Suicidology is the scientific study of suicidal behaviour, the causes of suicidalness and suicide prevention.[1] Every year, about one million people die by suicide, which is a mortality rate of sixteen per 100,000 or one death every forty seconds.[2] Suicidologists believe that suicide is largely preventable with the right actions, knowledge about suicide, and a change in society's view of suicide to make it more acceptable to talk about suicide. There are many different fields and disciplines involved with suicidology, the two primary ones being psychology and sociology.
Short history
Most suicidologists think about the history of suicide in terms of courts, church, press, morals, and society. In Ancient Greece, there were several opinions about suicide. It was tolerated and even lauded when committed by patricians (generals and philosophers) but condemned if committed by plebeians (common people) or slaves. In Rome, suicide was viewed rather neutrally, even positively because life was held cheaply.[clarification needed] During early Christianity, excessive martyrdom and a penchant toward suicide frightened church elders sufficiently for them to introduce a serious deterrent. Suicide was thought of as a crime because it precluded possibility of repentance, and it violated the sixth commandment which is Thou shall not kill. During this time, St. Thomas Aquinas emphasized that suicide was a mortal sin because it disrupted God's power over man's life and death. However, nowhere in the Judeo-Christian Bible is there a directive forbidding suicide. This belief took hold and for hundreds of years thereafter played an important part in the Western view of suicide. Over the last 200 years, the main focus of suicide has moved from accusations that it is a sin to effort at compassion, understanding, and prevention.[3]
Parts of study
There are many points of study within suicidology. Suicidology studies not only death by suicide and attempted suicide but also partial self-destruction, suicidal ideation, parasuicide, and self-destructive behaviors and attitudes.[1] Suicidal ideation is when someone is having thoughts or showing gestures of suicide. For example, it could be as simple as someone saying that "life is not worth living any more" or it can be extreme as "I'm going to kill myself by jumping off a bridge." Parasuicide is when someone causes deliberate harm to themselves. For example, if someone were to take an overdose of medicine and live. Self-destructive behaviors are anything that cause harm to oneself. This can be intentional or unintentional. Some examples are alcoholism, risky sports, some sexual disorders, and eating disorders.[1] By way of a suicide note the person who is suiciding has the last word. It is also a way for the person to explain, bring closure (or not), to give guilt, to dictate wishes, to control, to forgive or to blame. Here is a list of the parts that might go into a suicide note.
| Possible attributes of a suicide note |
|---|
| A need to control and direct |
| A plea for forgiveness |
| An absolution |
| Ambivalence and uncertainty |
| Poignant despair |
| Remorse and regret |
| Being a savior/being saved |
| Altruism |
| Lack of pleasure |
| Self-criticism[4] |
Contributors
One of the first to contribute to the study of suicidology is Edwin S. Shneidman.[5] Shneidman is considered to be the father of suicidology. Shneidman's definition of suicide is a conscious act of self-induced annihilation, best understood as a multidimensional malaise in a needful individual who defines an issue for which suicide is perceived as the best solution. He thought of suicide as psychache or intolerable psychological pain. Another notable person in the field of suicidology is Emile Durkheim.[6] To Durkheim the word suicide is applied to all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result. Basically he saw suicide as an external and constraining social fact independent of individual psychopathology.
In David J. Mayo's definition there were four elements to suicide:
- A suicide has taken place only if a death has occurred.
- The death must be of one's own doing.
- The agency of suicide can be active or passive.
- It implies intentionally ending one's own life.
Sigmund Freud and Karl Menninger had similar views on suicide. Their definition of suicide had three different aspects. One was a murder involving hatred or the wish to kill. The second one was a murder by the self often involving guilt or the wish to be killed. The last one is the wish to die. They thought of suicide being a murderous death wish that was turned back upon one's own self. Freud also believed that we had two opposing basic instincts—life (eros) and death (thanatos)—and all instincts sought tension reduction. He also believed that suicide is more likely in advanced civilizations requiring greater repression of sexual and aggressive energy. Jean Baechler's definition of suicide was that suicide denotes all behavior that seeks and finds the solution to an existential problem by making an attempt on the life of the subject. Another worker in the field of suicidology was Joseph H. Davis. The definition he gave for suicide is a fatal willful self-inflicted life-threatening act without apparent desire to live; implicit are two basic components lethality and intent. Albert Camus also did some work in this field. He believed that whether one can live or chooses to live is the only truly serious philosophical problem. He also claimed that man created a god in order to be able to live without a wish to kill himself and that the only human liberty is to come to terms with death. He introduced Darwinian thought into his teachings.[1]
Suicide myths
Here is a list of suicide myths and the truth behind these myths.[7]
| Myths | Truths |
|---|---|
| People who die by suicide always leave notes. | Most people don't leave notes. Only a small percentage leave any type of explanations about why they've chosen to kill themselves. |
| People who die by suicide don't warn others. | Out of ten people who kill themselves, eight have given definite clues to their intentions. They leave numerous clues and warnings to others, although some of their clues may be non-verbal or difficult to detect. |
| People who talk about suicide are only trying to get attention. | Few die by suicide without first letting someone else know how they feel. People thinking about suicide give clues and warnings as cries for help. Over 70% who do threaten to kill themselves either make an attempt or die by suicide. |
| Once someone has already decided to die by suicide, nothing is going to stop them. | Most of the time suicidal people are ambivalent about suicide. Most individuals don't want to die; they just want the pain they are feeling to stop. |
| Once the emotional state improves, the risk of suicide is over. | The highest rates of suicide occur within about three months of an apparent improvement in a severely depressed state. Energy level is the important factor in someone who's improving having the energy to act on a suicidal impulse, if they perceive a stumbling block to recovery. |
| After a person has attempted suicide, it is unlikely they will try again. | People who have attempted suicide are very likely to try again. 80% of people who die by suicide have made at least one previous attempt. |
| Don't mention suicide to someone who's showing signs of severe depression; it will plant the idea in their mind and they will act on it. | Many depressed people have already considered suicide as an option. Talking about suicide generally provides a sense of relief and understanding to the person. Talking about suicide is one of the most helpful things you can do. |
| A non-fatal attempt means that the person wasn't serious about ending their life. | Some people are naive about how to kill themselves or something goes wrong in their attempt. The attempt in and of itself is the most important factor, not the method. |
See also
- American Association of Suicidology
- Depression (mood)
- Epidemiology of depression
- Epidemiology of suicide
- Euthanasia
- Gender differences in suicide
- List of countries by suicide rate
- List of suicides
- Major depressive disorder
- Mental health first aid
- Mood disorder
- Philosophy of suicide
- Prevalence of mental disorders
- Psychiatry
- Psychology
- Suicide attempt
- Suicide crisis
- Suicide prevention
References
- ^ a b c d Maris, Berman, Silverman, Ronald, Alan, Mortan (2000). Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology. New York: The Guilford Press. p. 3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Suicide prevention (SUPRE)". WHO. Archived from the original on July 1, 2004. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
- ^ Shneidman, Edwin (2001). Comprehending Suicide Landmarks in 20th-Century Suicidology. 750 First Street, NE Washington DC 20002: American Psychological Association. pp. 5–15.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Shneidman, Edwin (2004). Autopsy of a Suicidal Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–21. ISBN 978-0-19-517273-7.
- ^ Edwin Shneidman
- ^ Emile Durkheim
- ^ Providing Access to Help (2011). PATH Training Manual. Bloomington: PATH.
External links
- Samaritans Suicide info
- The Irish Association of Suicidology
- The National Suicide Research Foundation of Ireland
- The American Association of Suicidology
Journals related to suicidology