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==Writing==
{{see also|Glottal stop (letter)}}
[[
In the traditional [[romanization]] of many languages, such as Arabic, the glottal stop is transcribed with the [[Modifier letter apostrophe|apostrophe]] [[ʼ|{{angle bracket|ʼ}}]] or the symbol [[ʾ|{{angbr|ʾ}}]], which is the source of the IPA character {{angbr IPA|ʔ}}. In many [[Polynesian languages]] that use the [[Latin alphabet]], however, the glottal stop is written with a rotated apostrophe, {{angbr|{{okina}}}} (called ''[[ʻokina]]'' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and [[Samoan language|Samoan]]), which is commonly used to transcribe the Arabic [[ayin]] as well (also {{angbr|{{ayin}}}}) and is the source of the IPA character for the [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]] {{angbr IPA|ʕ}}. In [[Malay language|Malay]] the glottal stop is represented by the letter {{angbr|k}} (at the end of words), in [[Võro language|Võro]] and [[Maltese language|Maltese]] by {{angbr|q}}. Another way of writing the glottal stop is the [[Saltillo (linguistics)#The saltillo letter|saltillo]] {{Angbr|Ꞌ ꞌ}}, used in languages such as [[Tlapanec language|Tlapanec]] and [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]].
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Although this [[segment (linguistics)|segment]] is not a [[phoneme]] in English, it occurs phonetically in nearly all dialects of English, as an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/t/}} in the syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney, [[Scottish English]] and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}} between vowels as in ''city''. In [[Received Pronunciation]], a glottal stop is inserted before a [[tautosyllabic]] voiceless stop: sto{{hamza}}p, tha{{hamza}}t, kno{{hamza}}ck, wa{{hamza}}tch, also lea{{hamza}}p, soa{{hamza}}k, hel{{hamza}}p, pin{{hamza}}ch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Gillian |title=Listening to Spoken English |date=1977 |publisher=Longman |location=London |page=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kortlandt">{{Citation |last=Kortlandt |first=Frederik |title=General Linguistics & Indo-European Reconstruction |date=1993 |url=https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art130e.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608062414/https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art130e.pdf |language=en |access-date=2009-08-23 |archive-date=2011-06-08 |author-link=Frederik Kortlandt |via=kortlandt.nl |url-status=live}}</ref>
In [[American English]], a "t" is usually not aspirated in syllables ending either in a vowel + "t", such as "cat" or "outside"; or in a "t" + unstressed vowel + "n", such as "mountain" or "Manhattan". This is referred to as a "held t" as the airflow is stopped by tongue at the ridge behind the teeth. However, there is a trend of younger speakers in the [[Mid-Atlantic states]] to replace the "held t" with a glottal stop, so that "Manhattan" sounds like "Man-haʔ-in" or "Clinton" like "Cli(n)ʔ-in", where "ʔ" is the glottal stop. This may have crossed over from [[African American Vernacular English]], particularly that of New York City.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2012/03/12/that-way-they-talk-ii/ |url-access=registration |first1=Ben |last1=Yagoda |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education | title=((That Way They Talk II)) | date=12 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://archive.
===Before initial vowels===
{{Redirect|hard attack||Hard Attack (disambiguation){{!}}Hard Attack}}
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In many languages that do not allow a sequence of vowels, such as [[Persian language|Persian]], the glottal stop may be used [[Epenthesis|epenthetically]] to prevent such a [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]]. There are intricate interactions between falling [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] and the glottal stop in the histories of such languages as [[Danish language|Danish]] (see [[stød]]), [[Cantonese]] and [[Thai language|Thai]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
In many languages, the unstressed intervocalic allophone of the glottal stop is a [[creaky-voiced glottal approximant]]. It is known to be contrastive in only one language, [[Gimi language|Gimi]], in which it is the voiced equivalent of the stop. {{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}.
In some languages that normally maintain the flow of vowels fluid, a glottal stop can be added exceptionally for emphatic reasons in particular circumstances. For instance, although the [[Latin language]] would normally avoid glottal stops, the [[exameter]] requires the reader to produce a glottal stop – to be regarded by all means as a consontant – before ''odiīs'' (i.e. “jactētur ʔodiīs”) in verse 668 of [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'':
<blockquote>lītora jactētur odiīs Jūnōnis inīquae</blockquote>
The table below demonstrates how widely the sound of glottal stop is found among the world's [[spoken language]]s:
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|-
|rowspan="12" | [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|rowspan="12" | [[English language|English]] || Multiple dialects || {{lang|en|[[English orthography|I am]]|italic
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|en|[[English orthography|uh-oh]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɐʔəʊ]}} || rowspan="2" |'[[wikt:uh oh|uh-oh]]' ||rowspan="2" |
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|[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Rotuman language|Rotuman]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|1994|p=492}}</ref> || {{lang|rtm|'''ʻ'''usu}} || {{IPA|[ʔusu]}} || 'to box' ||
|-
|[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| colspan="2" |[[Russian language|Russian]]
|не-а / ''ne-a''
|[ˈnʲeʔə]
|'nope'
|
|-
|[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| |||