs. This is not entirely correct, for there are Hindko-speaking Muslims in Afghanistan as well as Pashto-speaking non-Muslims.}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url = https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/h2/hindki.html | title = Hindki|encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]|edition=11th |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote=HINDKI, the name given to the Hindus who inhabit Afghanistan.}}</ref>',
46 => 'The [[Brahui people|Brahui]], '''Brahvi''' or '''Brohi''', are an ethnic group principally found in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]]. They speak the [[Brahui language]], which belongs to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] language family, although ethnically they tend to identify as [[Baloch people|Baloch]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elfenbein |first1=Josef |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138853768 |editor1-last=Seever |editor1-first=Sanford B. |edition=2 |page=495 |quote=The main habitat of Brahui tribesmen, as well as the main area where the [[Brahui language]] is spoken, extends continuously over a narrow north-south belt in Pakistan from north of Quetta southwards through Mastung and Kalat (including Nushki to the west) as far south as Las Bela, just inland from the Arabian sea coast.}}</ref><ref name="Iranica2">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1989 |title=BRAHUI |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4 |publisher= |location= |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui |last=Elfenbein |first=Josef |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |pages=433–443 |isbn= |quote=BRAHUI (Brāhūī, Brāhōī), the name of a tribal group living principally in Pakistani Baluchistan and of a Dravidian language spoken mainly by Brahui tribesmen. |authorlink=}}</ref>',
47 => 'They are a small minority group in [[Afghanistan]], where they are native, but they are also found through their diaspora in [[Middle East]]ern states.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT73|title=Brahuis|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|author=James B. Minahan|date=30 August 2012|isbn=9781598846607|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> They mainly occupy the area in Balochistan from [[Bolan Pass]] through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari ([[Cape Monze]]) on the Arabian sea, separating the [[Baloch people]] living to the east and west.<ref>{{citation |last=Shah |first=Mahmood Ali |title=Sardari, jirga & local government systems in Balochistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4iOAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Qasim Printers|pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Minahan |first=James B. |chapter=Brahui |title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |date=31 August 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-954-9 |pages=79–80}}</ref> The Brahuis are almost entirely [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Andrew Dalby - Hindu origin of Brahui people">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96| title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|publisher = Columbia University Press|access-date = 2010-09-09|isbn = 9780231115698|date = 2004-03-01}}</ref>',
48 => '',
49 => '==Notes==',
50 => '{{Notelist}}',
51 => '{{reflist|group=note}}'
] |
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0 => 'The major ethnic groups of [[Pakistan]] include [[Punjabis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Sindhis]], [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Brahui people|Brahuis]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]], [[Hindkowans]], and other smaller groups. Smaller ethnic groups found throughout the nation include [[Gurjar|Gujjar]], [[Kho people|Khowar]], [[Gujarati people|Gujratis]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=Karachi’s Gujarati speaking youth strive to revive Jinnah’s language |url=https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1381116/pakistan |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Arab News PK |language=en}}</ref>,[[Bengalis]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-16 |title=Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/322325/five-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> [[Nuristanis]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistanis]], [[Shina people|Shina]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Siddi]], [[Kashmiris]], [[Burusho people|Burusho]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhis]], [[Hazaras|Hazara]], [[Balti people|Baltis]], [[Ladakhis]] and others.',
1 => '',
2 => 'Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million [[Afghan identity card|citizens of Afghanistan]] who are temporarily residing in [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/Statistical%20Factsheet%20Onward%20movements%20of%20Afghan%20refugees%20March-April%202021.pdf|title=Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees |date=March–April 2021|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/pk/12999-government-to-deliver-first-new-por-smartcards-to-afghan-refugees.html |title=Government delivered first new Proof of Registration smartcards to Afghan refugees |date=May 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/pak|title=Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan|work=UNHCR|date=December 31, 2020|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref> A majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically [[Pashtuns]], [[Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |date=November 2016 |title=Voluntary Repatriation Update |publisher=UNHCR |location=Pakistan |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173655/https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
3 => '[[File:Mother Tongue by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|',
4 => '<div style="text-align: center">Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]',
5 => '[[Image:Ethnic Groups by Region.jpg|thumb|Bar Graph of Ethnic Groups by Region]]',
6 => '[[Image:Ethnic Groups Urban Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Bar Graph of Ethnic Groups in Urban Pakistan]]',
7 => '',
8 => '[[File:Major ethnic groups of Pakistan in 1980 borders removed.jpg|thumb|The four major ethnic groups of Pakistan]] The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as ''biradaris'' (literally 'brotherhood'), with further divisions between the ''zamindar'' or ''qoums'', traditionally associated with agriculture, and ''moeens'', traditionally associated with artisanry. Some ''zamindars'' are further divided into tribes such as [[Rajput]], [[Muslim Jats|Jat]], [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikh]], [[Gujjar]], [[Awan (Pakistan)|Awan]], [[Arain]] and [[Syed]]. Ethnicities from neighbouring regions such as [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiris]], [[Punjabi Pathan|Pashtuns]] and [[Punjabi Baloch|Baluchis]] also form a sizeable portion of the population of Punjab, especially in metropolises such as [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. A large number of Punjabis descend from groups historically associated with skilled professions and crafts, such as the [[Sunar]], [[Lohar]], [[Kumhar]], [[Tarkhan]], [[Julaha]], [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochi]], [[Hajjam]], [[Chhimba Darzi]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], [[Lalari (caste)|Lalari]], [[Qassab]], [[Mallaah]], [[Dhobi]], [[Mirasi]], etc.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorburn|first1=S. S.|title=Musalmans and Money Lenders in the Punjab|date=1983|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789351137481|edition=(reprint)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSYJp4R54kMC&q=jat+punjab+islam&pg=PR5}}</ref><ref>Mirza, Z.I., Hassan, M.U. and Bandaragoda, D.J., 1997. Socio-Economic Baseline Survey for a Pilot Project on Water Users Organizations in the Hakra 4-R Distributary Command Area, Punjab.[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/40765852/H_9246i.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1501802940&Signature=ZMY7vx8jEwBB2boiRXHsps0XqR0%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DSocioeconomic_baseline_survey_for_a_pilo.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">Nazir, P., 1993. Social structure, ideology and language: caste among Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 2897-2900.</ref> The Pakistani Punjab is relatively religiously homogenous, with 97% of the population adhering to Islam (with small [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]], Sikh and [[Punjabi Christians|Christian]] minorities). Notable Punjabi-Pakistanis include Nobel laureate [[Abdus Salam]], cricketer [[Wasim Akram]] and economist [[Mahbub ul Haq|Mahbub al Haq]].',
9 => '[[Pashtuns]] (also referred to as Pukhtuns, Pathans and ethnic Afghans), an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethno-linguistic group. They are native to the regions, west of the Indus River including the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan, southern and eastern Afghanistan.',
10 => '',
11 => 'They constitute a significant diaspora community in the cities of Lahore and Karachi, and are also a major ethnic group among the [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees in Pakistan]]. Pashtuns form the major ethnic group in Afghanistan. They follow [[Pashtunwali]] and a deep rich history linked to rulers.',
12 => '',
13 => 'They speak [[Pashto]] as their first language and are divided into multiple tribes such as [[Afridi]] and [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]] and [[Khattak]], which are notably the main Pashtun tribes in Pakistan. They make up an estimated 32 million of Pakistan's total population<ref name=":1">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ The World Factbook]</ref> and are mostly adherent to Sunni Islam. Notable Pashtuns include former president [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], incumbent prime minister [[Imran Khan]], cricketers [[Shahid Afridi]] and [[Shaheen Afridi]], actor [[Fawad Khan]] and Nobel Laureate [[Malala Yousafzai]].',
14 => 'The [[Sindhis]] are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] who speak the [[Sindhi language]] and are native to the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]] and they are Pakistan's third largest ethnicity (consisting 14% of the country). Sindhis are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]], but have a minority Hindu population, making up the largest Hindu minority population in Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Census statistics">{{webarchive |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-religion | date= May 19, 2017}}". </ref> Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by [[Sufi]] doctrines and principles and some of the popular cultural icons of Sindh are [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]], [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]], [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]] and [[Sachal Sarmast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=CIA Factbook Pakistan}}</ref>',
15 => 'The [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] also known as '''Multanis''',<ref name="BhatiaRitchie2008">{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470756744|page=803}}</ref> are an ethnolinguistic group in central and southeastern [[Pakistan]], primarily southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. Their language is [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], which has similarities to Punjabi and Sindhi.',
16 => '[[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]] (meaning "migrants") are also called "[[Urdu-speaking people]]." Muhajirs are a collective multiethnic group who emerged through the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of the world's largest mass migration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf|title=Rupture in South Asia|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml|title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies|author=Dr Crispin Bates|date=2011-03-03|work=BBC|access-date=2014-08-16}}</ref> The majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sukkur]] and [[Mirpur Khas]]. Sizable communities of Muhajirs are also present in cities including [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Islamabad]], and [[Peshawar]]. Muhajirs held a dominating position during the early nation building years of Pakistan. The term Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/07-Nov-2014/muhajirs-in-historical-perspective|title=Muhajirs in historical perspective|date=2014-11-07|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1100948|title=The evolution of Mohajir politics and identity|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2014-04-20|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref>',
17 => 'The [[Baloch people|Baloch]] are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] ethnic linguistic group, and are principally found in the east of Balochistan province of Pakistan.<ref>Blood, Peter, ed. [https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055) "Baloch"]. ''Pakistan: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.</ref> Despite living south towards the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Arabian sea]] for centuries, they are classified as a northwestern Iranian people in accordance to [[Baloch language|their language]] which belongs to the northwestern subgroup of [[Iranian languages]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|title=Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian|work=Agnes Korn|access-date=2016-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174053/https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
18 => 'According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, [[Professor]] at [[University of Karachi]], the Balochis migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries<ref name="Mann2003">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf|author= Mann, Michael|editor=Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry|access-date=17 November 2012|chapter=Little Ice Age}}</ref><ref name="Lamb1972">{{cite book|chapter = The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800|author=Lamb, HH|title=Climate: present, past and future|publisher= Methuen|location=London|year=1972|page=107|isbn=0-416-11530-6}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref name="NASA Glossary">{{Cite journal|title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N|publisher=NASA|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD|access-date=17 July 2015}}.</ref> (or alternatively, from about 1300<ref name="miller2012">Miller ''et al''. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" ''Geophysical Research Letters'' '''39''', 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/https://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see [https://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/ press release on AGU website] (accessed 11 July 2015).</ref> to about 1850<ref>Grove, J.M., ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,'' Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</ref><ref>Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], ''Geogr. Ann., 87,'' A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html|title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|publisher=Ipcc.ch|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>), although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was uninhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/ From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh]</ref>',
19 => '===Kashmiris===',
20 => '[[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]] are a [[Dards|Dardic]] (subgrouping of Indo-Aryan) ethnic group native to the [[Kashmir Valley]]. The majority of Kashmiri Muslims are Sunni. They refer to themselves as "Kashur" in their mother language. Kashmiri Muslims are [[Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage|descended]] from [[Kashmiri Pandit|Kashmiri Hindus]] and are also known as 'Sheikhs'.Since 1947, many ethnic Kashmiri Muslims also live in [[Pakistan]]. There are Kashmiris who live in areas that border the Kashmir Valley, in the Neelum and Leepa Valleys of northern Azad Kashmir. Invariably, Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir and Pakistan are Muslims.',
21 => 'The [[Brahui people|Brahui]] or '''Brahvi''' people are a Pakistani ethnic group of about 2.2 million people with the vast majority found in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]]. They are a small minority group in [[Afghanistan]], where they are native, but they are also found through their diaspora in [[Middle East]]ern states.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT73|title=Brahuis|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|author=James B. Minahan|date=30 August 2012|isbn=9781598846607|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> They mainly occupy the area in Balochistan from [[Bolan Pass]] through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari ([[Cape Monze]]) on the Arabian sea, separating the [[Baloch people]] living to the east and west.<ref>{{citation |last=Shah |first=Mahmood Ali |title=Sardari, jirga & local government systems in Balochistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4iOAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Qasim Printers|pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Minahan |first=James B. |chapter=Brahui |title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |date=31 August 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-954-9 |pages=79–80}}</ref> The Brahuis are almost entirely [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Andrew Dalby - Hindu origin of Brahui people">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96| title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|publisher = Columbia University Press|access-date = 2010-09-09|isbn = 9780231115698|date = 2004-03-01}}</ref>',
22 => '',
23 => '===Hindkowans===',
24 => '[[Hindkowans]] are a Hindko speaking people, they live mainly in the [[Hazara division]] and the [[Peshawar Division]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and there is also a large population of Hindkowans that can be found in the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar Region]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] in Pakistan. They have a population that consists of nearly four million people and they form 2% of [[Pakistan]] entire population.<ref name=":1" />',
25 => '===Hazara===',
26 => 'The [[Hazara people]], natives to the present day [[Hazarajat]] ('''Hazaristan'''), are a [[Persian language|Persian]]-speaking people mostly residing in all [[Pakistan]] and specially in [[Quetta]]. Some are citizens of Pakistan while others are refugees. Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Mongols and Iranian-speaking]] peoples, and those of [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]]. The genetic research suggests that they are closely related to the [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasian]] and the [[Uyghurs]]. The [[Pakistani]] Hazaras estimated population is believed to be more than 1,550,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/07/the-plight-of-the-hazaras-in-pakistan/|title=The Plight of the Hazaras in Pakistan|author=Malik Ayub Sumbal|website=thediplomat.com|publisher=The Diplomat|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/267225/who-are-the-hazara/|title=Who are the Hazara?|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=5 October 2011|website=tribune.com.pk|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref>',
27 => '',
28 => '===Burusho people===',
29 => 'The [[Burusho people|Burusho]] or '''Brusho''' people live in the [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]] and [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]] valleys of [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] in northern [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2777/munshis96677.pdf |title=Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski : Language, Language Contact, and Change |publisher=Repositories.lib.utexas.edu |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> They are predominantly Muslims. Their language, [[Burushki]], has not been shown to be related to any other language.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9018245/ |title=Burushaski language | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica online }}</ref>',
30 => 'The '''Hunzakuts''' or Hunza people, are an ethnically Burusho people indigenous to the Hunza Valley, in the [[Karakorum Mountains]] of northern Pakistan. They are descended from inhabitants of the former principality of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]]. The Hunza's are predominantly [[Shia]]s, with many of them [[Ismaili]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghoash|first1=Palash|title=Hunza: A Paradise Of High Literacy And Gender Equality In A Remote Corner Of Pakistan|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/hunza-paradise-high-literacy-gender-equality-remote-corner-pakistan-1524688|access-date=31 July 2016|newspaper=International Business Times|date=1 February 2014}}</ref>',
31 => '* [[Minorities in Pakistan]]'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [
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10 => 'https://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=NWFP-PeopleCulture',
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14 => 'https://iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui'
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All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
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All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
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3 => 'https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=60VAsoo-huYC&dq=pakistan+ethnic+groups&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s',
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24 => 'https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf',
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27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/https://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml',
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29 => 'https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf',
30 => 'https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html',
31 => 'https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/',
32 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC',
33 => 'https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html',
34 => 'https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/h2/hindki.html',
35 => 'https://iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui',
36 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT73',
37 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=k4iOAAAAMAAJ',
38 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79',
39 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96'
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Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n',
1 => 'https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055)',
2 => 'https://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/',
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31 => 'https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf',
32 => 'https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-religion',
33 => 'https://www.unhcr.org/pk/12999-government-to-deliver-first-new-por-smartcards-to-afghan-refugees.html'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the ethnic groups of Pakistan</div>
<table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>
The major <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic groups</a> of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> include <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraikis</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajirs</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)" title="Pahari people (Kashmir)">Pothoharis/Paharis</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahuis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahuis">Brahuis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-main_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-main-4">[note 1]</a></sup> with significant numbers of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitralis">Chitralis</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_people" title="Shina people">Shina</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Baltis</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusho_people" title="Burusho people">Burusho</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddis</a> and other various minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/350px-Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/525px-Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/700px-Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><div style="text-align: center">Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">District</a> as of the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistan Census">2017 Pakistan Census</a></div></div></div></div>
<p>Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_identity_card" title="Afghan identity card">citizens of Afghanistan</a> who are temporarily residing in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup> Majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></sup>
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<p>Ethnic groups in Pakistan (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[9]</a></sup>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> (44.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> (15.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> (14.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Maroon; color:white;"> </span> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikis">Saraikis</a> (8.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajirs</a> (7.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochis" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochis">Balochis</a> (3.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Others (6.3%)</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture of Pakistan</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg" class="image"><img alt="Pakistan Star&Crescent.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg/80px-Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg/120px-Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg/160px-Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="127" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">People</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">List of Pakistanis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani name</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani English</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_languages_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial languages of Pakistan">Provincial languages</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 105%;">
<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Traditions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Mythology and folklore</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Pakistan">Folklore</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 105%;">
<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Pakistan">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivals_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals of Pakistan">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Pakistan">Shia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism_in_Pakistan" title="Sufism in Pakistan">Sufism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Pakistan">Bahá'í</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Pakistan" title="Ahmadiyya in Pakistan">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Pakistan">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Pakistan">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture in Pakistan">Sculpture</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Pakistan">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_poetry" title="Pakistani poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Music and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Pakistan">Theater</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_dramas" title="Pakistani dramas">(Radio/TV Dramas & serials)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Pakistan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Pakistan">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan" title="Television in Pakistan">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 105%;">
<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan" title="Flag of Pakistan">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Pakistan">Coat of arms</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Pakistan.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="noviewer" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Culture of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Culture of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_Pakistan&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Major_ethnic_groups"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Major ethnic groups</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Punjabis"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Punjabis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pashtuns"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pashtuns</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sindhis"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sindhis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Saraikis"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Saraikis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Muhajirs"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Muhajirs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Baloch"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Baloch</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Hindkowans"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Hindkowans</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Brahuis"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Brahuis</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Major_ethnic_groups">Major ethnic groups</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major ethnic groups">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Punjabis">Punjabis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Punjabis">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>; <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>; and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a></div>
<p><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> are an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> associated with the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. They are the largest ethnic group of Pakistan.
</p><p>Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[11]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Integration</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup> Notable Pakistani Punjabis include Nobel laureate <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a>, cricketer <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasim_Akram" title="Wasim Akram">Wasim Akram</a> and singer and actor <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Zafar" title="Ali Zafar">Ali Zafar</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pashtuns">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a>, and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtuns in Punjab">Pashtuns in Punjab</a></div>
<p><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> are an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic</a> ethnolinguistic group and are Pakistan's second largest ethnicity. They speak <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> as their first language and are divided into multiple tribes such as <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afridi" title="Afridi">Afridi</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yousafzai</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khattak" title="Khattak">Khattak</a>, which are notably the main Pashtun tribes in Pakistan. They make up an estimated 32 million of Pakistan's total population<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[9]</a></sup> and are mostly adherent to Sunni Islam. Notable Pashtuns include former president <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)">Ayub Khan</a>, incumbent prime minister <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>, cricketers <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Afridi" title="Shahid Afridi">Shahid Afridi</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen_Afridi" title="Shaheen Afridi">Shaheen Afridi</a>, actor <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawad_Khan" title="Fawad Khan">Fawad Khan</a> and Nobel Laureate <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sindhis">Sindhis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sindhis">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></div>
<p>The <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> are an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> ethnolinguistic group who speak the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a> and are native to the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> province of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Sindhis are predominantly <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>, but have a minority Hindu population, making up the largest Hindu minority population in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Census_statistics_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Census_statistics-15">[13]</a></sup> Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> doctrines and principles and some of the popular cultural icons of Sindh are <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar" title="Lal Shahbaz Qalandar">Lal Shahbaz Qalandar</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhulelal_(Hinduism)" title="Jhulelal (Hinduism)">Jhulelal</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachal_Sarmast" title="Sachal Sarmast">Sachal Sarmast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Saraikis">Saraikis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Saraikis">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki people</a></div>
<p>The <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraikis</a> are an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> inhabiting parts of central and southeastern <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, primarily in the southern part of the Pakistani province of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-17">[15]</a></sup> They are mainly found in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a>, a cultural region of central <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, located in the region where the provinces of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> meet.<sup id="cite_ref-punjab_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punjab-18">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup> Derajat is bound by the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains" title="Sulaiman Mountains">Sulaiman Mountains</a> to the west.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Muhajirs">Muhajirs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Muhajirs">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajirs</a> (meaning "migrants"), also called "<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking people</a>" are a collective multiethnic group who emerged through the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of the world's largest mass migration.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup> The majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpur Khas</a>. Sizable communities of Muhajirs are also present in cities including <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. Muhajirs held a dominating position during the early nation building years of Pakistan. The term Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Baloch">Baloch</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baloch">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> are an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic</a> ethnolinguistic group, and are principally found in the south of Balochistan province of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> Despite living in the southeastern side towards the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> for centuries, they are classified as a northwestern Iranian people in accordance to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baloch language">their language</a> which belongs to the northwestern subgroup of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> at <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a>, the Balochis migrated from <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan region">Balochistan</a> during the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> and settled in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries<sup id="cite_ref-Mann2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann2003-28">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lamb1972_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb1972-29">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_Glossary_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Glossary-30">[28]</a></sup> or alternatively, from about 1300<sup id="cite_ref-miller2012_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller2012-31">[29]</a></sup> to about 1850<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup>, although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was uninhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hindkowans">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara division">Hazara division</a></div>
<p><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a>, also known as the <b>Hindki</b>, are an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> linguistic-cultural group,<sup id="cite_ref-West2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2010-36">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeijbelsAddleton-37">[35]</a></sup> primarily native to the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara,_Pakistan" title="Hazara, Pakistan">Hazara</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> regions of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-West201022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West201022-38">[36]</a></sup> Hindkowans speak various <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> dialects of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a> (Western Punjabi).
</p><p>Hindkowans are mainly found in the Pakistani cities of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Nowshera</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabi" title="Swabi">Swabi</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripur,_Pakistan" title="Haripur, Pakistan">Haripur</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup> Prior to the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_of_pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of pakistan">formation of Pakistan</a>, these areas were dominated by Hindko speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeijbelsAddleton-37">[35]</a></sup> Those who reside in urban centers of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> province of Pakistan such as <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a>, Nowshera and Swabi are alternatively termed as "Kharian/Kharay" or <i>city-dweller</i>. Other Hindko-speakers, including members of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh faiths, reside in Afghanistan and are known as <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindki" title="Hindki">Hindki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Venkatesh_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkatesh-40">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-41">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Brahuis">Brahuis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brahuis">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a>, <b>Brahvi</b> or <b>Brohi</b>, are an ethnic group principally found in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan, Pakistan</a>. They speak the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui language</a>, which belongs to the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> language family, although ethnically they tend to identify as <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica2-43">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>They are a small minority group in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, where they are native, but they are also found through their diaspora in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a></sup> They mainly occupy the area in Balochistan from <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolan_Pass" title="Bolan Pass">Bolan Pass</a> through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Monze" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Monze">Cape Monze</a>) on the Arabian sea, separating the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a> living to the east and west.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a></sup> The Brahuis are almost entirely <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_Dalby_-_Hindu_origin_of_Brahui_people_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Dalby_-_Hindu_origin_of_Brahui_people-47">[45]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics of Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranian peoples">Indo-Iranian peoples</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major ethnolonguistic group in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a>. Lack of exact numbers of the ethnic population due to the language not being represented in the previous censuses. Upcoming <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Census_of_Pakistan" title="2022 Census of Pakistan">2022 Census of Pakistan</a> will include <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a> as an option. <a href="#CITEREFBaart2003">Baart (2003</a>, p. 10)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBaart2003 (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. <a href="#CITEREFLothersLothers2010">Lothers & Lothers (2010</a>, p. 9)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFLothersLothers2010 (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in <a href="#CITEREFEthnologue2017">Ethnologue (2017)</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFEthnologue2017 (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> to be about 1 million as of 2000.</span>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-main-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-main_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnolinguistic groups with a population of more than a million each.<sup id="cite_ref-PakPop_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PakPop-3">[2]</a></sup></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">"Pakistan"</a>, <i>The World Factbook</i>, Central Intelligence Agency</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PakPop-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PakPop_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf">"POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pbs.gov.pk</i>. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.gov.pk&rft.atitle=POPULATION+BY+MOTHER+TONGUE%2C+SEX+AND+RURAL%2F+URBAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2Fcensus_2017_tables%2Fpakistan%2FTable11n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFQadeer2006" class="citation book cs1">Qadeer, Mohammad (2006-11-22). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA40&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation</i></a>. Routledge. p. 70. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-18617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-18617-4"><bdi>978-1-134-18617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+-+Social+and+Cultural+Transformations+in+a+Muslim+Nation&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft.isbn=978-1-134-18617-4&rft.aulast=Qadeer&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dll02P7G5XD8C%26pg%3DPA40%26dq%3D%26hl%3Des%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAliRehman2013" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Shaheen Sardar; Rehman, Javaid (2013-02-01). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=60VAsoo-huYC&dq=pakistan+ethnic+groups&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-77868-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-77868-1"><bdi>978-1-136-77868-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples+and+Ethnic+Minorities+of+Pakistan%3A+Constitutional+and+Legal+Perspectives&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-136-77868-1&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Shaheen+Sardar&rft.au=Rehman%2C+Javaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60VAsoo-huYC%26dq%3Dpakistan%2Bethnic%2Bgroups%26hl%3Des%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/Statistical%20Factsheet%20Onward%20movements%20of%20Afghan%20refugees%20March-April%202021.pdf"><i>Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, UNHCR, March–April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onward+Movements+of+Afghan+Refugees&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2021-03%2F2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freporting.unhcr.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FStatistical%2520Factsheet%2520Onward%2520movements%2520of%2520Afghan%2520refugees%2520March-April%25202021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/pk/12999-government-to-deliver-first-new-por-smartcards-to-afghan-refugees.html">"Government delivered first new Proof of Registration smartcards to Afghan refugees"</a>. May 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+delivered+first+new+Proof+of+Registration+smartcards+to+Afghan+refugees&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fpk%2F12999-government-to-deliver-first-new-por-smartcards-to-afghan-refugees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/pak">"Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan"</a>. <i>UNHCR</i>. December 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNHCR&rft.atitle=Registered+Afghan+Refugees+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata2.unhcr.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fpak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173655/https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf">"Voluntary Repatriation Update"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pakistan: UNHCR. November 2016. Archived from <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voluntary+Repatriation+Update&rft.place=Pakistan&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funhcrpk.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F12%2FVolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">The World Factbook</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFThandi1999" class="citation book cs1">Thandi, edited by Pritam Singh, Shinder Singh (1999). <i>Punjabi identity in a global context</i>. New Delhi: <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564864-5"><bdi>978-0-19-564864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi+identity+in+a+global+context&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564864-5&rft.aulast=Thandi&rft.aufirst=edited+by+Pritam+Singh%2C+Shinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFQadeer2006" class="citation book cs1">Qadeer, Mohammad (2006-11-22). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA71&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 70–72. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-18617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-18617-4"><bdi>978-1-134-18617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+-+Social+and+Cultural+Transformations+in+a+Muslim+Nation&rft.pages=70-72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft.isbn=978-1-134-18617-4&rft.aulast=Qadeer&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dll02P7G5XD8C%26pg%3DPA71%26dq%3D%26hl%3Des%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Prtiam (2012). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124071525/https://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf">"Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Punjab Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 153–72. Archived from <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&rft.atitle=Globalisation+and+Punjabi+Identity%3A+Resistance%2C+Relocation+and+Reinvention+%28Yet+Again%21%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-72&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prtiam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global.ucsb.edu%2Fpunjab%2Fjournal%2Fv19_2%2FSingh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Census_statistics-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Census_statistics_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-religion">Archived</a> May 19, 2017, at pbs.gov.pk <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Error: unknown archive URL)</span>". </span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">"CIA Factbook Pakistan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+Factbook+Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:13-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA283"><i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 283-284. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598846591" title="Special:BookSources/9781598846591"><bdi>9781598846591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=283-284&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781598846591&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabNDLZQ6quYC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-punjab-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-punjab_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202183134/https://tdcp.punjab.gov.pk/TDCP/about_punjab.htm">"About Punjab: Geography"</a>. Tourism Development Corporation, Government of the Punjab. Archived from <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://tdcp.punjab.gov.pk/TDCP/about_punjab.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Punjab%3A+Geography&rft.pub=Tourism+Development+Corporation%2C+Government+of+the+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftdcp.punjab.gov.pk%2FTDCP%2Fabout_punjab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117134513/https://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=NWFP-PeopleCulture">"People & Culture"</a>. Government of the North-West Frontier Province. Archived from <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=NWFP-PeopleCulture">the original</a> on 2007-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Government+of+the+North-West+Frontier+Province&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwfp.gov.pk%2FAIS-page.php%3FDistId%3D1%26DeptId%3D1%26LanId%3D1%26pageName%3DNWFP-PeopleCulture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFQadeer2006" class="citation book cs1">Qadeer, Mohammad (2006-11-22). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C&pg=PA40&dq=&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation</i></a>. Routledge. p. 40. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-18617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-18617-4"><bdi>978-1-134-18617-4</bdi></a>. <q>Punjab's diversity of dialects, Saraiki and Pothohari contrasting with the heartland Punjabi, was striking at the time of independence. Since then, the increased mobility of the population and the absorption of refugees from India have stimulated homogenizing tendencies both linguistically and ethnically. NWFP, although symbolically a Pashtoon is also a province of many ethnicities and languages, for example, Hindku-speaking people inhabit the Peshawar Valley and Hazara district, and Saraiki speakers are found in the Derajats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+-+Social+and+Cultural+Transformations+in+a+Muslim+Nation&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft.isbn=978-1-134-18617-4&rft.aulast=Qadeer&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dll02P7G5XD8C%26pg%3DPA40%26dq%3D%26hl%3Des%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjL---b_r72AhUKesAKHc22BWYQ6AF6BAgHEAI%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDr_Crispin_Bates2011" class="citation web cs1">Dr Crispin Bates (2011-03-03). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml">"The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Story+of+Partition+and+its+Legacies&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.au=Dr+Crispin+Bates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmodern%2Fpartition1947_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nazir, P., 1993. Social structure, ideology and language: caste among Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 2897-2900.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://nation.com.pk/07-Nov-2014/muhajirs-in-historical-perspective">"Muhajirs in historical perspective"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. 2014-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Muhajirs+in+historical+perspective&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F07-Nov-2014%2Fmuhajirs-in-historical-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFParacha2014" class="citation news cs1">Paracha, Nadeem F. (2014-04-20). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1100948">"The evolution of Mohajir politics and identity"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+Mohajir+politics+and+identity&rft.date=2014-04-20&rft.aulast=Paracha&rft.aufirst=Nadeem+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1100948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blood, Peter, ed. <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0055)">"Baloch"</a>. <i>Pakistan: A Country Study</i>. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174053/https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf">"Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Agnes Korn</i>. Archived from <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agnes+Korn&rft.atitle=Balochi+and+the+Concept+of+North-Western+Iranian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftitus.uni-frankfurt.de%2Fpersonal%2Fagnes%2Fupsala00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mann2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMann,_Michael2003" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2003). "Little Ice Age". In Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry (ed.). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf"><i>Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. John Wiley & Sons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Little+Ice+Age&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Environmental+Change%2C+Volume+1%2C+The+Earth+System%3A+Physical+and+Chemical+Dimensions+of+Global+Environmental+Change&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Mann%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteo.psu.edu%2Fholocene%2Fpublic_html%2Fshared%2Farticles%2Flittleiceage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lamb1972-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lamb1972_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLamb,_HH1972" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, HH (1972). "The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800". <i>Climate: present, past and future</i>. London: Methuen. p. 107. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-11530-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-11530-6"><bdi>0-416-11530-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+cold+Little+Ice+Age+climate+of+about+1550+to+1800&rft.btitle=Climate%3A+present%2C+past+and+future&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-416-11530-6&rft.au=Lamb%2C+HH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span> (noted in Grove 2004:4).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-NASA_Glossary-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Glossary_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n">"Earth observatory Glossary L-N"</a>. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD: NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Earth+observatory+Glossary+L-N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FGlossary%2F%3Fmode%3Dalpha%26seg%3Dl%26segend%3Dn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-miller2012-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miller2012_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller <i>et al</i>. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i> <b>39</b>, 31 January: <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/https://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml">abstract (formerly on AGU website)</a> (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/">press release on AGU website</a> (accessed 11 July 2015).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, J.M., <i>Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,</i> Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf">"The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"</a>, <i>Geogr. Ann., 87,</i> A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html">"1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science"</a>. Ipcc.ch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.4.3+Solar+Variability+and+the+Total+Solar+Irradiance+-+AR4+WGI+Chapter+1%3A+Historical+Overview+of+Climate+Change+Science&rft.pub=Ipcc.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fpublications_and_data%2Far4%2Fwg1%2Fen%2Fch1s1-4-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/">From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-West2010-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-West2010_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWest2010" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 285. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438119137" title="Special:BookSources/9781438119137"><bdi>9781438119137</bdi></a>. <q>The term <i>Hindko</i> as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group. Nonetheless there are people in the region who claim Hindko identity and who trace their heritage back nearly 2,000 years to the inhabitants of the ancient city of Gandhara.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438119137&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GeijbelsAddleton-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeijbelsAddleton_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan</i>. Christian Study Centre. p. 38. <q>Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language' and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country'. Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+development+of+Urdu+and+the+importance+of+regional+languages+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Christian+Study+Centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-West201022-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-West201022_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWest2010" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2010). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 285. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438119137" title="Special:BookSources/9781438119137"><bdi>9781438119137</bdi></a>. <q>The term <i>Hindko</i> as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group. Nonetheless there are people in the region who claim Hindko identity and who trace their heritage back nearly 2,000 years to the inhabitants of the ancient city of Gandhara.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438119137&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFQadeer2006" class="citation book cs1">Qadeer, Mohammad A. (2006). <i>Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415375665" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415375665"><bdi>978-0415375665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Social+and+Cultural+Transformations+in+a+Muslim+Nation&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415375665&rft.aulast=Qadeer&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Venkatesh-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venkatesh_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFVenkatesh2019" class="citation web cs1">Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html">"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"</a>. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>Besides Pakistan, Hindko is also spoken in Afghanistan, where it is referred to as Hindki and largely understood to be the language of its non-Muslim population, i.e. Afghan Hindus and Sikhs. This is not entirely correct, for there are Hindko-speaking Muslims in Afghanistan as well as Pashto-speaking non-Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+strange+and+little-known+case+of+Hindko&rft.pub=Mint&rft.date=2019-07-06&rft.aulast=Venkatesh&rft.aufirst=Karthik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fmint-lounge%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-strange-and-little-known-case-of-hindko-1562400834033.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/h2/hindki.html">"Hindki"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <q>HINDKI, the name given to the Hindus who inhabit Afghanistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindki&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheodora.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fh2%2Fhindki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFElfenbein2019" class="citation book cs1">Elfenbein, Josef (2019). Seever, Sanford B. (ed.). <i>The Dravidian Languages</i> (2 ed.). Routledge. p. 495. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138853768" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138853768"><bdi>978-1138853768</bdi></a>. <q>The main habitat of Brahui tribesmen, as well as the main area where the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui language</a> is spoken, extends continuously over a narrow north-south belt in Pakistan from north of Quetta southwards through Mastung and Kalat (including Nushki to the west) as far south as Las Bela, just inland from the Arabian sea coast.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.pages=495&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1138853768&rft.aulast=Elfenbein&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Iranica2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFElfenbein1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Elfenbein, Josef (1989). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui">"BRAHUI"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4</i>. pp. 433–443. <q>BRAHUI (Brāhūī, Brāhōī), the name of a tribal group living principally in Pakistani Baluchistan and of a Dravidian language spoken mainly by Brahui tribesmen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BRAHUI&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=433-443&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Elfenbein&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbrahui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJames_B._Minahan2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">James B. Minahan (30 August 2012). <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT73">"Brahuis"</a>. <i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598846607" title="Special:BookSources/9781598846607"><bdi>9781598846607</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahuis&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.isbn=9781598846607&rft.au=James+B.+Minahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOQkpcVcd9AC%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFShah1992" class="citation cs2">Shah, Mahmood Ali (1992), <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4iOAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sardari, jirga & local government systems in Balochistan</i></a>, Qasim Printers, pp. 6–7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardari%2C+jirga+%26+local+government+systems+in+Balochistan&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Qasim+Printers&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Mahmood+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk4iOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2016" class="citation cs2">Minahan, James B. (31 August 2016), <a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">"Brahui"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World</i>, ABC-CLIO, pp. 79–80, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-954-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-954-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahui&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+around+the+World%2C+2nd+Edition%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+around+the+World&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-954-9&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGClDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Andrew_Dalby_-_Hindu_origin_of_Brahui_people-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_Dalby_-_Hindu_origin_of_Brahui_people_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96"><i>Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages</i></a>. Columbia University Press. 2004-03-01. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231115698" title="Special:BookSources/9780231115698"><bdi>9780231115698</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+Definitive+Reference+to+More+Than+400+Languages&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.isbn=9780231115698&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnckpL8auSIC%26q%3Dbrahui%2Bhindu%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnic+groups+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnic groups</a> in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghans</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusho_people" title="Burusho people">Burusho</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">European Pakistanis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memon_people" title="Memon people">Memons</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajirs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)" title="Pahari people (Kashmir)">Paharis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_people" title="Shina people">Shina</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajiks_in_Pakistan" title="Tajiks in Pakistan">Tajik</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Pakistan" title="Uyghurs in Pakistan">Uyghurs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics" title="Template talk:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pakistan_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Muhammad bin Qasim</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misl" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_operation_in_Balochistan" title="1970s operation in Balochistan">Baloch insurgency</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar_Bay" title="Gwadar Bay">Gwadar Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C<sup>2</sup>NS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Energy_Development_Board" title="Alternative Energy Development Board">AEDB</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Coordination_Committee_(Pakistan)" title="Economic Coordination Committee (Pakistan)">ECC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Majlis-e-Shoora</i>)</span></a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga"><i>Jirga</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(tribal assembly)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Shariat Court</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pakistani_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:Pakistani intelligence agencies">Intelligence community</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Pakistan" title="LGBT history in Pakistan">LGBT history</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Investigation_Department_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Investigation Department (Pakistan)">Crime Investigation (CID)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Narcotics_Force" title="Anti-Narcotics Force">Anti-Narcotics (ANF)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">State terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Coast_Guards" title="Pakistan Coast Guards">Coast Guards</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_Pakistan" title="Paramilitary forces of Pakistan">Paramilitary</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">Nuclear</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">nuclear</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">solar</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">wind</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Remote_Sensing_Satellite" title="Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite">Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">bridges</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">child</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">banks</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pakistani_society" title="Category:Pakistani society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">institutions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Gender discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">hospitals</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">films</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">flags</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">songs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Basic topics</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Portal</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" class="extiw" title="commons:Pakistan (پاکستان)">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Ethnic groups in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic groups in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Syria" title="Ethnic groups in Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)">Artsakh</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1652172968 |
