The apostles and brothers
This phrase refers to the early Christian leaders and believers who were primarily based in Judea. The term "apostles" comes from the Greek word "apostolos," meaning "one who is sent out." These were the original disciples of Jesus, entrusted with spreading His teachings. "Brothers" (Greek: "adelphoi") indicates the close-knit community of believers, emphasizing the familial bond among Christians. This highlights the unity and shared mission of the early church, rooted in their common faith in Christ.

throughout Judea
Judea was a region in the ancient Near East, significant as the historical and religious heartland of the Jewish people. The mention of Judea underscores the geographical spread of the early church and its roots in Jewish tradition. This region was central to the ministry of Jesus and the early church, serving as a launching point for the spread of the Gospel.

soon heard
The rapid dissemination of news reflects the interconnectedness of the early Christian communities. The Greek word "akouō" (heard) implies not just hearing but understanding and processing the information. This suggests the importance of communication and the eagerness of the early church to stay informed about the work of God among them.

that the Gentiles also
The term "Gentiles" (Greek: "ethnē") refers to non-Jewish people. This is a pivotal moment in the early church, as it marks the expansion of the Gospel beyond Jewish boundaries. The inclusion of the Gentiles signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3). This was a radical shift, challenging Jewish exclusivity and highlighting the universal scope of God's salvation plan.

had received
The Greek word "dechomai" (received) implies a welcoming acceptance. This indicates that the Gentiles not only heard the Gospel but embraced it wholeheartedly. This acceptance is a testament to the work of the Holy Spirit in opening hearts to the message of Christ, transcending cultural and ethnic barriers.

the word of God
This phrase refers to the Gospel message, the good news of Jesus Christ. In the Greek, "logos" (word) signifies not just spoken words but the divine message and revelation of God. The "word of God" is living and active, as described in Hebrews 4:12, and it carries the power to transform lives. The reception of this word by the Gentiles marks a significant milestone in the unfolding of God's redemptive plan, demonstrating that His message is for all people, regardless of their background.

So when Peter went up to Jerusalem
The phrase "went up to Jerusalem" is significant both geographically and spiritually. Jerusalem, situated on a hill, was a central place of worship and authority in Jewish life. The Greek word "anabainō" (ἀναβαίνω) is used here, meaning to ascend or go up, which not only describes the physical journey but also implies a return to a place of spiritual significance. Peter's journey to Jerusalem symbolizes a return to the heart of the early Christian community, where pivotal decisions and discussions took place. Historically, Jerusalem was the epicenter of Jewish religious life, and for the early Christians, it was also the birthplace of the Church at Pentecost.

the circumcised believers
This phrase refers to Jewish Christians who adhered to the traditional Jewish practice of circumcision. The Greek term "peritomē" (περιτομή) is used, which directly translates to circumcision, a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants. In the early Church, there was a significant tension between Jewish Christians and Gentile converts regarding the necessity of following Jewish law. The "circumcised believers" were those who believed that adherence to the Mosaic Law, including circumcision, was essential for salvation. This group often struggled with the inclusion of Gentiles who did not follow these customs, reflecting the broader cultural and religious challenges faced by the early Church.

criticized him
The Greek word "diakrinō" (διακρίνω) is used here, meaning to judge or dispute. This criticism was not merely a casual disagreement but a serious contention regarding Peter's actions. The early Church was grappling with the radical inclusivity of the Gospel message, which extended beyond Jewish boundaries to include Gentiles. Peter's actions in associating with Gentiles, as described earlier in Acts 10, challenged the traditional Jewish customs and prompted a critical response from the Jewish Christians. This criticism highlights the growing pains of the early Church as it sought to understand and live out the implications of the Gospel in a diverse and multicultural world. The tension between maintaining Jewish identity and embracing a new, inclusive faith was a significant issue that the early Church had to navigate, as seen in this verse.

You visited uncircumcised men
This phrase highlights a significant moment in the early church's history, where the Jewish believers were grappling with the inclusion of Gentiles into the Christian faith. The Greek word for "visited" (ἐπιδημέω, epidemeo) implies more than a casual encounter; it suggests a deliberate and purposeful engagement. This reflects Peter's intentional crossing of cultural and religious boundaries, which was a radical act at the time. The term "uncircumcised" (ἀκροβυστία, akrobystia) was often used by Jews to describe Gentiles, emphasizing their separation from the covenant community of Israel. This distinction was deeply rooted in Jewish identity and religious practice, as circumcision was a sign of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:10-14). The historical context here is crucial, as it underscores the tension between maintaining Jewish customs and embracing the new covenant in Christ, which transcends ethnic and cultural barriers.

and ate with them
The act of eating with Gentiles was a significant point of contention. In Jewish culture, table fellowship was a symbol of acceptance and unity. The Greek word for "ate" (συνεσθίω, synesthio) indicates sharing a meal, which in the ancient Near Eastern context, was an intimate act of fellowship and acceptance. This was not merely about food but about breaking down the walls of division. Historically, Jews avoided eating with Gentiles to maintain ritual purity, as Gentile food could be considered unclean according to Jewish dietary laws (Leviticus 11). By eating with them, Peter was demonstrating the inclusivity of the Gospel, which was a revolutionary concept for the early church. This act prefigures the later theological understanding articulated by Paul in Galatians 3:28, where he declares that in Christ, there is neither Jew nor Greek. This phrase challenges believers to consider the radical inclusivity of the Gospel and the breaking down of barriers that separate people from one another.

But Peter began
The phrase "But Peter began" indicates a pivotal moment where Peter takes the initiative to address the concerns of the Jewish believers in Jerusalem. The Greek word for "began" is "archomai," which implies a deliberate and thoughtful start. This is not a hasty or defensive reaction but a measured response. Peter, as a leader among the apostles, understands the importance of clear communication and seeks to provide a comprehensive account. This reflects the responsibility of Christian leaders to address misunderstandings with patience and clarity.

and explained
The word "explained" comes from the Greek "ekthēsetai," meaning to set forth or declare. Peter is not merely recounting events; he is interpreting them in light of God's revelation. This highlights the role of the apostle as a teacher and interpreter of divine actions. In a broader sense, it underscores the importance of understanding and conveying God's work in our lives with accuracy and insight, ensuring that others can see His hand in the unfolding of events.

to them
The phrase "to them" refers to the Jewish believers who were questioning Peter's actions. This group is significant because they represent the early church's struggle to understand the inclusion of Gentiles. Peter's explanation is directed at those who are part of the covenant community, emphasizing the need for unity and understanding within the body of Christ. It reminds us that communication within the church is vital for maintaining harmony and advancing the mission of the Gospel.

the whole sequence of events
The term "whole sequence of events" suggests a detailed and orderly account. The Greek word "kathexēs" implies a step-by-step narration. Peter is not leaving anything out; he is providing a comprehensive explanation of what transpired. This thoroughness is crucial because it allows the listeners to grasp the full scope of God's work. It serves as a model for how believers should recount their testimonies, ensuring that God's actions are clearly and fully communicated to others.

I was in the city of Joppa
Joppa, known today as Jaffa, is an ancient port city on the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Historically, it was a significant location for trade and travel. In the Old Testament, Joppa is mentioned as the port from which Jonah attempted to flee from God's command (Jonah 1:3). The mention of Joppa here connects Peter's experience with a place of historical significance, emphasizing the continuity of God's work through different eras and His presence in both the Old and New Testaments.

praying
Prayer is a central practice in the Christian faith, serving as a means of communication with God. In the Greek, the word used here is "προσευχόμενος" (proseuchomenos), which implies a continuous or habitual action. This highlights Peter's devotion and the importance of prayer in receiving divine revelation. It serves as a reminder that spiritual insights and guidance often come when believers are in communion with God.

in a trance
The Greek word "ἔκστασις" (ekstasis) is used here, which can mean a state of amazement or ecstasy. In the biblical context, it refers to a divinely induced state where the individual is receptive to visions or revelations from God. This trance indicates that Peter's vision was not a product of his imagination but a supernatural experience orchestrated by God to convey an important message.

I saw a vision
Visions are a common means through which God communicates with His people in the Bible. They often serve to reveal God's will or to provide guidance. The vision Peter receives is pivotal in the early Church, as it challenges existing Jewish customs and opens the way for the inclusion of Gentiles. This underscores the transformative power of divine revelation in expanding the understanding of God's plan.

a large sheet
The "sheet" in the vision symbolizes the breadth and inclusivity of God's creation. The Greek word "ὀθόνη" (othonē) refers to a linen cloth, which could be associated with purity and holiness. This imagery prepares Peter for the message that God's salvation is not limited to a specific group but is available to all humanity.

being let down from heaven
The direction from which the sheet descends signifies its divine origin. Heaven is often depicted as the dwelling place of God, and anything descending from it carries the authority and purpose of God. This emphasizes that the vision is not a human invention but a divine mandate, reinforcing the legitimacy of the message Peter is about to receive.

by its four corners
The four corners of the sheet can symbolize the four corners of the earth, representing universality and completeness. This imagery suggests that the message of the vision is intended for all people, regardless of their geographical or cultural background. It aligns with the Great Commission to spread the Gospel to all nations (Matthew 28:19).

and it came right down to me
The personal nature of this phrase highlights that the vision was specifically directed to Peter. It underscores the personal responsibility and calling that Peter has in the unfolding plan of God. This personal encounter with divine revelation is a catalyst for Peter's subsequent actions and decisions, demonstrating how God equips and directs His servants for their unique roles in His mission.

I looked at it closely
This phrase indicates a deliberate and careful examination. The Greek word used here is "atenizō," which means to gaze intently or to fix one's eyes upon something. This suggests that Peter was not merely glancing but was deeply engaged in understanding the vision before him. In a spiritual context, this reflects the importance of discernment and attentiveness to God's revelations. It encourages believers to seek understanding and clarity in their spiritual experiences, emphasizing the need for focus and contemplation in discerning God's will.

and saw
The act of seeing in this context is more than physical sight; it implies spiritual insight and revelation. The Greek word "horaō" is used, which can mean to perceive or to become aware of something. This suggests that Peter's vision was not just a visual experience but a moment of divine revelation. It underscores the idea that God communicates with His people in ways that transcend the ordinary, inviting them to see beyond the surface to the deeper spiritual truths.

four-footed animals of the earth
This phrase refers to creatures that were considered unclean according to Jewish dietary laws, as outlined in Leviticus 11. The mention of "four-footed animals" highlights the comprehensive nature of the vision, encompassing all types of creatures. Historically, this vision challenges the Jewish understanding of purity and the separation between clean and unclean, symbolizing the breaking down of barriers between Jews and Gentiles. It signifies the inclusivity of the Gospel and God's plan for all nations to be part of His covenant.

wild beasts
The term "wild beasts" further emphasizes the diversity and the untamed nature of the creatures in the vision. In the Greek, "thērion" is used, which often refers to animals that are not domesticated. This can symbolize the untamed and unpredictable aspects of God's creation, which are still under His sovereign control. Spiritually, it represents the idea that God's grace extends to all, even those who seem wild or outside the bounds of traditional religious acceptance.

reptiles
Reptiles, or "herpeton" in Greek, were also considered unclean. Their inclusion in the vision reinforces the message of breaking traditional boundaries. Reptiles often evoke a sense of caution or fear, yet in this vision, they are part of God's creation that is being redefined. This challenges believers to reconsider their preconceived notions of who is worthy of God's love and grace, urging them to embrace a broader understanding of God's redemptive plan.

and birds of the air
The phrase "birds of the air" completes the vision's depiction of the animal kingdom. In the Greek, "peteinon" is used, which refers to flying creatures. Birds often symbolize freedom and the ability to transcend earthly limitations. Their inclusion in the vision suggests the far-reaching and liberating nature of the Gospel. It serves as a reminder that God's message is not confined to any one group or tradition but is meant to soar across all boundaries, offering salvation to all who believe.

Then I heard a voice
The phrase "Then I heard a voice" signifies a divine communication, a common occurrence in biblical narratives where God or His messengers speak directly to individuals. The Greek word for "voice" is "φωνή" (phonē), which can mean sound or utterance. This divine voice is authoritative and unmistakable, indicating a direct revelation from God. In the context of Acts, this voice is pivotal as it challenges Peter's understanding of Jewish dietary laws and foreshadows the inclusion of Gentiles into the Christian faith. Historically, divine voices in scripture often signify a turning point or a new directive from God, emphasizing His active role in guiding His people.

saying to me
The phrase "saying to me" personalizes the divine message, indicating that God’s communication is direct and intentional. The Greek verb "λέγω" (legō) is used here, which means to speak or to say. This personal address underscores the intimate relationship between God and His servants, highlighting that God knows and calls each by name. In the broader scriptural context, God’s personal communication with individuals often leads to significant missions or changes, as seen with figures like Moses and Paul.

Get up, Peter
"Get up" is translated from the Greek word "ἀναστάς" (anastas), which means to rise or stand up. This command is both literal and symbolic, urging Peter to rise from his current state of understanding and readiness for a new mission. The use of Peter’s name personalizes the command, emphasizing the importance of his role in the unfolding plan of God. Historically, Peter is a central figure in the early church, and this command signifies a pivotal moment in his ministry, as he is being prepared to break traditional barriers and embrace a broader mission field.

kill and eat
The directive "kill and eat" challenges Peter’s adherence to Jewish dietary laws, which prohibited the consumption of certain animals deemed unclean. The Greek words "θύσον" (thysōn) and "φάγε" (phage) mean to sacrifice or slaughter and to eat, respectively. This command is radical, as it signifies a departure from the Mosaic Law, symbolizing the new covenant in Christ where ceremonial laws are fulfilled and transcended. Archaeologically, this reflects the cultural and religious tensions of the time, as the early church grappled with the integration of Gentile believers. Scripturally, this moment is a precursor to the Council of Jerusalem in Acts 15, where the church formally recognizes the inclusion of Gentiles without the burden of the full Mosaic Law. This command is a profound illustration of God’s unfolding plan of salvation for all humanity, breaking down the walls of division and inviting all to partake in the grace of Christ.

But I replied, ‘Surely not, Lord!
This phrase reflects Peter's initial resistance to the divine vision he received. The Greek word for "replied" (ἀπεκρίθην) indicates a response or answer, suggesting Peter's engagement in a dialogue with God. The phrase "Surely not, Lord!" (Μηδαμῶς, Κύριε) reveals Peter's strong objection, rooted in his adherence to Jewish dietary laws. The use of "Lord" (Κύριε) acknowledges God's authority, yet Peter's response shows his struggle to reconcile his traditional beliefs with the new revelation. This moment highlights the tension between old covenant practices and the emerging new covenant understanding.

For nothing impure or unclean
The terms "impure" (κοινόν) and "unclean" (ἀκάθαρτον) are significant in Jewish law, referring to foods prohibited by the Torah. The Greek word "κοινόν" can also mean common or profane, indicating something not set apart for holy use. "ἀκάθαρτον" specifically denotes ritual impurity. Peter's declaration underscores his commitment to the purity laws that defined Jewish identity and religious practice. This reflects the broader cultural and religious context of first-century Judaism, where dietary laws were a key boundary marker distinguishing Jews from Gentiles.

has ever entered my mouth.’
This phrase emphasizes Peter's lifelong observance of Jewish dietary restrictions. The Greek verb "entered" (εἰσῆλθεν) suggests a physical act of consumption, reinforcing Peter's adherence to the law. The phrase "my mouth" (μου στόμα) personalizes his statement, indicating his personal commitment to these laws. This assertion of purity and obedience highlights the challenge Peter faces in accepting the vision's message, which calls for a radical rethinking of what it means to be clean or unclean in God's eyes. This moment is pivotal in the narrative of Acts, as it sets the stage for the inclusion of Gentiles into the early Christian community, breaking down long-standing barriers and expanding the scope of God's covenant.

But the voice spoke from heaven a second time
This phrase emphasizes divine communication, indicating that the message is of utmost importance and originates from God Himself. The Greek word for "voice" (φωνή, phōnē) suggests an authoritative proclamation. The repetition "a second time" underscores the necessity of Peter's understanding and acceptance of this new revelation. Historically, divine voices from heaven are rare and significant, often marking pivotal moments in biblical narratives, such as at Jesus' baptism (Matthew 3:17). This repetition signifies God's patience and determination to ensure Peter comprehends the shift in divine instruction regarding purity laws.

Do not call anything impure
The term "impure" (κοινός, koinos) in Greek refers to what is common or unclean, particularly in a ritualistic or ceremonial sense. In the Jewish context, this would relate to dietary laws and the separation between Jews and Gentiles. The historical context is crucial here, as Jewish customs strictly adhered to the Mosaic Law, which distinguished between clean and unclean foods and people. This command challenges Peter's deeply ingrained cultural and religious beliefs, urging him to transcend traditional boundaries and embrace a broader understanding of God's work.

that God has made clean
The phrase "has made clean" (καθαρίζω, katharizō) indicates a divine action of purification or sanctification. This is not merely a declaration but an active transformation by God. Theologically, this reflects the New Covenant established through Christ, where the old distinctions of clean and unclean are abolished. The historical context of the early church is vital here, as it was grappling with the inclusion of Gentiles. This divine declaration affirms that God's grace and salvation extend beyond the Jewish people to all humanity, symbolizing the breaking down of barriers and the universal scope of the Gospel.

This happened three times
The repetition of the vision three times is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing completeness or divine confirmation. In the Hebrew tradition, the number three is associated with stability and completeness, as seen in other scriptural instances such as Peter's denial of Christ three times and Jesus' resurrection on the third day. This repetition underscores the importance of the message being conveyed to Peter, emphasizing that the vision is not a mere dream but a divine revelation that requires attention and action. It reflects God's patience and determination to ensure Peter understands the new covenant's inclusivity, breaking away from traditional Jewish dietary laws and opening the way for Gentile inclusion.

and everything was drawn back up into heaven
The phrase "drawn back up into heaven" signifies the divine origin and authority of the vision. The Greek word used here for "drawn" is "ἀναλαμβάνω" (analambanō), which means to take up or receive. This word is also used in Acts 1:11 when Jesus is taken up into heaven, indicating a return to a divine realm. The imagery of the sheet being taken back to heaven suggests that the vision is not just a temporary earthly phenomenon but a heavenly mandate. It symbolizes the lifting of the old covenant restrictions and the ushering in of a new era where the gospel is accessible to all, Jew and Gentile alike. This heavenly action reinforces the idea that the vision is a direct command from God, not subject to human interpretation or alteration. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and the unfolding of His redemptive plan for humanity.

Right then
This phrase indicates the immediacy and divine timing of the events. In the Greek, the word used is "καὶ ἰδοὺ" (kai idou), which can be translated as "and behold" or "at that moment." This emphasizes the suddenness and the orchestrated nature of God's plan. It suggests that God's timing is perfect, and His interventions are precise, aligning with His divine purposes. This moment is a pivotal point in the narrative, highlighting the seamless transition from Peter's vision to the arrival of the men, underscoring the divine orchestration at work.

three men
The number three often holds significant symbolic meaning in the Bible, representing completeness or divine wholeness. In this context, the three men are messengers sent by Cornelius, a Gentile centurion, which is crucial for the unfolding of God's plan to extend the Gospel to the Gentiles. The presence of three men also serves as a confirmation of the vision Peter received, reinforcing the legitimacy and divine origin of the message they bring.

sent to me
The phrase "sent to me" underscores the divine initiative in the mission. The Greek word "ἀπεσταλμένοι" (apestalmenoi) is derived from "apostellō," meaning "to send forth." This is the same root used for "apostle," indicating a mission or commission. The men were not acting on their own accord but were sent by Cornelius under divine instruction, highlighting the theme of obedience to God's call and the unfolding of His redemptive plan.

from Caesarea
Caesarea was a significant city in the Roman Empire, serving as a hub of political and military power. It was a predominantly Gentile city, which is crucial to the narrative as it represents the broader reach of the Gospel beyond Jewish boundaries. The mention of Caesarea sets the stage for the inclusion of Gentiles into the early Christian community, marking a pivotal shift in the early Church's mission and understanding of God's salvation plan.

stopped at the house
The act of stopping at the house signifies the intersection of divine purpose with human action. The Greek word "ἐπέστησαν" (epestēsan) implies standing by or arriving at a place. This moment of arrival is not coincidental but divinely appointed, illustrating how God orchestrates events to fulfill His purposes. The house becomes a place of divine encounter and revelation, where God's message is about to be further unveiled.

where I was staying
This phrase indicates Peter's temporary residence, emphasizing the transient nature of his mission. The Greek word "ἤμην" (ēmēn) suggests a state of being or dwelling. Peter's stay at this house is not permanent, reflecting the missionary nature of the early Church. It also highlights the openness and readiness required to respond to God's call, as Peter is about to embark on a journey that will expand the reach of the Gospel to the Gentiles. This setting becomes a launching point for a significant shift in the early Christian mission.

The Spirit told me
This phrase indicates divine guidance and revelation. In the original Greek, "the Spirit" is "τὸ Πνεῦμα" (to Pneuma), referring to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity. The Holy Spirit's role in the early church was crucial, guiding and empowering believers. This divine communication underscores the personal relationship between God and His followers, emphasizing that God actively leads His people. Historically, this reflects the early church's reliance on the Holy Spirit for direction, especially in matters that challenged existing Jewish customs.

to accompany them
The Greek word for "accompany" is "συνελθεῖν" (synelein), which means to come together or to go with. This implies a sense of unity and obedience to God's command. Peter's willingness to accompany the men sent by Cornelius demonstrates his openness to God's leading, even when it meant stepping outside traditional Jewish boundaries. This act of accompanying signifies the breaking down of barriers between Jews and Gentiles, a pivotal moment in the spread of the Gospel.

without hesitation
The phrase "without hesitation" is translated from the Greek "μηδὲν διακρίναντα" (meden diakrinanta), meaning without doubting or disputing. This highlights Peter's immediate obedience to the Holy Spirit's instruction. In a historical context, this is significant because it shows Peter's growth in faith and understanding of God's inclusive plan for salvation. It serves as an example for believers to trust and act on God's guidance without doubt or delay.

These six brothers
The mention of "six brothers" refers to the Jewish believers who accompanied Peter to Cornelius's house. In Jewish tradition, the testimony of two or three witnesses was required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). By taking six witnesses, Peter ensured that the event was beyond dispute. This detail underscores the importance of accountability and communal witness in the early church, reinforcing the legitimacy of the Gentile conversion.

also went with me
This phrase emphasizes the communal aspect of Peter's journey. The Greek "συνηλθον" (synelethon) suggests a joint action, highlighting the unity and shared mission among the early believers. This collective movement towards Cornelius's house symbolizes the church's expanding mission and the breaking down of ethnic and cultural barriers. It reflects the early church's commitment to spreading the Gospel to all nations, as commanded by Christ.

and we entered the man’s house
Entering a Gentile's house was a significant step for a Jewish believer, as it went against traditional Jewish customs. The Greek "εἰσῆλθον" (eiselthon) means to go into or enter. This act of entering Cornelius's house represents a pivotal moment in the early church, where the Gospel began to transcend cultural and religious boundaries. It signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 22:18), highlighting the universal scope of the Gospel message.

He told us
This phrase indicates a recounting of a personal experience. The Greek word used here, "διηγήσατο" (diegēsato), implies a detailed narration. In the context of Acts, this is Cornelius sharing his vision with Peter and others. It emphasizes the importance of testimony in the early church, where personal experiences of divine encounters were foundational to the spread of the Gospel.

how he had seen an angel
The appearance of an angel, "ἄγγελον" (angelon), signifies a divine messenger. In biblical times, angels were often seen as intermediaries between God and humans, delivering messages of great importance. This highlights the divine orchestration in the events leading to the inclusion of Gentiles into the Christian faith, showing that God’s plan transcends human boundaries.

standing in his house
The setting of the angelic visitation is significant. The house, "οἴκῳ" (oikō), represents a personal and intimate space. This suggests that God’s messages and interventions are not confined to temples or public places but can occur in the everyday settings of life, emphasizing the personal nature of God’s relationship with individuals.

and saying
The act of speaking, "εἶπεν" (eipen), underscores the communicative role of angels. In biblical narratives, when angels speak, it is with authority and clarity, conveying God’s will. This phrase assures the listener of the authenticity and divine origin of the message being delivered.

‘Send to Joppa
Joppa, a port city, is historically significant as a place of transition and connection. The directive to "send," "πέμψον" (pempson), indicates an action of reaching out, symbolizing the movement of the Gospel beyond Jewish boundaries. Joppa serves as a geographical and symbolic bridge in the narrative of Acts, where God’s message begins to reach the Gentiles.

for Simon who is called Peter.’
Simon Peter, "Σίμωνα τὸν ἐπικαλούμενον Πέτρον" (Simōna ton epikaloumenon Petron), is a central figure in the early church. His dual name reflects his Jewish heritage (Simon) and his role in the Christian community (Peter, meaning "rock"). This highlights the transformation and mission of Peter as a leader in the church, tasked with bridging cultural and religious divides. The specific calling of Peter underscores the divine choice and preparation of individuals for specific roles in God’s plan.

He will convey to you a message
This phrase highlights the divine initiative in the process of salvation. The Greek word for "convey" is "λαλήσει" (lalēsei), which means to speak or to utter words. This emphasizes the importance of the spoken word in the transmission of the Gospel. In the historical context of Acts, this refers to Peter's role in bringing the message of salvation to Cornelius, a Gentile. The act of conveying a message underscores the necessity of evangelism and the responsibility of believers to share the Gospel. It is a reminder that faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ (Romans 10:17).

a message
The "message" here is the Gospel, the good news of Jesus Christ. The Greek term "ῥῆμα" (rhēma) is often used to denote a specific word or saying, particularly one that is divinely inspired. This message is not just any message but the transformative truth of salvation through Jesus. Historically, this moment marks a pivotal point in the early church where the Gospel begins to break ethnic and cultural barriers, reaching beyond the Jewish community to the Gentiles. Theologically, it signifies the universality of the Gospel, affirming that salvation is available to all who believe.

by which you and all your household
The phrase "you and all your household" indicates the communal aspect of salvation. In the ancient world, households often included extended family and servants, reflecting a broader social unit than the modern nuclear family. The Greek word "οἶκος" (oikos) refers to a house or household, encompassing all who live within it. This highlights the biblical principle that faith can have a ripple effect, influencing not just individuals but entire families and communities. It also reflects the early church's practice of household baptisms, as seen in the accounts of Lydia and the Philippian jailer (Acts 16).

will be saved
The promise of being "saved" is central to the Christian faith. The Greek word "σωθήσῃ" (sōthēsei) means to be delivered or preserved, often used in the New Testament to describe spiritual salvation. This salvation is not merely a future hope but a present reality, offering deliverance from sin and reconciliation with God. Historically, this assurance of salvation was revolutionary, offering hope and certainty in a world filled with uncertainty and fear. Theologically, it underscores the grace of God, who offers salvation freely to all who believe, regardless of their background or past. This promise is a source of hope and encouragement, affirming that God's saving power is available to all who call upon His name.

As I began to speak
This phrase marks the initiation of Peter's recounting of his experience with Cornelius and his household. The Greek word for "began" (ἄρχομαι, archomai) implies the commencement of an action, indicating that Peter was merely starting his message when the Holy Spirit intervened. This underscores the divine orchestration of events, emphasizing that it was not Peter's eloquence or persuasion that led to the outpouring of the Spirit, but God's sovereign will. Historically, this moment is pivotal as it marks the opening of the Gospel to the Gentiles, a significant shift in the early Christian mission.

the Holy Spirit fell upon them
The phrase "fell upon" (ἐπέπεσεν, epepesen) is significant, as it conveys a sudden and powerful descent of the Holy Spirit. This mirrors the Pentecost experience in Acts 2, where the Spirit's arrival was both unexpected and transformative. Theologically, this demonstrates the impartiality of God, who grants His Spirit to all who believe, regardless of ethnic or cultural background. The Holy Spirit's descent is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8, where He assured His disciples that they would receive power when the Holy Spirit came upon them.

just as He had come upon us
This comparison to the apostles' own experience at Pentecost is crucial. The Greek word "just as" (καθὼς, kathōs) indicates a direct parallel, affirming that the Gentiles received the same gift of the Spirit as the Jewish believers. This serves as a divine endorsement of the Gentile mission and a confirmation that salvation through Christ is available to all. Historically, this was a radical affirmation of the unity and equality of all believers in the early Church, breaking down long-standing barriers between Jews and Gentiles.

at the beginning
The term "beginning" (ἀρχή, archē) refers to the initial outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, as recorded in Acts 2. This event marked the birth of the Church and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the outpouring of God's Spirit (e.g., Joel 2:28-29). By referencing "the beginning," Peter is anchoring this new Gentile experience in the foundational events of the Christian faith, asserting that the same Spirit who empowered the apostles is now at work among the Gentiles. This continuity underscores the unchanging nature of God's plan and the inclusivity of His kingdom.

Then I remembered
This phrase indicates a moment of divine revelation or recollection. The Greek word for "remembered" is "ἐμνήσθην" (emnēsthēn), which implies a bringing to mind of something previously known. In the context of Acts 11, Peter is recounting his vision and the subsequent outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the Gentiles. This remembrance is not merely a mental exercise but a spiritual awakening to God's unfolding plan. It underscores the importance of being attuned to the Holy Spirit, who brings to remembrance the teachings and promises of Christ (John 14:26).

the word of the Lord
This phrase refers to the teachings and promises of Jesus Christ. The "word" (λόγος, logos) is a central theme in the New Testament, representing not only spoken words but the divine message and truth embodied in Christ. The "Lord" (Κύριος, Kyrios) here is a title for Jesus, affirming His divine authority and role as the Messiah. Peter's recollection of the Lord's word highlights the continuity and fulfillment of Jesus' promises, particularly regarding the baptism of the Holy Spirit.

how He said
This phrase emphasizes the authority and reliability of Jesus' words. The Greek "εἶπεν" (eipen) is a simple past tense, indicating a specific utterance by Jesus. It underscores the importance of Jesus' teachings as foundational truths for the early church. The phrase also suggests that Peter's understanding and actions are grounded in the direct instructions of Christ, reinforcing the authority of apostolic witness.

John baptized with water
This refers to the ministry of John the Baptist, who used water baptism as a symbol of repentance and preparation for the coming Messiah. The Greek word for "baptized" is "ἐβάπτισεν" (ebaptisen), which means to immerse or submerge. John's baptism was a physical act symbolizing spiritual cleansing and readiness for the new covenant. This historical context sets the stage for understanding the transformative nature of the baptism of the Holy Spirit, which goes beyond ritual to effectuate inner renewal.

but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit
This promise, originally given by Jesus in Acts 1:5, is fulfilled in the events Peter is describing. The contrast between John's baptism and the baptism of the Holy Spirit highlights the transition from the old covenant to the new. The Greek word for "baptized" remains "βαπτισθήσεσθε" (baptisthēsesthe), indicating an immersion, but this time into the life and power of the Holy Spirit. This baptism signifies the indwelling presence of God, empowering believers for witness and service. It marks the inclusion of Gentiles into the covenant community, demonstrating the universal scope of the Gospel. This fulfillment of Jesus' promise is a pivotal moment in the early church, affirming that salvation and the gifts of the Spirit are available to all who believe, regardless of ethnic or cultural background.

So if God gave them
The phrase begins with a conditional "if," indicating a logical reasoning process. The Greek word for "gave" is "ἔδωκεν" (edōken), which implies a gracious bestowal. This reflects the divine initiative in salvation, emphasizing that it is God who grants the gift of the Holy Spirit. Historically, this underscores the early church's struggle to understand the inclusion of Gentiles, as God’s gifts were traditionally seen as reserved for the Jewish people.

the same gift
The "same gift" refers to the Holy Spirit, which was poured out on the Gentiles as it was on the Jewish believers at Pentecost. The Greek word for "gift" is "δωρεά" (dōrea), signifying a free and unmerited favor. This highlights the unity and equality in the body of Christ, as both Jews and Gentiles receive the same Spirit, breaking down ethnic and cultural barriers.

He gave us
This phrase emphasizes the continuity and consistency of God's actions. The "us" refers to the Jewish believers, including Peter and the apostles, who first received the Holy Spirit. It serves as a reminder of the shared experience of grace and the common foundation of faith in Christ, which transcends ethnic divisions.

who believed in the Lord Jesus Christ
Belief in Jesus is the central requirement for receiving the Holy Spirit. The Greek word for "believed" is "πιστεύσαντας" (pisteusantas), meaning to have faith or trust. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but a deep, personal trust in Jesus as Lord and Savior. The title "Lord Jesus Christ" affirms His divinity, messianic role, and anointed kingship, which are foundational to Christian faith.

who was I to hinder
Peter's rhetorical question reflects humility and submission to God's will. The Greek word for "hinder" is "κωλῦσαι" (kōlysai), meaning to prevent or obstruct. This acknowledges that human prejudices or traditions should not obstruct God's sovereign work. It is a call for believers to align with God's purposes rather than resist them.

the work of God?
The "work of God" refers to the divine plan of salvation and the expansion of the church to include all nations. This phrase underscores the sovereignty and initiative of God in the mission of the church. Historically, it marks a pivotal moment in the early church, affirming that God's redemptive work transcends human boundaries and is inclusive of all who believe in Christ. This serves as an inspiration for the church today to embrace diversity and unity in the Spirit.

When they heard this
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the early church's history. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούσαντες" (akousantes), which implies not just hearing but understanding and internalizing the message. The context here is Peter's explanation of his vision and the subsequent conversion of Cornelius, a Gentile. This hearing signifies a shift in the early church's understanding of God's plan, emphasizing the importance of being open to divine revelation and the unfolding of God's will.

they had no further objections
The Greek word for "objections" is "ἡσύχασαν" (hēsychasan), meaning they became silent or ceased to argue. This indicates a profound moment of acceptance and submission to God's will. Historically, the Jewish believers had strong cultural and religious reservations about associating with Gentiles. This phrase highlights the power of the Holy Spirit to bring unity and peace among believers, overcoming deeply ingrained prejudices and traditions.

and glorified God
The act of glorifying God, "ἐδόξαζον" (edoxazon), is a response of worship and praise. This reflects a recognition of God's sovereignty and His inclusive plan of salvation. In the Jewish tradition, glorifying God was a central aspect of worship, and here it signifies the acknowledgment of God's work among the Gentiles. It serves as a reminder that all believers are called to glorify God in response to His mighty works and grace.

saying, 'So then, God has granted
The phrase "God has granted" uses the Greek "ἔδωκεν" (edōken), meaning to give or bestow. This emphasizes the grace and initiative of God in the process of salvation. It is not by human effort or merit that salvation is extended, but by God's gracious gift. This aligns with the conservative Christian perspective that salvation is a divine gift, underscoring the doctrine of grace.

even the Gentiles
The inclusion of "even the Gentiles" marks a significant theological development. The Greek term "καὶ τοῖς ἔθνεσιν" (kai tois ethnesin) refers to the nations or non-Jewish peoples. This phrase underscores the universality of the Gospel, breaking down the barriers between Jews and Gentiles. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3), highlighting the inclusive nature of God's redemptive plan.

repentance unto life
The Greek word for "repentance" is "μετάνοιαν" (metanoian), which means a change of mind or turning away from sin. "Unto life" signifies the result of this repentance, which is eternal life. This phrase encapsulates the core message of the Gospel: that through repentance and faith in Christ, all people, regardless of their ethnic background, can receive the gift of eternal life. It emphasizes the transformative power of repentance and the new life that comes through faith in Jesus Christ.

Meanwhile those scattered
The Greek word for "scattered" is "διασπαρέντες" (diasparentes), which conveys the idea of sowing seeds. This scattering was not merely a dispersion but a divine strategy for spreading the Gospel. The early Christians, though facing persecution, were like seeds planted in various regions, ready to bear fruit. This scattering reflects God's sovereignty, using even persecution to fulfill His purposes.

by the persecution that began with Stephen
The term "persecution" comes from the Greek "διωγμός" (diogmos), indicating a pursuit or chase. The martyrdom of Stephen, as recorded in Acts 7, marked a significant turning point for the early church. Stephen's bold witness and subsequent death ignited a wave of hostility against Christians, yet it also served as a catalyst for the spread of the Gospel. This persecution, though tragic, was used by God to propel the message of Christ beyond Jerusalem.

traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch
The mention of "Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch" highlights the geographical expansion of the early church. Phoenicia, a coastal region known for its trade and commerce, provided a strategic location for the dissemination of the Gospel. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean, was the home of Barnabas (Acts 4:36) and a significant early Christian center. Antioch, in particular, would become a pivotal hub for missionary activity and the first place where believers were called "Christians" (Acts 11:26). This expansion underscores the fulfillment of Jesus' command in Acts 1:8 to be His witnesses "to the ends of the earth."

speaking the message only to Jews
The phrase "speaking the message" is derived from the Greek "λαλοῦντες τὸν λόγον" (lalountes ton logon), meaning to communicate or proclaim the Word. Initially, the early Christians focused their evangelistic efforts on the Jewish population, consistent with the pattern seen in Jesus' ministry and the early chapters of Acts. This focus on Jews first aligns with the theological understanding that the Gospel was to be proclaimed "first to the Jew, then to the Gentile" (Romans 1:16). However, this verse sets the stage for the subsequent inclusion of Gentiles, as the narrative in Acts unfolds.

But some of them
This phrase introduces a subset of believers who were distinct in their actions. The Greek word for "some" (τινες, tines) indicates a specific group within the larger body of believers. These individuals were not content to remain within the confines of their own ethnic or cultural group. Their initiative reflects the early church's growing understanding of the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20), which called for the gospel to be shared with all nations.

men from Cyprus and Cyrene
Cyprus and Cyrene were regions known for their diverse populations and significant Jewish communities. Cyprus is an island in the Mediterranean, and Cyrene was a city in North Africa (modern-day Libya). The mention of these locations highlights the geographical spread of early Christianity and the diverse backgrounds of its messengers. These men were likely Hellenistic Jews, familiar with Greek culture and language, which equipped them to reach out to non-Jews effectively.

went to Antioch
Antioch was a major city in the Roman Empire, located in what is now modern-day Turkey. It was a cultural and commercial hub, known for its diverse population and strategic location. The decision to go to Antioch was significant because it was a place where the gospel could spread rapidly due to its size and influence. Historically, Antioch became one of the first centers of Christianity outside Jerusalem and was where believers were first called "Christians" (Acts 11:26).

and began speaking to the Greeks as well
The phrase "speaking to the Greeks" indicates a pivotal moment in the early church's mission. The Greek term used here, Ἕλληνας (Hellenas), refers to non-Jews or Gentiles. This action marked a departure from the initial focus on Jewish audiences and demonstrated the inclusive nature of the gospel. It aligns with the vision Peter received in Acts 10, where God showed him that the message of salvation was for all people, not just the Jews.

proclaiming the good news
The Greek word for "proclaiming" (εὐαγγελίζω, euangelizo) means to announce or bring good news. This term is the root of the English word "evangelize." The content of their proclamation was the "good news," which is the gospel message of salvation through Jesus Christ. This proclamation was central to the mission of the early church and remains the core message of Christianity today.

about the Lord Jesus
The focus of their message was "the Lord Jesus," emphasizing both His divinity and His role as Savior. The title "Lord" (Κύριος, Kyrios) signifies authority and divinity, acknowledging Jesus as sovereign over all. The use of "Jesus" (Ἰησοῦς, Iesous) personalizes the message, pointing to the historical person who lived, died, and rose again. This proclamation underscores the belief that Jesus is the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the hope for all humanity.

The hand of the Lord
This phrase signifies divine power and favor. In the Old Testament, the "hand of the Lord" often denotes God's intervention, guidance, and support (e.g., Exodus 9:3, Isaiah 41:10). The Greek word for "hand" is "cheir," which implies strength and authority. Here, it underscores that the success of the early Christians in spreading the Gospel was not due to human effort alone but was empowered by God's sovereign will and might. This divine assistance is a reminder that God actively participates in the mission of the Church, guiding and empowering believers to fulfill His purposes.

was with them
The presence of God with His people is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. In the Greek, "with" is "meta," indicating accompaniment and partnership. This phrase reassures believers that they are not alone in their endeavors; God is actively involved in their mission. Historically, this reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Matthew 28:20, "And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age." The early church's success in Antioch, as described in this passage, is a testament to God's faithfulness in being with His people, providing them with the courage and wisdom needed to spread the Gospel.

and a great number of people
The phrase highlights the significant impact of the Gospel message. The Greek word for "great" is "polus," indicating a large, abundant number. This suggests that the message of Christ was compelling and transformative, drawing many to faith. Historically, Antioch was a major city, a melting pot of cultures and ideas, making it a strategic location for the spread of Christianity. The large number of converts signifies the power of the Gospel to transcend cultural and social barriers, reaching diverse groups of people.

believed
The Greek word for "believed" is "pisteuo," which means to have faith or trust. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep, personal trust in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. In the context of Acts, belief often leads to a radical transformation of life, as seen in the conversion experiences throughout the book. This belief is the foundation of the Christian faith, emphasizing the necessity of personal faith in Christ for salvation.

and turned to the Lord
The phrase "turned to the Lord" indicates repentance and a change of direction. The Greek word "epistrepho" means to turn around or return. This turning is a decisive act of the will, a conscious decision to forsake previous ways and align one's life with God's will. In the historical context of Acts, this turning often involved leaving behind pagan practices and embracing the teachings of Jesus. It signifies a complete reorientation of life, where Christ becomes the center and focus. This transformation is a powerful testimony to the work of the Holy Spirit in drawing individuals to God and effecting genuine change in their lives.

News of this
The phrase "News of this" refers to the report that reached the church in Jerusalem about the significant developments occurring in Antioch. The Greek word used here is "logos," which can mean word, message, or report. This indicates that the early church was closely connected and communicative, emphasizing the importance of sharing testimonies and developments within the body of Christ. Historically, Antioch was a major city and a hub of early Christian activity, highlighting the strategic importance of this news reaching Jerusalem.

reached the ears
The expression "reached the ears" is a vivid way of saying that the information was heard or received by the church leaders in Jerusalem. The Greek word "akouō" is used here, which means to hear or listen. This phrase underscores the attentive nature of the early church leaders, who were keen to hear about the spread of the Gospel and the growth of the church. It also reflects the oral culture of the time, where news was often spread by word of mouth.

of the church
The term "church" here is translated from the Greek word "ekklesia," which means a gathering or assembly of people. In the New Testament context, it refers to the community of believers in Jesus Christ. This highlights the communal and collective nature of the early Christian movement, which was not just a collection of individuals but a unified body with shared beliefs and mission.

in Jerusalem
Jerusalem was the epicenter of early Christianity, where the apostles and early church leaders were based. It was the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected, and where the Holy Spirit descended at Pentecost. The mention of Jerusalem signifies the central authority and spiritual significance of the city in the early church. It was from here that guidance and decisions were often disseminated to other Christian communities.

and they sent Barnabas
The decision to send Barnabas reflects the proactive and supportive nature of the Jerusalem church. Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," was a trusted leader known for his generosity and encouragement. The Greek word "apostellō" is used for "sent," which means to send forth or dispatch. This indicates a deliberate and purposeful mission, as Barnabas was sent to Antioch to assess and support the burgeoning Christian community there.

to Antioch
Antioch was a significant city in the Roman Empire, known for its cultural diversity and as a center of early Christian evangelism. It was here that believers were first called "Christians" (Acts 11:26). The sending of Barnabas to Antioch underscores the importance of this city in the spread of Christianity and the strategic efforts of the early church to nurture and guide new believers in key locations. The historical and archaeological context of Antioch as a cosmopolitan city highlights the inclusive and expansive nature of the Gospel message.

When he arrived
This phrase refers to Barnabas, who was sent by the church in Jerusalem to Antioch. The Greek word for "arrived" is "παραγίνομαι" (paraginomai), which means to come or to be present. This indicates Barnabas's intentional journey to witness firsthand the work of God among the Gentiles. Historically, Antioch was a significant city, a hub of commerce and culture, making it a strategic location for the spread of the Gospel.

and saw the grace of God
The "grace of God" here is the unmerited favor and divine influence upon the heart, evident in the lives of the new believers. The Greek word for "grace" is "χάρις" (charis), which encompasses kindness, favor, and blessing. Barnabas observed the transformative power of God's grace in the lives of the Gentiles, a testament to the inclusivity of the Gospel message. This grace was not just a theological concept but a visible reality in the community's life.

he rejoiced
Barnabas's reaction was one of joy, a natural response to witnessing God's work. The Greek word "χαίρω" (chairo) means to be glad or to rejoice. His joy reflects the heart of a true believer who delights in the expansion of God's kingdom. This joy is a fruit of the Spirit, as noted in Galatians 5:22, and is a mark of spiritual maturity and alignment with God's purposes.

and encouraged them all
The word "encouraged" comes from the Greek "παρακαλέω" (parakaleo), meaning to call to one's side, to comfort, or to exhort. Barnabas, known as the "son of encouragement" (Acts 4:36), fulfilled his role by strengthening the believers. Encouragement is a vital ministry within the church, fostering growth and perseverance among believers.

to remain true to the Lord
This phrase emphasizes steadfastness and faithfulness. The Greek word "προσμένω" (prosmeno) means to continue steadfastly or to persevere. Barnabas urged the believers to maintain their commitment to Jesus, highlighting the importance of perseverance in the Christian faith. Remaining true involves both belief and action, a consistent walk with the Lord.

with all their hearts
The phrase "with all their hearts" underscores the depth of commitment required. The heart, "καρδία" (kardia) in Greek, represents the center of one's being, including mind, will, and emotions. This call to wholehearted devotion reflects the greatest commandment to love the Lord with all one's heart, soul, and mind (Matthew 22:37). It is a call to undivided loyalty and passion for God.

He was a good man
The phrase "He was a good man" refers to Barnabas, a key figure in the early Christian church. The Greek word for "good" here is "ἀγαθός" (agathos), which implies moral excellence and uprightness. In the context of the early church, being a "good man" was not merely about personal virtue but also about being a trustworthy and effective leader. Barnabas's goodness is demonstrated through his actions and his ability to encourage and support others, as seen in his role in the church at Antioch.

full of the Holy Spirit
The phrase "full of the Holy Spirit" indicates that Barnabas was completely under the influence and guidance of the Holy Spirit. The Greek word "πλήρης" (plērēs) means "full" or "complete," suggesting that Barnabas's life and ministry were characterized by the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. This fullness is essential for effective ministry and is a recurring theme in Acts, where the Holy Spirit empowers believers to witness and perform acts of service.

and faith
The word "faith" in this context is translated from the Greek "πίστις" (pistis), which denotes trust, belief, and confidence in God. Barnabas's faith was not just intellectual assent but a deep, abiding trust in God's promises and power. His faith was evident in his actions and decisions, as he took risks for the sake of the Gospel and supported the fledgling church in Antioch. This faith, combined with the Holy Spirit's presence, enabled Barnabas to be an effective leader and encourager.

And a great number of people
The phrase "a great number of people" highlights the impact of Barnabas's ministry. The Greek word "πλῆθος" (plēthos) means a multitude or large group, indicating that Barnabas's influence was significant. His character and spiritual fullness attracted many to the faith, demonstrating the power of a life lived in alignment with God's purposes.

were brought to the Lord
The phrase "were brought to the Lord" signifies the ultimate goal of Barnabas's ministry: leading people to a saving relationship with Jesus Christ. The Greek verb "προστρέφω" (prostrephō) means to turn towards or convert, emphasizing the transformative nature of coming to the Lord. This phrase underscores the evangelistic success of Barnabas's work and the growth of the early church as people turned from their previous ways to embrace the Gospel.

Then Barnabas
The name "Barnabas" means "son of encouragement" in Aramaic, and he is a pivotal figure in the early church. His role as an encourager and mediator is evident throughout the Acts of the Apostles. Barnabas was a Levite from Cyprus, and his generous spirit is first noted in Acts 4:36-37, where he sold a field and laid the money at the apostles' feet. His actions consistently demonstrate a heart for unity and growth within the church, making him a key figure in the spread of the Gospel.

went to Tarsus
Tarsus was a significant city in Cilicia, known for its university and as a center of learning and culture. It was also the birthplace of Saul, later known as Paul. The decision of Barnabas to go to Tarsus indicates a strategic move to involve Saul in the burgeoning ministry in Antioch. This journey underscores the importance of Tarsus as a place of preparation and transformation for Saul, who had spent time there after his conversion (Acts 9:30). The city represents a place of both refuge and readiness for Saul's future mission work.

to look for
The Greek word used here is "anazēteō," which implies a diligent search or quest. This suggests that Barnabas was not merely making a casual visit but was earnestly seeking Saul with purpose and intent. This reflects Barnabas's commitment to the mission and his recognition of Saul's potential and calling. It also highlights the importance of seeking out and nurturing the gifts and callings within the body of Christ, as Barnabas did with Saul.

Saul
Saul, who would later be known as Paul, is one of the most influential figures in Christianity. His background as a Pharisee and Roman citizen, combined with his dramatic conversion experience on the road to Damascus (Acts 9), uniquely equipped him for his role as the apostle to the Gentiles. At this point in Acts, Saul is still relatively unknown in the broader Christian community, but Barnabas's initiative to bring him to Antioch marks the beginning of Saul's significant ministry. Saul's transformation from a persecutor of Christians to a proponent of the faith is a powerful testament to the grace and calling of God.

and when he found him
This phrase refers to Barnabas finding Saul (later known as Paul). The Greek word for "found" is "heuriskō," which implies a diligent search. Barnabas's search for Saul highlights the importance of seeking out those who are called to serve in ministry. It reflects the Christian duty to recognize and encourage the gifts and callings in others, fostering a spirit of unity and purpose within the body of Christ.

he brought him to Antioch
Antioch was a major city in ancient Syria, known for its cultural diversity and as a hub of early Christianity. The act of bringing Saul to Antioch signifies the strategic importance of this city in the spread of the Gospel. Historically, Antioch was a place where Jewish and Gentile believers first came together, symbolizing the breaking down of barriers and the universal nature of the Christian message.

So for a whole year they met with the church
The Greek word for "church" is "ekklesia," meaning a called-out assembly or congregation. This indicates that the early believers were not just a casual gathering but a committed community. The phrase "for a whole year" emphasizes the dedication and consistency required in teaching and discipleship, underscoring the importance of sustained spiritual growth and fellowship.

and taught large numbers of people
Teaching is a fundamental aspect of Christian ministry, as seen in the Greek word "didaskō," meaning to instruct or impart knowledge. The reference to "large numbers" indicates the significant impact of the Gospel in Antioch, as many were drawn to the message of Christ. This growth reflects the power of the Holy Spirit working through faithful teaching and the openness of the people to receive the truth.

The disciples were first called Christians at Antioch
The term "Christians" comes from the Greek "Christianos," meaning followers of Christ. This designation, first used in Antioch, marks a pivotal moment in the identity of the early church. It signifies a distinct community set apart by their allegiance to Jesus Christ. Historically, this name may have been used by outsiders, possibly as a term of derision, but it became a badge of honor for believers, encapsulating their mission and identity in Christ. This moment in Antioch represents the fulfillment of Jesus' command to be His witnesses "to the ends of the earth" (Acts 1:8), as the faith transcended cultural and ethnic boundaries.

In those days
This phrase sets the historical context for the events described. "In those days" refers to the early period of the Christian church, a time of rapid growth and expansion following the resurrection and ascension of Jesus Christ. The church was experiencing significant developments, including the spread of the Gospel beyond Jewish communities. Historically, this was a time of transition and transformation, as the early believers were navigating their identity and mission in a predominantly pagan world.

some prophets
The term "prophets" here is significant in the early church context. In the Greek, the word is "προφῆται" (prophētai), which refers to individuals who were divinely inspired to deliver messages from God. Prophets played a crucial role in the early church, providing guidance, encouragement, and sometimes foretelling future events. Their presence underscores the continuity of God's communication with His people, reminiscent of the Old Testament prophets who spoke God's truth to Israel.

came down
The phrase "came down" is geographically and culturally significant. Jerusalem, being situated on a hill, was often described as a place from which one would "come down" when traveling to other locations. This reflects the physical journey from Jerusalem to Antioch, but it also symbolizes the movement of the Gospel from the Jewish epicenter to the Gentile world. The journey of these prophets signifies the spreading influence of the Christian message.

from Jerusalem
Jerusalem was the heart of Jewish religious life and the birthplace of the Christian church. It was the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected, and where the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles at Pentecost. The mention of Jerusalem highlights the origin of the Christian faith and the authority of the message being carried by the prophets. It also emphasizes the connection between the Jewish roots of Christianity and its expanding reach.

to Antioch
Antioch was a major city in the Roman Empire and a significant center for early Christianity. It was one of the first places where the followers of Jesus were called "Christians" (Acts 11:26). The journey to Antioch represents the strategic spread of the Gospel to key urban centers. Antioch's diverse population made it an ideal location for the early church to grow and for the message of Christ to reach a broader audience. The movement from Jerusalem to Antioch symbolizes the transition from a predominantly Jewish movement to a more inclusive, global faith.

One of them, named Agabus
Agabus is introduced as a prophet among the early Christians. His name, of Hebrew origin, means "locust," which could symbolize his role in bringing a message of impending hardship. Agabus is mentioned again in Acts 21:10, where he prophesies about Paul's imprisonment. His presence in the early church highlights the continuation of prophetic ministry from the Old Testament into the New Testament era, emphasizing the continuity of God's communication with His people.

stood up and predicted
The act of standing up signifies authority and the importance of the message being delivered. The Greek word for "predicted" is "ēnēngen," which implies a revelation or a bringing forth of knowledge that was previously hidden. This underscores the role of prophets as vessels through whom God reveals His plans and purposes, reminding believers of the divine guidance available through the Holy Spirit.

through the Spirit
This phrase emphasizes that Agabus's prophecy was not of human origin but was inspired by the Holy Spirit. The Greek word "pneuma" for "Spirit" is the same used for the Holy Spirit throughout the New Testament, indicating the divine source of the prophecy. This highlights the early church's reliance on the Holy Spirit for direction and insight, a practice that continues to be vital for believers today.

a great famine
The prophecy of a "great famine" is significant as it foretells a natural disaster that would affect many. Historically, famines were common in the ancient world and often seen as acts of divine judgment or opportunities for God's people to demonstrate faith and compassion. The Greek word "limos" for "famine" suggests a severe scarcity of food, which would have had profound social and economic implications.

would sweep across the entire Roman world
The phrase "entire Roman world" refers to the widespread nature of the famine, affecting the vast territories under Roman control. The Greek term "oikoumenē" is used, which can mean the inhabited earth or the Roman Empire specifically. This highlights the interconnectedness of the ancient world and the potential for widespread impact from such events, reminding believers of the global nature of God's work and the church's mission.

(This happened during the reign of Claudius.)
The historical note about the reign of Claudius provides a timeframe for the prophecy's fulfillment, grounding the biblical narrative in real-world events. Claudius reigned from AD 41 to 54, and historical records, including those by Roman historians like Suetonius and Tacitus, confirm several famines during his rule. This historical accuracy reinforces the reliability of biblical prophecy and the sovereignty of God over history, encouraging believers to trust in His providence.

So the disciples
The term "disciples" refers to the followers of Jesus Christ, who were committed to His teachings and mission. In the early church, the disciples were not just the original twelve apostles but included all believers who adhered to the teachings of Christ. The Greek word for disciples, "μαθηταί" (mathētai), implies learners or students, emphasizing their role in continually growing in faith and understanding. This highlights the communal and collective nature of the early Christian movement, where all believers were considered part of the body of Christ, learning and growing together.

each according to his ability
This phrase underscores the principle of proportional giving, where contributions are made based on one's capacity. The Greek word "δύναμις" (dynamis) for "ability" suggests power or capability, indicating that the disciples were encouraged to give in a manner that was both sacrificial and sustainable. This reflects a biblical principle found throughout Scripture, where God values the heart and intent behind the giving rather than the amount. It is reminiscent of the widow's offering in Mark 12:41-44, where Jesus commends her for giving out of her poverty.

decided to send relief
The decision to send relief was a deliberate and collective action by the disciples, demonstrating their unity and compassion. The Greek word "ὥρισαν" (hōrisan) for "decided" implies a determined and purposeful choice. This reflects the early church's commitment to living out the teachings of Christ, particularly in caring for those in need. The act of sending relief is a tangible expression of love and solidarity, embodying the Christian principle of bearing one another's burdens as outlined in Galatians 6:2.

to the brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: "ἀδελφοί," adelphoi) signifies the familial bond among believers, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries. In the early church, this term was used to describe fellow Christians, emphasizing the unity and equality of all believers in Christ. This familial language underscores the concept of the church as a spiritual family, where members are called to support and care for one another, reflecting the love of Christ.

living in Judea
Judea was a region in the ancient Near East, significant in biblical history as the location of Jerusalem and the heart of Jewish religious life. The early church in Judea faced significant challenges, including persecution and economic hardship. The decision to send relief to Judea highlights the interconnectedness of the early Christian communities, regardless of geographical distance. It also reflects the fulfillment of the prophecy in Acts 1:8, where the gospel would spread from Jerusalem to Judea and beyond, illustrating the expanding reach of the Christian mission.

This they did
This phrase indicates the immediate and obedient response of the early Christian community to the needs of their fellow believers. The Greek word for "did" is "ἐποίησαν" (epoiēsan), which implies action and completion. This reflects the early church's commitment to living out their faith through tangible acts of charity and support, embodying the teachings of Christ to love one another (John 13:34-35).

sending it
The act of sending, from the Greek "ἀποστείλαντες" (aposteilantes), is significant as it denotes a mission or commission. This word is related to "apostle," meaning "one who is sent." The early church understood their role as being sent to serve and support, mirroring the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). This action underscores the interconnectedness and responsibility within the body of Christ.

to the elders
The term "elders," from the Greek "πρεσβυτέρους" (presbyterous), refers to the leaders or overseers of the early church. These individuals were entrusted with spiritual and administrative responsibilities. Historically, the role of elders was rooted in Jewish tradition, where elders were respected leaders within the community. In the Christian context, they were shepherds of the flock, guiding and nurturing the believers (1 Peter 5:1-3).

by Barnabas and Saul
Barnabas and Saul (later known as Paul) were chosen as the emissaries for this mission. Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," was known for his generosity and support of the early church (Acts 4:36-37). Saul, a former persecutor of Christians, had experienced a radical transformation and was now a passionate advocate for the Gospel. Their partnership in this task highlights the unity and diversity within the early church, as well as the transformative power of the Gospel to bring together individuals from different backgrounds for a common purpose.