Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a satellite-based sensor used for earth and climate measurements. There are two MODIS sensors in Earth orbit: one on board the Terra (EOS AM) satellite, launched by NASA in 1999; and one on board the Aqua (EOS PM) satellite, launched in 2002. MODIS has now been replaced by the VIIRS,^{[citation needed]} which first launched in 2011 aboard the Suomi NPP satellite.

The MODIS instruments were built by Santa Barbara Remote Sensing.^[1] They capture data in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 μm to 14.4 μm and at varying spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m, 5 bands at 500 m and 29 bands at 1 km). Together the instruments image the entire Earth every 1 to 2 days. They are designed to provide measurements in large-scale global dynamics including changes in Earth's cloud cover, radiation budget and processes occurring in the oceans, on land, and in the lower atmosphere.

Support and calibration is provided by the MODIS characterization support team (MCST).^[2]

Applications

With its high temporal resolution although low spatial resolution, MODIS data are useful to track changes in the landscape over time. Examples of such applications are the monitoring of vegetation health by means of time-series analyses with vegetation indices,^[3] long term land cover changes (e.g. to monitor deforestation rates),^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] global snow cover trends,^[8]^[9] water inundation from pluvial, riverine, or sea level rise flooding in coastal areas,^[10] change of water levels of major lakes such as the Aral Sea,^[11]^[12] and the detection and mapping of wildland fires in the United States.^[13] The United States Forest Service's Remote Sensing Applications Center analyzes MODIS imagery on a continuous basis to provide information for the management and suppression of wildfires.^[14]

Specifications

Specifications
Orbit	705 km, 10:30 a.m. descending node (Terra) or 1:30 p.m. ascending node (Aqua), Sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular
Scan rate	20.3 rpm, cross track
Swath	2330 km (cross track) by 10 km (along track at nadir)
Dimensions
Telescope	17.78 cm diam. off-axis, afocal (collimated), with intermediate field stop
Size	1.0 × 1.6 × 1.0 m
Weight	228.7 kg
Power	162.5 W (single orbit average)
Data rate	10.6 Mbit/s (peak daytime); 6.1 Mbit/s (orbital average)
Quantization	12 bits
Spatial resolution	250 m (bands 1–2) 500 m (bands 3–7) 1000 m (bands 8–36)
Temporal resolution	1–2 days ^[15]
Design life	6 years

Calibration

MODIS utilizes four on-board calibrators in addition to the space view in order to provide in-flight calibration: solar diffuser (SD), solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM), spectral radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA), and a v-groove black body.^[16] MODIS has used the marine optical buoy for vicarious calibration.

MODIS bands

Band	Wavelength (nm)	Resolution (m)	Primary use
1	620–670	250	Land/cloud/aerosols boundaries
2	841–876	250	Land/cloud/aerosols boundaries
3	459–479	500	Land/cloud/aerosols properties
4	545–565	500
5	1230–1250	500
6	1628–1652	500
7	2105–2155	500
8	405–420	1000	Ocean color/ phytoplankton/ biogeochemistry
9	438–448	1000
10	483–493	1000
11	526–536	1000
12	546–556	1000
13	662–672	1000
14	673–683	1000
15	743–753	1000
16	862–877	1000
17	890–920	1000	Atmospheric water vapor
18	931–941	1000
19	915–965	1000
Band	Wavelength (μm)	Resolution (m)	Primary use
20	3.660–3.840	1000	Surface/cloud temperature
21	3.929–3.989	1000
22	3.929–3.989	1000
23	4.020–4.080	1000
24	4.433–4.498	1000	Atmospheric temperature
25	4.482–4.549	1000	Atmospheric temperature
26	1.360–1.390	1000	Cirrus clouds water vapor
27	6.535–6.895	1000
28	7.175–7.475	1000
29	8.400–8.700	1000	Cloud properties
30	9.580–9.880	1000	Ozone
31	10.780–11.280	1000	Surface/cloud temperature
32	11.770–12.270	1000	Surface/cloud temperature
33	13.185–13.485	1000	Cloud top altitude
34	13.485–13.785	1000
35	13.785–14.085	1000
36	14.085–14.385	1000

MODIS data

MODIS Level 3 datasets

The following MODIS Level 3 (L3) datasets are available from NASA, as processed by the Collection 5 software.^[17]

Daily	8-day	16-day	32-day	Monthly	Yearly	Grid	Platform	Description
MxD08_D3	MxD08_E3	—	—	MxD08_M3	—	1° CMG	Terra, Aqua	Aerosol, cloud water vapor, ozone
MxD10A1	MxD10A2	—	—	—	—	500 m SIN	Terra, Aqua	Snow cover
MxD11A1	MxD11A2	—	—	—	—	1000 m SIN	Terra, Aqua	Land surface temperature/emissivity
MxD11B1	—	—	—	—	—	6000 m SIN	Terra, Aqua	Land surface temperature/emissivity
MxD11C1	MxD11C2	—	—	MxD11C3	—	0.05° CMG	Terra, Aqua	Land surface temperature/emissivity
—	—	MxD13C1	—	MxD13C2	—	0.05° CMG	Terra, Aqua	Vegetation indices
MxD14A1	MxD14A2	—	—	—	—	1000 m SIN	Terra, Aqua	Thermal anomalies, fire
—	—	—	—	MCD45A1	—	500 m SIN	Terra+Aqua	Burned area

250 m SIN	500 m SIN	1000 m SIN	0.05° CMG	1° CMG	Time window	Platform	Description
MxD09Q1	MxD09A1	—	—	—	8-day	Terra, Aqua	Surface reflectance
—	—	—	MxD09CMG	—	Daily	Terra, Aqua	Surface reflectance
—	MCD12Q1	—	MCD12C1	—	Yearly	Terra+Aqua	Land cover type
—	MCD12Q2	—	—	—	Yearly	Terra+Aqua	Land cover dynamics (global vegetation phenology)
MxD13Q1	MxD13A1	MxD13A2	MxD13C1	—	16-day	Terra, Aqua	Vegetation indices
—	—	MxD13A3	MxD13C2	—	Monthly	Terra, Aqua	Vegetation indices
—	MCD43A1	MCD43B1	MCD43C1	—	16-day	Terra+Aqua	BRDF/albedo model parameters
—	MCD43A3	MCD43B3	MCD43C3	—	16-day	Terra+Aqua	Albedo
—	MCD43A4	MCD43B4	MCD43C4	—	16-day	Terra+Aqua	Nadir BRDF-adjusted reflectance

Image based on observations from MODIS

References

^ "MODIS Components". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
^ "MODIS Characterization Support Team". Retrieved 18 July 2015.
^ LU, L., KUENZER, C., WANG, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., 2015: Evaluation of three MODIS-derived Vegetation Index Time Series for Dry land Vegetation Dynamics Monitoring. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7, 7597–7614; doi:10.3390/rs70607597
^ LEINENKUGEL; P., WOLTERS, M., OPPELT, N., KUENZER, C., 2014: Tree cover and forest cover dynamics in the Mekong Basin from 2001 to 2011. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 158, 376–392
^ KLEIN, I., GESSNER, U. and C. KUENZER, 2012: Regional land cover mapping in Central Asia using MODIS time series. Applied Geography 35, 1–16
^ LU, L., KUENZER, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., LONG, T., LI, X., 2014: A Novel Land Cover Classification Map Based on MODIS Time-series in Nanjing, China. Remote Sensing, 6, 3387–3408; doi:10.3390/rs6043387
^ GESSNER, U.; MACHWITZ, M.; ESCH, T.; TILLACK, A.; NAEIMI, V.; KUENZER, C.; DECH, S. (2015): Multi-sensor mapping of West African land cover using MODIS, ASAR and TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 282–297
^ Hall, Dorothy K; Riggs, George A; Salomonson, Vincent V; DiGirolamo, Nicolo E; Bayr, Klaus J (2002). "MODIS snow-cover products". Remote Sensing of Environment. 83 (1–2): 181–194. Bibcode:2002RSEnv..83..181H. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00095-0. hdl:2060/20010069265. S2CID 129808147.
^ Hall, Dorothy K.; Riggs, George A.; Salomonson, Vincent V. (1995). "Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data". Remote Sensing of Environment. 54 (2): 127–140. Bibcode:1995RSEnv..54..127H. doi:10.1016/0034-4257(95)00137-P.
^ KUENZER, C, KLEIN, I., ULLMANN; T., FOUFOULA-GEORGIOU, E., BAUMHAUER, R., DECH, S., 2015: Remote Sensing of River Delta Inundation: exploiting the Potential of coarse spatial Resolution, temporally-dense MODIS Time Series. Remote Sensing, 7, 8516–8542
^ KLEIN, I., DIETZ, A., GESSNER, U., DECH, S., KUENZER, C., 2015: Results of the Global WaterPack: a novel product to assess inland water body dynamics on a daily basis. Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 6, No. 1, 78–87
^ "Shrinking Aral Sea."NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved: 30 September 2014.
^ Wigglesworth, Alex (6 November 2019). "Satellite image shows Kincade fire burn scar". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
^ "MODIS Active Fire Mapping Program FAQs." Archived 2 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine United States Forest Service. Retrieved: 30 September 2014.
^ NASA.gov
^ "MODIS Design". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
^ "MODIS Products Table". Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

External links

ECHO Reverb – the next generation metadata and service discovery tool,^[1] which has replaced the former Warehouse Inventory and Search Tool (WIST);
LAADS Web – Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) web interface;
LANCE-MODIS – Land Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS^[2]
ftp:https://ladsftp.nascom.nasa.gov/ – LAADS underlying FTP server;
https://e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/ – Earth land surface datasets;
ftp:https://n4ftl01u.ecs.nasa.gov/ – snow and ice datasets.

Official NASA site
MODIS bands and spectral ranges (broken link) (archived 15 July 2007)
MODIS Images of the Day
MODIS Image of the Day – Google Gadget referring to MODIS image of the day.
Gallery of Images of Interest (archived 25 August 2001)
MODIS Land Product Subsetting Tool for North America from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (archived 27 May 2010)
MODIS Rapid Response system (near real time images)
NASA OnEarth (Web service for MODIS imagery) (archived 12 July 2003)
Visible Earth: Latest MODIS images (archived 1 July 2006)
MODIS Sinusoidal: Projection 6842 – MODIS Sinusoidal
Python: accessing near real-time MODIS images and fire data from NASA's Aqua and Terra satellites (Python)

Modis has 36 spectral bands

^ "About Reverb". Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
^ "LANCE-MODIS". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 15 September 2014.

[1] "MODIS Components". Retrieved 11 August 2015.

[2] "MODIS Characterization Support Team". Retrieved 18 July 2015.

[3] LU, L., KUENZER, C., WANG, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., 2015: Evaluation of three MODIS-derived Vegetation Index Time Series for Dry land Vegetation Dynamics Monitoring. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7, 7597–7614; doi:10.3390/rs70607597

[4] LEINENKUGEL; P., WOLTERS, M., OPPELT, N., KUENZER, C., 2014: Tree cover and forest cover dynamics in the Mekong Basin from 2001 to 2011. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 158, 376–392

[5] KLEIN, I., GESSNER, U. and C. KUENZER, 2012: Regional land cover mapping in Central Asia using MODIS time series. Applied Geography 35, 1–16

[6] LU, L., KUENZER, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., LONG, T., LI, X., 2014: A Novel Land Cover Classification Map Based on MODIS Time-series in Nanjing, China. Remote Sensing, 6, 3387–3408; doi:10.3390/rs6043387

[7] GESSNER, U.; MACHWITZ, M.; ESCH, T.; TILLACK, A.; NAEIMI, V.; KUENZER, C.; DECH, S. (2015): Multi-sensor mapping of West African land cover using MODIS, ASAR and TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 282–297

[8] Hall, Dorothy K; Riggs, George A; Salomonson, Vincent V; DiGirolamo, Nicolo E; Bayr, Klaus J (2002). "MODIS snow-cover products". Remote Sensing of Environment. 83 (1–2): 181–194. Bibcode:2002RSEnv..83..181H. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00095-0. hdl:2060/20010069265. S2CID 129808147.

[9] Hall, Dorothy K.; Riggs, George A.; Salomonson, Vincent V. (1995). "Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data". Remote Sensing of Environment. 54 (2): 127–140. Bibcode:1995RSEnv..54..127H. doi:10.1016/0034-4257(95)00137-P.

[10] KUENZER, C, KLEIN, I., ULLMANN; T., FOUFOULA-GEORGIOU, E., BAUMHAUER, R., DECH, S., 2015: Remote Sensing of River Delta Inundation: exploiting the Potential of coarse spatial Resolution, temporally-dense MODIS Time Series. Remote Sensing, 7, 8516–8542

[11] KLEIN, I., DIETZ, A., GESSNER, U., DECH, S., KUENZER, C., 2015: Results of the Global WaterPack: a novel product to assess inland water body dynamics on a daily basis. Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 6, No. 1, 78–87

[12] "Shrinking Aral Sea."NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved: 30 September 2014.

[LAT_019-11-05-13] Wigglesworth, Alex (6 November 2019). "Satellite image shows Kincade fire burn scar". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 November 2019.

[USFSMODIS-14] "MODIS Active Fire Mapping Program FAQs." Archived 2 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine United States Forest Service. Retrieved: 30 September 2014.

[15] NASA.gov

[16] "MODIS Design". Retrieved 11 August 2015.

[17] "MODIS Products Table". Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

[18] "About Reverb". Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

[19] "LANCE-MODIS". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 15 September 2014.

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