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==Writing==
{{see also|Glottal stop (letter)}}
[[
In the traditional [[romanization]] of many languages, such as Arabic, the glottal stop is transcribed with the [[Modifier letter apostrophe|apostrophe]] [[ʼ|{{angle bracket|ʼ}}]] or the symbol [[ʾ|{{angbr|ʾ}}]], which is the source of the IPA character {{angbr IPA|ʔ}}. In many [[Polynesian languages]] that use the [[Latin alphabet]], however, the glottal stop is written with a rotated apostrophe, {{angbr|{{okina}}}} (called ''[[
Other scripts also have letters used for representing the glottal stop, such as the [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew letter]] [[aleph]] {{angbr|{{Script/Hebrew|א}}}} and the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter [[palochka]] {{angbr|Ӏ}}, used in several [[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian languages]]. The [[Arabic script]] uses [[hamza]] {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ء}}}}, which can appear both as a [[diacritic]] and as an independent letter (though not part of the alphabet). In [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]], it is represented by the letters [[modifier letter apostrophe|apostrophe]] {{angbr|ʼ}} and [[modifier letter double apostrophe|double apostrophe]] {{angbr|ˮ}}. In [[Japanese language|Japanese]], glottal stops occur at the end of interjections of surprise or anger and are represented by the character {{angbr|[[っ]]}}.
In the graphic representation of most [[Philippine languages]], the glottal stop has no consistent symbolization. In most cases, however, a word that begins with a vowel-letter (e.g. [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] {{lang|tl|aso}}, "dog") is always pronounced with an unrepresented glottal stop before that vowel (as in Modern [[German language|German]] and [[Hausa language|Hausa]]). Some orthographies use a hyphen instead of the reverse apostrophe if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog {{lang|tl|pag-ibig}}, "love"; or [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] ''gabi-i'', "night"). If it occurs in the end of a word, the last vowel can be written with a [[circumflex accent]] (known as the ''pakupyâ'') if both a stress and a glottal stop occur in the final vowel (e.g. ''basâ'', "wet") or a [[grave accent]] (known as the ''paiwà'') if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. ''batà'', "child").<ref name="expr">{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=March 16, 2011 |title=The Basics of Filipino Pronunciation: Part 2 of 3 • Accent Marks |url=https://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227075213/https://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html |archive-date=December 27, 2011 |access-date=July 18, 2012 |website=Pilipino Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nolasco">{{Citation |last=Nolasco |first=Ricardo M. D. |title=Grammar Notes on the National Language |url=https://fhl.digitalsolutions.ph/sites/default/files/grammar-notes.pdf |postscript=. |language=en }}{{deadlink|date=September 2023}}</ref><ref name="tagalog">{{Cite book |url=https://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |title=Tagalog Reading Booklet |date=2007 |publisher=Simon & Schister's Pimsleur |editor-last=Schoellner |editor-first=Joan |editor-last2=Heinle |editor-first2=Beverly D. |pages=5–6 |access-date=2012-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127030759/https://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-27 }}</ref>
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Use of the glottal stop is a distinct characteristic of the Southern Mainland [[Argyll]] dialects of [[Scottish Gaelic]]. In such a dialect, the standard Gaelic phrase {{lang|gd|Tha Gàidhlig agam}} ("I speak Gaelic"), would be rendered {{lang|gd|Tha Gàidhlig a'am}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
In the [[Nawdm language]] of Ghana, the glottal stop is written ''ɦ'', capital ''Ĥ''.
==In English==
===Replacement of /t/===
In English, the glottal stop occurs as an [[open juncture]] (for example, between the vowel sounds in ''uh-oh!'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooR_9bUYwR8C&pg=PR28 |title=Mastering Hebrew |date=1988 |publisher=Barron's |isbn=
Often a glottal stop happens at the beginning of vowel [[phonation]] after a silence.<ref name = umeda/>
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Although this [[segment (linguistics)|segment]] is not a [[phoneme]] in English, it occurs phonetically in nearly all dialects of English, as an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/t/}} in the syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney, [[Scottish English]] and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}} between vowels as in ''city''. In [[Received Pronunciation]], a glottal stop is inserted before a [[tautosyllabic]] voiceless stop: sto{{hamza}}p, tha{{hamza}}t, kno{{hamza}}ck, wa{{hamza}}tch, also lea{{hamza}}p, soa{{hamza}}k, hel{{hamza}}p, pin{{hamza}}ch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Gillian |title=Listening to Spoken English |date=1977 |publisher=Longman |location=London |page=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kortlandt">{{Citation |last=Kortlandt |first=Frederik |title=General Linguistics & Indo-European Reconstruction |date=1993 |url=https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art130e.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608062414/https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art130e.pdf |language=en |access-date=2009-08-23 |archive-date=2011-06-08 |author-link=Frederik Kortlandt |via=kortlandt.nl |url-status=live}}</ref>
In [[American English]], a "t" is usually not aspirated in syllables ending either in a vowel + "t", such as "cat" or "outside"; or in a "t" + unstressed vowel + "n", such as "mountain" or "Manhattan". This is referred to as a "held t" as the airflow is stopped by tongue at the ridge behind the teeth. However, there is a trend of younger speakers in the [[Mid-Atlantic states]] to replace the "held t" with a glottal stop, so that "Manhattan" sounds like "Man-haʔ-in" or "Clinton" like "Cli(n)ʔ-in", where "ʔ" is the glottal stop. This may have crossed over from [[African American Vernacular English]], particularly that of New York City.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2012/03/12/that-way-they-talk-ii/
===Before initial vowels===
{{Redirect|hard attack||Hard Attack (disambiguation){{!}}Hard Attack}}
Most English speakers today often use a glottal stop before the initial vowel of words beginning with a vowel, particularly at the beginning of sentences or phrases or when a word is emphasized. This is also known as "hard attack".<ref name="glottal2" /> Traditionally in [[Received Pronunciation]], "hard attack" was seen as a way to emphasize a word. Today, in British, American and other varieties of English, it is increasingly used not only to emphasize but also simply to separate two words, especially when the first word ends in a glottal stop.{{clarify|date=June 2023 |reason= Does this mean the first word already ends in a glottal stop and then a second glottal stop is added to the beginning of the second word?}}<ref name="glottal1">{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=William F. |title=Phonetics for Dummies |date=5 September 2013 |page=137 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=
==Occurrence in other languages==
In many languages that do not allow a sequence of vowels, such as [[Persian language|Persian]], the glottal stop may be used [[Epenthesis|epenthetically]] to prevent such a [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]]. There are intricate interactions between falling [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] and the glottal stop in the histories of such languages as [[Danish language|Danish]] (see [[stød]]), [[Cantonese]] and [[Thai language|Thai]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
In many languages, the unstressed intervocalic allophone of the glottal stop is a [[creaky-voiced glottal approximant]]. It is known to be contrastive in only one language, [[Gimi language|Gimi]], in which it is the voiced equivalent of the stop. {{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}.
In some languages that normally maintain the flow of vowels fluid, a glottal stop can be added exceptionally for emphatic reasons in particular circumstances. For instance, although the [[Latin language]] would normally avoid glottal stops, the [[exameter]] requires the reader to produce a glottal stop – to be regarded by all means as a consontant – before ''odiīs'' (i.e. “jactētur ʔodiīs”) in verse 668 of [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'':
<blockquote>lītora jactētur odiīs Jūnōnis inīquae</blockquote>
The table below demonstrates how widely the sound of glottal stop is found among the world's [[spoken language]]s:
{| class="wikitable"
!Family
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|[[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|аи]]}}/ai ||{{IPA|[ʔaj]}} ||'no'|| See [[Abkhaz phonology]].
|-
|[[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''ӏ'''э]]}}/'ė ||{{IPA|[ʔa]}} || 'arm/hand' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990|p=37}}</ref>|| {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|أغاني]]|rtl=yes}}/
|-
| [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine]] and [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]<ref name="armetr">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=17}}</ref>||{{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|شقة]]|rtl=yes}}/ša<nowiki>''</nowiki>a ||{{IPA|[ˈʃæʔʔæ]}}|| 'apartment' ||
|-
| [[Fez, Morocco|Fasi]] and [[Tlemcen]]ian<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dendane |first=Zoubir |date=2013 |title=The Stigmatisation of the Glottal Stop in Tlemcen Speech Community: An Indicator of Dialect Shift |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260553731 |journal=The International Journal of Linguistics and Literature |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106153219/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260553731_THE_STIGMATISATION_OF_THE_GLOTTAL_STOP_IN_TLEMCEN_SPEECH_COMMUNITY_AN_INDICATOR_OF_DIALECT_SHIFT |archive-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>||{{lang|ar-015|[[Arabic alphabet|قال]]|rtl=yes}}/'al ||{{IPA|[ˈʔaːl]}}|| 'he said' ||
|-
| [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] || {{lang|az-Latn|ər}} || {{IPA|[ʔær]}} || 'husband' ||
|-
|[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]
| colspan="2" | [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]] || {{lang|Ne|[[Devanagari|चा:वा]]}} || {{IPA|[t͡saʔwa]}} || 'drinking water' ||
|-
|[[Bikol languages|Bikol]]
| colspan="2" | [[Bikol language|Bikol]] || {{lang|bik-Latn|bàgo}} || {{IPA|[ˈbaːʔɡo]}}|| 'new' ||
|-
|[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || {{lang|bg|ъ-ъ}}/ŭ-ŭ ||{{IPA|[ˈʔɤʔɤ]}} || 'nope' ||
|-
|[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| colspan="2" | [[Burmese language|Burmese]] || {{lang|my|[[Burmese script|မြစ်များ]]}}/''mrac mya:''||{{IPA|[mjiʔ mjá]}}|| 'rivers' ||
|-
|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
| colspan="2" | [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] || {{lang|ceb-Latn|tubò}} || {{IPA|[ˈtuboʔ]}} || 'to grow' ||
|-
|[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] || {{lang|ch|halu'''{{hamza}}'''u}} || {{IPA|[həluʔu]}} || 'shark' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]]|| [[Cantonese]]|| {{lang|yue-Hani|[[Chinese characters|愛]]}}/{{lang|yue-Latn|[[Jyutping|oi3]]}} || {{IPA|[ʔɔːi˧]}} || 'love' || See [[Cantonese phonology]].
|-
| [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] || {{Lang|wuu-Hani|[[Chinese characters|一级了]]}}/
|-
| [[Hokkien]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|合]]}}/{{lang|nan-Latn|[[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|ha̍h]]}} || {{IPA|[hɐʔ˥]}} || 'to suit' ||
|-
|[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Cook Islands Māori]] || {{lang|rar|ta{{okina}}i|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[taʔi]}} || 'one' ||
|-
|[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech alphabet|používat]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[poʔuʒiːvat]}} || 'to use' || See [[Czech phonology]].
|-
|[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]
| colspan="2" |[[Dahalo language|Dahalo]] || {{lang|dal|ma'''{{hamza}}'''a|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[maʔa]}} ||'water' || see [[Dahalo language#Consonants|Dahalo phonology]]
|-
|[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Danish language|Danish]] || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|hån'''d''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhʌ̹nʔ]}} || 'hand' || One of the possible realizations of [[stød]]. Depending on the dialect and style of speech, it can be instead realized as [[Creaky voice|laryngealisation]] of the preceding sound. See [[Danish phonology]].
|-
|[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}}</ref> || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|beamen]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[bəʔˈaːmə(n)]}} || 'to confirm' || See [[Dutch phonology]].
|-
|rowspan="12" | [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|rowspan="12" | [[English language|English]] || Multiple dialects || {{lang|en|[[English orthography|I am]]|italic
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|en|[[English orthography|uh-oh]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɐʔəʊ]}} || rowspan="2" |'[[wikt:uh oh|uh-oh]]' ||rowspan="2" |
Line 132 ⟶ 156:
| [[Received Pronunciation|RP]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Roach|2004|p=240}}</ref> and [[General American|GA]] || ''[[English orthography|bu'''tt'''on]]'' || {{Audio-IPA|En-us-button.ogg|[ˈbɐʔn̩]}}|| 'button'
|-
|[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|-▼
| [[German language|German]] || [[German dialects|Northern]] || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Beamter]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[bəˈʔamtɐ]}} || 'civil servant' || Generally all vowel onsets. See [[Standard German phonology]].
|-
|[[Tupi-Guarani languages|Tupi-Guarani]]
| colspan="2" | [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] || {{lang|gn|[[Guaraní alphabet|avañe'''{{hamza}}'''ẽ]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]}}|| 'Guaraní' || Occurs only between vowels.
|-
|[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=139}}</ref>|| {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiian alphabet|'''{{okina}}'''ele'''{{okina}}'''ele]]|italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[ˈʔɛlɛˈʔɛlɛ]}} || 'black' || See [[Hawaiian phonology]].
|-
|[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|| {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|מַ'''אֲ'''מָר]]|rtl=yes}}/ma'amar ||{{IPA|[maʔămaʁ]}} || 'article' || Often elided in casual speech. See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]].
|-
|[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]|| {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|en]]|italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[ʔɛn]}} || 'but' || Only used according to emphasis, never occurring in minimal pairs.
|-
|[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ilocano language|Iloko]]|| {{lang|ilo|nalab'''-'''ay}} ||{{IPA|[nalabˈʔaj]}} || 'bland tasting' || Hyphen when occurring within the word.
|-
|[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]|| {{lang|id|ba'''k'''so}} ||{{IPA|[ˌbäʔˈso]}} || 'meatball' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in the syllable coda.
|-
|[[Northeast-Caucasian languages|Northeast-Caucasian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ingush language|Ingush]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|кхо'''ъ''']]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|qo'''{{hamza}}'''}} || {{IPA|[qoʔ]}}|| 'three' ||
|-
|[[Japonic languages|Japonic]]
|[[Japanese language|Japanese]]||[[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]]|| /kuQ/ ||{{IPA|[kuʔ]}}||'neck'||
|-
|[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Javanese language|Javanese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Clark|Yallop|Fletcher|2007|p=105}}</ref>|| {{lang|jv|
ꦲꦤꦏ꧀ |italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[änäʔ]}} || 'child' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} in [[morpheme]]-final position.
|-
|[[Aslian languages|Aslian]]
| colspan="2" |[[Jedek language|Jedek]]<ref name="Yager & Burenhult 2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Yager |first1=Joanne |last2=Burtenhult |first2=Niclas |date=2017 |title=Jedek: A Newly-Discovered Aslian Variety of Malaysia |url=https://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2506643/component/escidoc:2511374/Yager_Burenhult_2017.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Linguistic Typology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=493–545 |doi=10.1515/lingty-2017-0012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001805/https://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2506643/component/escidoc:2511374/Yager_Burenhult_2017.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-07 |access-date=2018-08-07 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002E-7CD2-7 |s2cid=126145797}}</ref>
|
Line 161 ⟶ 194:
|
|-
|[[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest-Caucasian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''ӏ'''э]]}}/'ė ||{{IPA|[ʔa]}}|| 'arm/hand' ||
|-
|[[Manobo languages|Manobo]]
| colspan="2" | [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|pp=206–207}}</ref> || {{lang|cgc|saag}} || {{IPA|[saˈʔaɡ]}}|| 'floor' ||
|-
|[[Khasi-Palaungic languages|Khasi-Palaungic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Khasi language|Khasi]] || {{lang|kha|l'''y'''o'''h'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[lʔɔːʔ]}} || 'cloud' ||
|-
|[[Mon-Khmer languages|Mon-Khmer]]
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|សំអាត]]}} / {{transl|km|sâm'''
|-
|[[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|일]]}}/il ||{{IPA|[ʔil]}} || 'one' || In [[free variation]] with no glottal stop. Occurs only in initial position of a word.
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Malay language|Malay]]
|Standard|| {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|tida'''k''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈtidäʔ]}} || 'no' || Allophone of final {{IPA|/k/}} in the syllable coda, pronounced before consonants and at end of the a word. In other positions, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} has phonemic status only in loanwords from Arabic. See [[Malay phonology]]
Line 178 ⟶ 217:
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ˌiˈkaʔ]}}
| rowspan="2" |'to tie'
| rowspan="2" |Allophone of final {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} in the syllable coda. Pronounced before consonants and at the end of a word.
|-
|[[Terengganu Malay|Terengganu]]
|-
|[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || {{lang|mt|[[Maltese alphabet|'''q'''attus]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʔattus]}} || 'cat' ||
|-
|[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| [[Māori language|Māori]] || [[Taranaki]], [[Whanganui]] || {{lang|mi|wahine|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[waʔinɛ]}} || 'woman' ||
|-
|[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]|| {{lang|min|wa'''{{hamza}}'''ang}} ||{{IPA|[wäʔäŋ]}} || 'you' ||Sometimes written without an apostrophe.
|-
|[[Yok-Utian languages|Yok-Utian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Mutsun language|Mutsun]] || {{lang|css|tawka'''{{hamza}}'''li|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[tawkaʔli]}} || 'black gooseberry' || ''[[Ribes divaricatum]]''
|-
|[[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || {{lang|xmf|[[Georgian alphabet|ჸოროფა]]}}/?oropha ||{{IPA|[ʔɔrɔpʰɑ]}}||'love'||
|-
|[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
| colspan="2" | [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]] || {{lang|nci|ta'''h'''tli|italic=yes}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Nah-tahtli.ogg|[taʔtɬi]|help=no}}|| 'father' || Often left unwritten.
|-
|[[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau-Penutian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]] || {{lang|nez|[[Americanist phonetic notation|yáaka'''ʔ''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjaːkaʔ]}} || 'black bear' ||
|-
|[[Tupi-Guarani languages|Tupi-Guarani]]
| colspan="2" | [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]]<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Cruz |first=Aline da |title=Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa |date=2011 |degree=Doctor |publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |url=https://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf |isbn=978-94-6093-063-8 |language=pt |trans-title=Phonology and Grammar of Nheengatú: The general language spoken by the Baré, Warekena and Baniwa peoples |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307093829/https://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> || {{lang|yrl|ai}} || {{IPA|[aˈʔi]}} || '[[sloth]]' || Transcription (or absence thereof) varies.
|-
|[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]]||{{lang|oj|ᒪᓯᓇᐃᑲᓐ}}/{{lang|oj|mazina'igan}}||{{IPA|[ˌmʌzɪˌnʌʔɪˈɡʌn]}}||'a book; a letter; a document; a paper'||Merges with {{IPA|/h/}} in some dialects. See [[Ojibwe phonology]].
▲|-
|[[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]]
| colspan="2" | [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]]||{{lang|ryu|音}}/utu||{{IPA|[ʔutu]}}||'sound'||
|-
|[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]]|| {{lang|fa|[[Persian alphabet|معنی]]|rtl=yes}}/ma'ni ||{{IPA|[maʔni]}} || 'meaning' || See [[Persian phonology]].
|-
|[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]|| era
| [ʔɛra]
Line 207 ⟶ 260:
| Most often occurs as an ''anlaut'' of an initial vowel (Ala ‒> {{IPA|[Ɂala]}}). See [[Polish phonology#Glottal stop]].
|-
|[[Muran languages|Mura]]
| colspan="2" | [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] || {{lang|myp|baí'''x'''i}} || {{IPA|[ˈmàí̯ʔì]}} || 'parent' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Veloso |first1=João |last2=Martins |first2=Pedro Tiago |date=2013 |title=O Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP: disponibilização on-line de um corpus dialetal do português |url=https://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017 |conference=XXVIII Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, Coimbra, APL |language=pt |pages=673–692 |isbn=978-989-97440-2-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306060220/https://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017 |archive-date=2014-03-06}}</ref> || Vernacular [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] || {{lang|pt-BR|ê'''-'''ê|italic=yes}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Phonetic Symbols for Portuguese Phonetic Transcription |date=October 2012 |url=https://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108224637/https://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf |language=en |archive-date=2014-11-08 |via=users.ox.ac.uk }} In European Portuguese, the "é é" interjection usually employs an epenthetic {{IPA|/i/}}, being pronounced {{IPA|[e̞ˈje̞]}} instead.</ref> || {{IPA|[ˌʔe̞ˈʔeː]}} || 'yeah right'<ref>It may be used mostly as a general call of attention for disapproval, disagreement or inconsistency, but also serves as a synonym of the multiuse expression "eu, hein!". {{in lang|pt}} [https://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/ How to say 'eu, hein' in English – Adir Ferreira Idiomas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708191822/https://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/ |date=2013-07-08 }}</ref> || rowspan=2 | Marginal sound. Does not occur after or before a consonant. In Brazilian casual speech, there is at least one {{IPA|[ʔ]}}–[[vowel length]]–[[pitch accent]] minimal pair (triply unusual, the [[ideophone]]s short {{lang|pt|ih|italic=yes}} vs. long {{lang|pt|ih|italic=yes}}). See [[Portuguese phonology]].
|-
| Some speakers || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|à aula]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈa ˈʔawlɐ]}} || 'to the class'
|-
|[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Rotuman language|Rotuman]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|1994|p=492}}</ref> || {{lang|rtm|'''ʻ'''usu}} || {{IPA|[ʔusu]}} || 'to box' ||
|-
|[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| colspan="2" |[[Russian language|Russian]]
|не-а / ''ne-a''
|[ˈnʲeʔə]
|'nope'
|
|-
|[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Samoan language|Samoan]] || {{lang|sm|ma'''{{okina}}'''i|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[maʔi]}} || 'sickness/illness' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf |title=Su sardu limba de Sardigna et limba de Europa |date=2004 |publisher=Cooperativa Universitaria Editrice Cagliaritana |isbn=88-8467-170-1 |editor-last=Grimaldi |editor-first=Lucia |pages=110–111 |editor-last2=Mensching |editor-first2=Guido |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205163922/https://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-05}}</ref> || Some dialects of [[Barbagia]] || {{lang|sc|unu pacu|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈuːnu paʔu]}} || 'a little' || rowspan=2 | Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/n, k, l/}}.
|-
| Some dialects of [[Sarrabus-Gerrei|Sarrabus]] || {{lang|sc|sa luna|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[sa ʔuʔa]}} || 'the moon'
|-
|[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]<ref name="Landau68">{{Harvcoltxt|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}}</ref> || {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|i onda]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iː ʔô̞n̪d̪a̠]}} || 'and then' || Optionally inserted between vowels across word boundaries.<ref name="Landau68"/> See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|[[Language isolate|Isolate]]
| colspan="2" | [[Seri language|Seri]] || {{lang|sei|[[Seri alphabet|'''h'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʔɛ]}} || 'I' ||
|-
|[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]
| colspan="2" |[[Somali language|Somali]]
|{{lang|so|ba'''ʼ'''}}
Line 231 ⟶ 299:
|though {{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs before all vowels, it is only written medially and finally.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Edmondson |first1=J. A. |title=Supraglottal Cavity Shape, Linguistic Register, and Other Phonetic Features of Somali |postscript=. |language=en |citeseerx=10.1.1.570.821 |last2=Esling |first2=J. H. |last3=Harris |first3=J. G.}}</ref> See [[Somali phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Romance languages|Romance]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Nicaraguan Spanish|Nicaraguan]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Chappell |first=Whitney |title=The Hypo-Hyperarticulation Continuum in Nicaraguan Spanish |url=https://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307152549/https://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf |language=en |access-date=2014-03-07 |archive-date=2014-03-07 |via=nwav42.pitt.edu}}</ref> || {{lang|es-NI|[[Spanish orthography|má'''s''' alto]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈma ˈʔal̻t̻o̞]}} || 'higher' || rowspan=2 | Marginal sound or allophone of {{IPAslink|s}} between vowels in different words. Does not occur after or before a consonant. See [[Spanish phonology]].
|-
| [[Mexican Spanish|Yucateco]]<ref>{{Citation |last1=Michnowicz |first1=Jim |title=Voiceless Stop Aspiration in Yucatán Spanish: A Sociolinguistic Analysis |url=https://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307143708/https://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf |language=en |access-date=2014-03-07 |archive-date=2014-03-07 |last2=Carpenter |first2=Lindsey |url-status=live |via=etd.lib.ncsu.edu}}</ref> || {{lang|es-MX|[[Spanish orthography|cuatro años]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkwatɾo̞ ˈʔãɲo̞s]}} || 'four years'
|-
|[[Salishan languages|Salishan]]
| colspan="2" | [[Squamish language|Squamish]] || ''Sḵwx̱wú'''7'''mesh sníchim'' || {{IPA|[sqʷχʷoʔməʃ snit͡ʃim]}} || 'Squamish language' ||
|-
|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|aaâ]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʔɐʔɐˈʔaʔ]}} || 'to poo' ([[Future tense|fut.]]) || See [[Tagalog phonology]].
|-
|[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] || {{lang|ti|pua{{okina}}a}} || {{IPA|[puaʔa]}} || 'pig' ||
|-
|[[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]
| colspan="2" | [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{lang|th|[[Thai alphabet|'''อ'''า]]}}/'ā ||{{IPA|[ʔaː]}} || 'uncle/aunt' (father's younger sibling) ||
|-
|[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Tongan language|Tongan]] || {{lang|to|tu'''{{okina}}'''u}} || {{IPA|[tuʔu]}} || 'stand' ||
|-
|[[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]] || {{lang|yrk|[[Cyrillic script|вы'''{{hamza}}''']]}}/vy' ||{{IPA|[wɨʔ]}} || 'tundra' ||
|-
|[[Vietic languages|Vietic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}</ref>|| {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|oi]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʔɔj˧]}}|| 'sultry' || In [[free variation]] with no glottal stop. See [[Vietnamese phonology]].
|-
|[[Finnic languages|Finnic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Võro language|Võro]] || {{lang|vro|pini'''q'''}} || {{IPA|[ˈpinʲiʔ]}} || 'dogs' || "q" is Võro plural marker (''maa'', ''kala'', "land", "fish"; ''maaq'', ''kalaq'', "lands", "fishes").
|-
|[[Language isolate|Isolate]]
| colspan="2" | [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]] || {{lang|waq|jam'''h'''}} || {{IPA|[t̠ʲʌmʔ]}} || 'to eat' ([[Perfect (grammar)|perf.]]) ||
|-
|[[Omotic languages|Omotic]]
| colspan="2" | [[Welayta language|Welayta]] || 7írTi
|{{IPA|[ʔirʈa]}} || 'wet' ||
|-
|[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| colspan="2" | [[Wallisian language|Wallisian]] || {{lang|wls|ma'''{{okina}}'''uli}} || {{IPA|[maʔuli]}} || 'life' ||
|}
Line 262 ⟶ 342:
* [[Saltillo (linguistics)|Saltillo]]
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
* [[Hamza]]
* [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative]]
Line 293 ⟶ 374:
|date=2007
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC <!-- |isbn=1-4051-3083-0, 9781405130837 -->
|isbn=978-1-4051-3083-7
|access-date=2015-11-22
|archive-date=2016-06-10
| |||