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{{short description|Biblical figure}}
{{About|the biblical figure|the other Job figures|Job (disambiguation)}}
{{infobox saint
|name = Job
|image = Léon Bonnat - Job.jpg
|caption = ''Job'' by [[Léon Bonnat]] (1880)
|titles = Prophet, Righteous
|venerated_in = [[Judaism]]<br>[[Christianity]]<br>[[Islam]]<br>[[Druze]]<ref name="S. Swayd 2009 109">{{cite book|title=The A to Z of the Druzes| first=Samy |last=S. Swayd|year= 2009| isbn= 9780810868366| page =109|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others}}</ref>
|feast_day = {{plainlist|
*April 27 ([[Coptic Orthodox Church]])
*May 6 ([[Eastern Orthodox Church]] & [[Armenian Apostolic Church]])
*May 9 ([[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]])
*May 10 ([[Catholic Church]])
*August 29 ([[Coptic Orthodox Church]])
*December 26 ([[Armenian Apostolic Church]])
}}
|major_shrine = [[Tomb of Job]]
|major_works = [[Book of Job]]
|attributes = Often depicted as a man tested by God
|patronage = {{hlist | [[Despair]] | sufferers of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] | [[lepers]]}}
}}
'''Job''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|oʊ|b}} {{Respell|JOHB}}; {{langx|he|אִיּוֹב}} ''{{'}}Īyyōv''; {{langx|el|Ἰώβ}} ''Iṓb'') is the central figure of the [[Book of Job]] in the [[Bible]]. In [[Islam]], Job ({{langx|ar|أيوب|translit=[[Job in Islam|''ʾAyyūb'']]}}) is also considered a [[prophet]].
Job is presented as a good and prosperous family man who is suddenly beset with horrendous disasters that take away all he holds dear—a scenario intended to test Job's faith in [[God in Judaism|God]]. Struggling mightily to understand this situation, Job reflects on his despair but consistently remains devout.▼
▲Job is presented as a good and prosperous family man who is suddenly beset with horrendous disasters that take away all he holds dear—a scenario intended to test Job's faith in [[God in Judaism|God]]. Struggling mightily to understand this situation, Job reflects on his [[despair]] but consistently remains devout.
== In the Hebrew Book of Job ==
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The Hebrew Book of Job is part of [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings") of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. Not much is known about Job based on the [[Masoretic Text]].
The characters in the Book of Job consist of Job, [[Job's wife|his wife]], his three friends ([[Bildad]], [[Eliphaz (Job)|Eliphaz]], and [[Zophar]]), a man named [[Elihu (Job)|Elihu]], [[God]], and [[angel]]s
It begins with an introduction to Job's character—he is described as a blessed man who lives righteously in the [[Land of Uz]]. The Lord's praise of Job prompts an angel with the title of "[[satan]]" ("Adversary") to suggest that Job served God simply because God protected him. God removes Job's protection and gives permission to the angel to take his wealth, his children, and his physical health (but not his life). Despite his difficult circumstances, he does not curse God, but rather curses the day of his birth. And although he anguishes over his plight, he stops short of accusing God of injustice. Job's miserable earthly condition is simply God's will.
In the following, Job debates with three friends concerning his condition. They argue whether it was justified, and they debate solutions to his problems. Job ultimately condemns all their counsel, beliefs, and critiques of him as false. God then appears to Job and his friends out of a whirlwind
==In the Greek Old Testament Book of Job==
{{see also|Jobab ben Zerah}}
[[File:Job-restored-to-prosperity.jpg|thumbnail|''Job Restored to Prosperity'' by [[Laurent de La Hyre]] (1648)]]
The [[Septuagint]], an ancient Greek [[Bible translations|translation]] of the Hebrew Old Testament, has a revised and updated final verse that claims Job's genealogy, asserting him to be a grandson of [[Esau]] and a ruler of [[Edom]].
{{
== In other religious texts ==
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* He is praised for his perseverance in the Christian [[Epistle of James]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||James|5:11|NIV}}</ref>
* He is the protagonist of a [[Pseudepigraphy|pseudepigraphal]] book called the [[Testament of Job]].
=== Mormonism ===
* He is also mentioned in the [[Doctrine and Covenants]], one of the four [[Standard Works|sacred texts]] of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|121|10}}</ref>
=== Islam ===
* He is discussed as a prophet in the [[Quran]] by the name of [[Job in Islam|Ayūb]].
The Quran describes Job as a righteous servant of Allah, who was afflicted by suffering for a lengthy period of time. However, it clearly states that Job never lost faith in God and forever called to God in prayer, asking Him to remove his affliction:
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==Job in Judaism==
{{main|Job in rabbinic literature}}
[[File:Job Scroll (cropped).jpg|thumb
A clear majority of [[rabbis]] saw Job as having in fact existed as a historically factual figure.
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*Job's resignation to his fate.<ref>Pesachim 2b</ref>
*When Job was prosperous, anyone who associated with him even to buy from him or sell to him, was blessed.<ref>Pesachim 112a</ref>
*Job's reward for being generous.<ref>Megillah 28a</ref>
*[[David]], Job and [[Ezekiel]] described the Torah's length without putting a number to it.<ref>Eruvin 21a</ref>
*Job was in fact one of three advisors that [[Pharaohs in the Bible#Pharaoh of the Exodus|Pharaoh]] consulted, prior to taking action against the increasingly multiplying [[Israelites]] in the [[Book of Exodus]]. As described in the [[Talmud]]:<ref>Sotah 11a</ref> [[Balaam]] urged Pharaoh to kill the Hebrew new-born boys; [[Jethro (Bible)|Jethro]] opposed this decree; and Job, though personally opposed to the decree, kept silent and did not protest it. It is for Job's silence that God subsequently punishes him with his bitter afflictions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.torah.org/learning/yomtov/pesach/5755/vol1no10.html |title=Rabbi Yehudah Prero "The Passover Hagadah Maggid – Relating the Chain of Events Part 2" |date=7 June 2002 |publisher=Torah.org |access-date=2012-04-06}}</ref> However, the Book of Job itself contains no indication of this, and to the prophet [[Ezekiel]], [[Yahweh]] refers to Job as a righteous man of the same calibre as [[Noah]] and [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]].<ref>Ezekiel 14:14</ref>
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Job's declaration, "I know ''that'' my redeemer liveth" ({{bibleref2|Job|19:25|NIV}}), is considered by some [[Christians]] to be a proto-Christian reference to [[Redeemer (Christianity)|Christ as the Redeemer]], and is the basis of several Christian [[hymn]]s, as well as the opening scene of [[Messiah Part III#Scene 1|Part III of Handel's ''Messiah'']]. However, Jewish bible commentators and scholars point out that Job "insists on a divine hearing in his lifetime" (cf. Job 16:19–22).<ref name="TJSB-p.1523">Cf. "But I know that my ''Vindicator'' lives; In the end He will testify on earth – this, after my skin will have been peeled off." (Job, 19:25 {{cite book |last1=Berlin |first1=Adele |last2=Brettler|first2=Marc Zvi|title=The Jewish Study Bible|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=[S.l.] |isbn=978-0-19-997846-5|page=1523|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ&q=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&pg=PT17 |access-date=2 January 2017}} – ''Vindicator'', Hebrew "go'el", a person, usually a relative, who stood up for his kinsman's rights; also used of God in his relationship with Israel.</ref>
=== Feast Days ===
He is commemorated by the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] in their [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Calendar of Saints]] on May 9, by the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] on May 10, and by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and Byzantine Catholic churches on May 6.
He is also commemorated by the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] on May 6 and December 26, and by the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Church]] on April 27 and August 29. The [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] commemorates Job along with [[John the Baptist]] on the Thursday after the third Sunday of the Feast of the [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Job the Righteous and John the Forerunner |date=2 September 2021 |url=https://armenianprelacy.org/2021/09/02/st-john-the-forerunner-and-job-the-righteous/ |access-date=4 September 2021 |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904111900/https://armenianprelacy.org/2021/09/02/st-john-the-forerunner-and-job-the-righteous/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Islamic views and Quranic account==
{{Main|Job in Islam}}
In the [[Qur'an]], Job ({{
Muslim [[literature]] also comments on Job's time and place of prophecy, saying that he came after [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph]] in the prophetic series and that he preached to his own people rather than being sent to a specified community. Tradition further recounts that Job will be the leader of the group of "those who patiently endured" in [[Jannah|Heaven]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'', A. Jefferey, ''Ayyub''</ref> Philip K. Hitti asserted that the subject was an Arab and the setting was Northern Arabia.<ref>Hitti, Philip K. (1970). History of the Arabs: From the earliest time to the present. London: Macmillan Education LTD, 10th edition. pp. 42-43. ISBN ▼
All this is recorded in the Book of Job in the Christian Jewish Old Testament. Of all the Hebrew writings, the Hebrew of this Book comes nearest to Arabic."</ref> The narrative frame of Job's story in Islam is similar to the [[Hebrew Bible]] story but, in Islam, the emphasis is paid to Job remaining steadfast to God and there is no record of his despair, or mention of discussions with friends.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} Some [[Muslim]] [[Commentary (philology)|commentators]] also spoke of Job as being the ancestor of the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]].<ref name="autogenerated171">Brandon M. Wheeler, ''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', ''Job'', p. 171</ref>
▲Muslim [[literature]] also comments on Job's time and place of prophecy, saying that he came after [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph]] in the prophetic series and that he preached to his own people rather than being sent to a specified community. Tradition further recounts that Job will be the leader of the group of "those who patiently endured" in [[Jannah|Heaven]].
==Local traditions regarding Job==
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The [[Eyüp Sultan Mosque]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey, holds the tomb of [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]], a [[Sahabi|companion]] of [[Muhammad]], not the biblical/Qur'anic Job (Ayyub in Arabic, Eyüp in Turkish), though some locals tend to conflate the two.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
===
In [[Culture of Palestine|Palestinian]] folk tradition,{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
To the northwest of the depopulated Palestinian village of [[Dayr Ayyub]] is an area which, according to the village belief, contained the tomb of the prophet Ayyub, the biblical Job.<ref>W. Khalidi, 1992, "All that remains", p. 376</ref>
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The town of [[al-Shaykh Saad]] in the [[Hauran]] region in [[Syria]] has been associated with Job since at least the 4th-century AD. Karnein was mentioned in Eusebius' [[Eusebius#Onomasticon|Onomasticon]] as a town of Bashan that was said to be the location of the house of Job. [[Egeria (pilgrim)|Egeria the pilgrim]] relates that a church was built over the place in March or February 384 AD, and that the place was known as the "town of Job", or "''civitas Job''". According to Egeria's account the body of Job was laid in a stone coffin below the altar.<ref name= Pringle>Pringle, 1998, p. 239.</ref> According to tradition, ''Hammam Ayyub'' is a fountain in the town where Job washed himself when he was sick, and is reputed to have healing powers.<ref name=Strange194>Schumacher; Oliphant; le Strange, 1886, p. [https://archive.org/stream/acrossjordanbein00schu#page/194/mode/1up 194].</ref> Another holy artifact in the town is the "Rock of Job", known in local folklore as the place where he sat when he was afflicted with the disease.<ref name=Strange191>Schumacher; Oliphant; le Strange, 1886, p.[https://archive.org/stream/acrossjordanbein00schu#page/191/mode/1up 191].</ref>
===
The city of [[Urfa]] (ancient Adma', later [[Edessa]]) in the [[Şanlıurfa Province]], or [[Harran]] region of southeastern [[Turkey]], also claims to be the location at which Job underwent his ordeal in a cave. The location boasts an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]-style mosque and madrasa that runs as shops today. A well exists within the complex, said to be the one formed when he struck the ground with his foot as described in the Quran. The water is considered to be miraculously curing. The whole complex underwent recent restoration.<ref>[https://www.surkav.org.tr/?bs=26&ID=2 Eyyüb Nebi Çevre Düzenleme Projesi](Turkish)</ref> The tomb of Job is located outside the city of Urfa.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
===Oman===
The [[Tomb of Job]] is also said to be situated in [[Dhofar Mountains|Jabal Qarah]] outside the city of [[Salalah]] in southern [[Oman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usna.edu/Users/humss/bwheeler/job_salalah.html|title=Tomb of Job near Salalah|website=www.usna.edu|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327191859/https://www.usna.edu/Users/humss/bwheeler/job_salalah.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===El-Chouf mountains, Lebanon===
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==Gallery==
{{Gallery |width=200 |File:Georges de La Tour 044.jpg|Job speaking to his wife, as depicted by [[Georges de La Tour]]▼
▲|File:Georges de La Tour 044.jpg|Job speaking to his wife, as depicted by [[Georges de La Tour]]
|File:Seghersjob.jpg|''Job with his friends'' by [[Gerard Seghers]]
|File:Blake Book of Job Linell set 6.jpg|''The examination of Job'', Satan pours on the plagues of Job, by [[William Blake]]
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