The PenPoint OS was one of the earliest operating systems written specifically for graphical tablets and personal digital assistants. It was a product of GO Corporation. PenPoint OS ran on a number of Intel x86-powered tablet PCs including IBM's ThinkPad 700T series, NCR's 3125, 3130 and some of GRiD Systems' pen-based portables; it was later ported to the Hobbit chip in AT&T Corporation's EO Personal Communicator.[1] PenPoint was never widely adopted.
| Developer | GO Corporation |
|---|---|
| Working state | Abandoned |
| Source model | Closed source |
| Initial release | 1991 |
| Marketing target | Tablet computer |
| Available in | English |
| Platforms | EO Personal Communicator, IBM's ThinkPad 700T series, NCR's 3125, 3130 and some of GRiD Systems' pen-based portables |
| Default user interface | Graphical user interface |
| License | Proprietary |
Developers of the PenPoint OS included Robert Carr, who was involved with the Alto computer at Xerox PARC. He commissioned Dr. Tinker, the naming service company of Mark Beaulieu who generated the name 'PenPoint', using proprietary algorithms.
Awards and innovation
editByte magazine awarded PenPoint best Operating System in the 1992 Byte Awards. PenPoint won in the Standards and Operating Systems category in PC Magazine's 1991 Technical Excellence awards.[2]
The PenPoint operating system had novel early implementations of several computing advances, including:
- a large set of gestures such as circle to edit, X to delete, and caret to insert
- using the same gestures at all levels of the operating system and applications
- press and hold for moving any selection, which showed the selection as a floating icon to drag and drop into a destination
- a rich notebook user interface metaphor: Documents existed as pages in a notebook with tabs (this was not new in PenPoint, but PenPoint was the first to make it a primary OS interface; Microsoft later did it in Windows for Pen Computing)
- a document architecture where each document was a directory nested in another document's directory (in some sense, this was an extension of the document architecture on Multics)
- dynamic toolkit layout: this allowed applications to rescale for landscape and portrait orientation
- a system-wide pluggable address book
In April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by GO Corp. concerning user interfaces for the PenPoint OS.[3]
Third-party applications
editThe novel user interface of PenPoint and the mobile form factor of pen computers inspired many startup software companies, including:
- Inkwriter by Aha! Software which was purchased by Microsoft and became the basis for Microsoft's Windows Journal
- FutureWave Software (SmartSketch, a vector-drawing program that evolved into Adobe Flash)
- Glyphic Technology (Glyphic Script prototype-based programming language, with Codeworks direct interactive programming environment[4])
- PenMagic (Numero spreadsheet and LetterExpress document fill-in templates)
- Pensoft (Perspective personal data manager, winner of a BYTE award in 1992). Pensoft was acquired by Eo.
- Slate (several pen applications). Slate's founders included industry luminaries Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston.
- Gaia Software (Personal Media personal productivity applications)
- Conic Systems (LocatorGIS survey/mapping application that briefly went into production at Ordnance Survey in the UK)
- Ink Development released InkWare NoteTaker and InkWare Photo. Pierre Omidyar and Greg Stein were two of the founders. Ink Development renamed themselves eShop when they pivoted to electronic commerce software and was later acquired by Microsoft.
- Marathon Development created QuikScript, the original script handwriting word processor. QuikScript was later ported to Palm and Windows devices under the name PenScript. Patents acquired by Microsoft.
References
edit- ^ Kirkpatrick, David (May 17, 1993). "COULD AT&T RULE THE WORLD?". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- ^ "The 8th Annual Awards (1991) - Standards and Operating Systems". PC Magazine. 2002-03-12. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
- ^ Mintz, Jessica (2008-04-04). Microsoft to Appeal $367M Patent Ruling. The Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
- ^ Codeworks Mark Lentczner's Projects
Further reading
edit- Carr, Robert; Dan Shafer (1991). The power of PenPoint. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 0-201-57763-1.
- Bortman, Henry (March 1991). "Computing on the GO". MacUser. 7 (3). Ziff-Davis Publishing Co.: 202. ISSN 0884-0997. OCLC 300003271.
- GO Corporation (1992). PenPoint architectural reference, Volume 1. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-60859-6.
- GO Corporation (1992). PenPoint architectural reference, Volume 2. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-60860-X.
- GO Corporation (1992). PenPoint user interface design reference. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-60858-8.
- GO Corporation (1992). PenPoint application writing guide. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-60857-X.
- Novobilski, Andy (1992). PenPoint programming. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-60833-2.
- Kaplan, Jerry (1994). Startup : a Silicon Valley adventure. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-025731-4.
- Edstrom, Jennifer; Eller, Marlin (1999). Barbarians Led by Bill Gates. Holt. ISBN 0-8050-5755-2.
External links
edit- Thoughts on The Power of PenPoint Archive
- Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure
- Barbarians led by Bill Gates — Contains two chapters dealing with the story of GO Corporation and the PenPoint OS from a view inside Microsoft.
- Microsoft found to infringe PenPoint gesture patent
- Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting recognition and tablet and touch computers
- Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing on YouTube