Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o crescimento e produção da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.... more Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o crescimento e produção da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L., cv. BRS Energia) cultivada em regime de sequeiro em função da adubação combinada de casca de mamona na forma moída e natural com doses crescentes de fertilizante nitrogenado. O experimento foi realizado entre setembro de 2009 a março de 2010, no Campus IV/UEPB. Realizou-se o plantio em vasos plásticos de 60 L preenchidos com 58 kg de solo. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, sendo aplicado 3 t ha-¹ de casca de mamona em duas formas de utilização (natural e moída) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-¹), com quatro repetições totalizando 32 parcelas. Verifica-se que a adubação com a casca moída foi superior a casca natural. Para a massa seca do cacho, área foliar por planta e número de folhas a dosagem 90 kg ha-¹ de N foi superior às demais. Já para o número de nós foi a dose de 60 kg ha-¹ de N. A casca de mamona usada de forma racional, como adubo, contribui para redução de custos ao produtor e incrementos na fertilidade do solo.
ABSTRACT Recent scholarship on the lived experiences of borderlands has foregrounded and theorize... more ABSTRACT Recent scholarship on the lived experiences of borderlands has foregrounded and theorized the pervasiveness of anxiety, violence, and lawlessness. While useful, these do not capture all of the ways in which borderland residents relate to diverse constellations of power. This paper examines the China (Tibet Autonomous Region) – Nepal borderland through the case of the Limi Valley, in the northwest corner of Nepal’s Humla district. Before 1959, the valley was considered part of Nepalese territory, yet its residents belonged administratively to the Tibetan government, an arrangement at odds with contemporary understandings of state territorial sovereignty. The non-postcolonial state formations of Nepal and China have created their own specific forms of border citizenship and overlapping sovereignties. The article shows how multiple sovereignties can stretch beyond state borders in unexpected ways by tracing how Limi Valley residents negotiate overlapping sovereignties of the Nepali and Chinese states, as well as the non-state sovereignty of the Tibetan government-in-exile. Furthermore, it demonstrates that these in turn overlap with a form of social sovereignty grounded in the community’s body of laws, codes, and practices, which are at once a historically sedimented trace of Limi’s governance before the nation-state, and a product of navigating political transformations. However, challenges to this social sovereignty, expressed through the idiom of statist law, have recently emerged. Whereas states typically exert sovereign power in borderlands by restricting mobility, some Limi villagers now selectively invoke state sovereignty through law to enable greater mobility.
The devastating 2015 earthquakes in Nepal highlighted the need for effective disaster risk reduct... more The devastating 2015 earthquakes in Nepal highlighted the need for effective disaster risk reduction (DRR) in mountains, which are inherently subject to hazards and increasingly vulnerable to extreme events. As multiple UN policy frameworks stress, DRR is crucial to mitigate the mounting environmental and socioeconomic costs of disasters globally. However, specialized DRR guidelines are needed for biodiverse, multi-hazard regions like mountains. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) emphasizes ecosystem conservation, restoration, and sustainable management as key elements for DRR. We propose that integrating the emerging field of Eco-DRR with community-based DRR (CB-DRR) will help address the increasing vulnerabilities of mountain people and ecosystems. Drawing on a global mountain synthesis, we present paradoxes that create challenges for DRR in mountains and examine these paradoxes through examples from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. We propose four principles for integrated CB-and Eco-DRR that address these challenges: (1) governance and institutional arrangements that fit local needs; (2) empowerment and capacity-building to strengthen community resilience; (3) discovery and sharing of constructive practices that combine local and scientific knowledge; and (4) approaches focused on well-being and equity. We illustrate the reinforcing relationship between integrated CB-and Eco-DRR principles with examples from other mountain systems worldwide. Coordinated community and ecosystem
ABSTRACT This article provides an introduction to a special collection of five articles showcasin... more ABSTRACT This article provides an introduction to a special collection of five articles showcasing the work of rising scholars in the geography and anthropology of Tibetan regions in China (Eveline Washul, Andrew Grant, Tsering Bum, Huatse Gyal and Duojie Zhaxi, published in Critical Asian Studies 50: 4 and Critical Asian Studies 51: 1). It contextualizes the authors’ contributions in the recent promotion of planned urbanization in Tibetan regions as the key to achieving the “Chinese Dream” under President Xi Jinping. The paper calls attention to these authors’ focus on Tibetan experiences of new urbanization policies and practices, as well as their less-appreciated entanglement with shifting education priorities. Providing brief summaries of each author’s case study and arguments, it points to the ways in which all five articles address the relationship between space and subjectivity, as well as the issue of constrained agency (versus simple notions of “choice”), in statist urbanization processes.
Despite a growing body of research about rangeland degradation and the effects of policies implem... more Despite a growing body of research about rangeland degradation and the effects of policies implemented to address it on the Tibetan Plateau, little in-depth research has been conducted on how pastoralists make decisions. Based on qualitative research in Gouli Township, Qinghai province, China, we analyze the context in which Tibetan herders make decisions, and their decisions about livestock and pastures. We refute three fundamental assumptions upon which current policy is premised: that pastoralists aim to increase livestock numbers without limit; that, blindly following tradition, they do not actively manage livestock and rangelands; and that they lack environmental knowledge. We demonstrate that pastoralists carefully assess limits to livestock holdings based on land and labor availability; that they increasingly manage their livestock and rangelands through contracting; and that herding knowledge is a form of embodied practical skill. We further discuss points of convergence and contradiction between herders' observations and results of a vegetation analysis. Keywords Tibet. Pastoralism. Rangeland condition. Livestock management. Environmental knowledge [The government] should try hard to change these concepts in traditional pastoralism: judging wealth by livestock numbers, perceiving rangeland as free resources, using [rangeland] without limit, and the unwillingness to slaughter or sell.-Committee for Population, Resources, and Environment, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 2008 1 Many Tibetan herdsmen believe that the innumerable sheep and cattle crowding the range are blessings from Buddha, but many are now [because of government restrictions] realizing that less is more.-Xinhua News, 2013. 2
In recent years, the number of community-based natural resource management projects for rangeland... more In recent years, the number of community-based natural resource management projects for rangeland conservation and development has grown rapidly in Mongolia. Such projects seek to develop social capital through the formation of herder groups and pasture user groups, in order to enable the coordination of complex, collective tasks needed for sustainability. Through analysis of social networks, interviews and ethnographic data from two places where such projects have been implemented, Bayanjargalan, Dundgovi, and Tariat, Arkhangai, the paper demonstrates that the spatiality of pastoral social relations is much more extensive than assumed by these projects. Furthermore, rather than being neutral technical interventions, such projects are embedded in and proliferate politics. They often bolster the informal power of wealthy herders who gain more access to pasture, while at the same time leading to tensions between different levels of government and becoming objects of struggle between Mongolia’s two dominant political parties. For all of these reasons, these efforts have tended not to build trust, and the ‘communities’ they create, in the form of herder groups and pasture user groups, have tended to be ephemeral.
In their Report “Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital” (17 June... more In their Report “Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital” (17 June, p. [1455][1]), Z. Ouyang et al. model changes in selected ecosystem services in China to show that, at the national level, rapid economic growth is compatible with increased provision of ecosystem
"Property relations in contemporary Tibet are often ambiguous. Their fuzziness has origins i... more "Property relations in contemporary Tibet are often ambiguous. Their fuzziness has origins in both the legacy of post-socialist transformation and the ongoing struggle over state incorporation. This article examines the ways in which these two sources of ambiguity contribute to two related types of fuzziness, one found in a departure from idealised images of exclusive private property, and the other arising from political constraints on the exercise of legally defined rights. The article examines these two related sources and types of ambiguity by chronicling on-the-ground property relations since decollectivisation in peri-urban Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. This includes discussions of the length of House-hold Responsibility System contracts in Tibet, the extent and variation in village land reallocations, degree of management rights, and reasons for and villagers' responses to village land expropriation. While the heterogeneity of property forms in Tibet is simi...
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o crescimento e produção da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.... more Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o crescimento e produção da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L., cv. BRS Energia) cultivada em regime de sequeiro em função da adubação combinada de casca de mamona na forma moída e natural com doses crescentes de fertilizante nitrogenado. O experimento foi realizado entre setembro de 2009 a março de 2010, no Campus IV/UEPB. Realizou-se o plantio em vasos plásticos de 60 L preenchidos com 58 kg de solo. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, sendo aplicado 3 t ha-¹ de casca de mamona em duas formas de utilização (natural e moída) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-¹), com quatro repetições totalizando 32 parcelas. Verifica-se que a adubação com a casca moída foi superior a casca natural. Para a massa seca do cacho, área foliar por planta e número de folhas a dosagem 90 kg ha-¹ de N foi superior às demais. Já para o número de nós foi a dose de 60 kg ha-¹ de N. A casca de mamona usada de forma racional, como adubo, contribui para redução de custos ao produtor e incrementos na fertilidade do solo.
ABSTRACT Recent scholarship on the lived experiences of borderlands has foregrounded and theorize... more ABSTRACT Recent scholarship on the lived experiences of borderlands has foregrounded and theorized the pervasiveness of anxiety, violence, and lawlessness. While useful, these do not capture all of the ways in which borderland residents relate to diverse constellations of power. This paper examines the China (Tibet Autonomous Region) – Nepal borderland through the case of the Limi Valley, in the northwest corner of Nepal’s Humla district. Before 1959, the valley was considered part of Nepalese territory, yet its residents belonged administratively to the Tibetan government, an arrangement at odds with contemporary understandings of state territorial sovereignty. The non-postcolonial state formations of Nepal and China have created their own specific forms of border citizenship and overlapping sovereignties. The article shows how multiple sovereignties can stretch beyond state borders in unexpected ways by tracing how Limi Valley residents negotiate overlapping sovereignties of the Nepali and Chinese states, as well as the non-state sovereignty of the Tibetan government-in-exile. Furthermore, it demonstrates that these in turn overlap with a form of social sovereignty grounded in the community’s body of laws, codes, and practices, which are at once a historically sedimented trace of Limi’s governance before the nation-state, and a product of navigating political transformations. However, challenges to this social sovereignty, expressed through the idiom of statist law, have recently emerged. Whereas states typically exert sovereign power in borderlands by restricting mobility, some Limi villagers now selectively invoke state sovereignty through law to enable greater mobility.
The devastating 2015 earthquakes in Nepal highlighted the need for effective disaster risk reduct... more The devastating 2015 earthquakes in Nepal highlighted the need for effective disaster risk reduction (DRR) in mountains, which are inherently subject to hazards and increasingly vulnerable to extreme events. As multiple UN policy frameworks stress, DRR is crucial to mitigate the mounting environmental and socioeconomic costs of disasters globally. However, specialized DRR guidelines are needed for biodiverse, multi-hazard regions like mountains. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) emphasizes ecosystem conservation, restoration, and sustainable management as key elements for DRR. We propose that integrating the emerging field of Eco-DRR with community-based DRR (CB-DRR) will help address the increasing vulnerabilities of mountain people and ecosystems. Drawing on a global mountain synthesis, we present paradoxes that create challenges for DRR in mountains and examine these paradoxes through examples from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. We propose four principles for integrated CB-and Eco-DRR that address these challenges: (1) governance and institutional arrangements that fit local needs; (2) empowerment and capacity-building to strengthen community resilience; (3) discovery and sharing of constructive practices that combine local and scientific knowledge; and (4) approaches focused on well-being and equity. We illustrate the reinforcing relationship between integrated CB-and Eco-DRR principles with examples from other mountain systems worldwide. Coordinated community and ecosystem
ABSTRACT This article provides an introduction to a special collection of five articles showcasin... more ABSTRACT This article provides an introduction to a special collection of five articles showcasing the work of rising scholars in the geography and anthropology of Tibetan regions in China (Eveline Washul, Andrew Grant, Tsering Bum, Huatse Gyal and Duojie Zhaxi, published in Critical Asian Studies 50: 4 and Critical Asian Studies 51: 1). It contextualizes the authors’ contributions in the recent promotion of planned urbanization in Tibetan regions as the key to achieving the “Chinese Dream” under President Xi Jinping. The paper calls attention to these authors’ focus on Tibetan experiences of new urbanization policies and practices, as well as their less-appreciated entanglement with shifting education priorities. Providing brief summaries of each author’s case study and arguments, it points to the ways in which all five articles address the relationship between space and subjectivity, as well as the issue of constrained agency (versus simple notions of “choice”), in statist urbanization processes.
Despite a growing body of research about rangeland degradation and the effects of policies implem... more Despite a growing body of research about rangeland degradation and the effects of policies implemented to address it on the Tibetan Plateau, little in-depth research has been conducted on how pastoralists make decisions. Based on qualitative research in Gouli Township, Qinghai province, China, we analyze the context in which Tibetan herders make decisions, and their decisions about livestock and pastures. We refute three fundamental assumptions upon which current policy is premised: that pastoralists aim to increase livestock numbers without limit; that, blindly following tradition, they do not actively manage livestock and rangelands; and that they lack environmental knowledge. We demonstrate that pastoralists carefully assess limits to livestock holdings based on land and labor availability; that they increasingly manage their livestock and rangelands through contracting; and that herding knowledge is a form of embodied practical skill. We further discuss points of convergence and contradiction between herders' observations and results of a vegetation analysis. Keywords Tibet. Pastoralism. Rangeland condition. Livestock management. Environmental knowledge [The government] should try hard to change these concepts in traditional pastoralism: judging wealth by livestock numbers, perceiving rangeland as free resources, using [rangeland] without limit, and the unwillingness to slaughter or sell.-Committee for Population, Resources, and Environment, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 2008 1 Many Tibetan herdsmen believe that the innumerable sheep and cattle crowding the range are blessings from Buddha, but many are now [because of government restrictions] realizing that less is more.-Xinhua News, 2013. 2
In recent years, the number of community-based natural resource management projects for rangeland... more In recent years, the number of community-based natural resource management projects for rangeland conservation and development has grown rapidly in Mongolia. Such projects seek to develop social capital through the formation of herder groups and pasture user groups, in order to enable the coordination of complex, collective tasks needed for sustainability. Through analysis of social networks, interviews and ethnographic data from two places where such projects have been implemented, Bayanjargalan, Dundgovi, and Tariat, Arkhangai, the paper demonstrates that the spatiality of pastoral social relations is much more extensive than assumed by these projects. Furthermore, rather than being neutral technical interventions, such projects are embedded in and proliferate politics. They often bolster the informal power of wealthy herders who gain more access to pasture, while at the same time leading to tensions between different levels of government and becoming objects of struggle between Mongolia’s two dominant political parties. For all of these reasons, these efforts have tended not to build trust, and the ‘communities’ they create, in the form of herder groups and pasture user groups, have tended to be ephemeral.
In their Report “Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital” (17 June... more In their Report “Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital” (17 June, p. [1455][1]), Z. Ouyang et al. model changes in selected ecosystem services in China to show that, at the national level, rapid economic growth is compatible with increased provision of ecosystem
"Property relations in contemporary Tibet are often ambiguous. Their fuzziness has origins i... more "Property relations in contemporary Tibet are often ambiguous. Their fuzziness has origins in both the legacy of post-socialist transformation and the ongoing struggle over state incorporation. This article examines the ways in which these two sources of ambiguity contribute to two related types of fuzziness, one found in a departure from idealised images of exclusive private property, and the other arising from political constraints on the exercise of legally defined rights. The article examines these two related sources and types of ambiguity by chronicling on-the-ground property relations since decollectivisation in peri-urban Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. This includes discussions of the length of House-hold Responsibility System contracts in Tibet, the extent and variation in village land reallocations, degree of management rights, and reasons for and villagers' responses to village land expropriation. While the heterogeneity of property forms in Tibet is simi...
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