Papers by Agburu Adikpe
Pakistan journal of engineering & technology, Dec 30, 2023
Several epidemics and pandemics have plagued humanity over the years; however, the coronavirus di... more Several epidemics and pandemics have plagued humanity over the years; however, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic revealed humanity's lack of preparedness for epidemics and pandemic outbreaks. Although several approaches have been proposed,
designed, and implemented during and post-COVID-19 by researchers to deal with future epidemic outbreaks, there is a need for lightweight
technology solutions to develop technology-based contact tracing (TCT) solutions. Quick response (QR) codes can be considered a lightweight
technology as they provide environmentally friendly solutions with flexible applications across industries. They also enable contactless
interactions and transactions, which is essential for the health and safety of users in the event of an epidemic. To the best of our knowledge, there
exists a few pieces of literature that solely discuss and review the QR code-based TCT solutions adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic. As
such, this work explores the QR code for its potential and use as a TCT approach. On this premise, this review discusses factors influencing QR
code-based CT and further discusses existing QR code-based techniques for mitigating epidemic outbreaks. Additionally, the hybridization of
QR code-based techniques with other TCT solutions has limited discussions that solely focus on QR code-based techniques; as such, QR codebased techniques are compared against other technologies adopted for TCT. The review recommends possible solutions to address the challenges
in utilizing QR code-based solutions as it concludes the review.
2023 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Sustainable Development Goals (SEB-SDG)
Improving energy efficiency and extending the lifetime of User Equipment (UE) batteries are among... more Improving energy efficiency and extending the lifetime of User Equipment (UE) batteries are among the key performance requirements for the Fifth-Generation (5G) network goals. To realize these goals, ongoing studies are developing schemes to improve both performance requirements. One of the mechanisms at the forefront of these studies is Discontinuous Reception (DRX). This mechanism, which was inherited from the Fourth-Generation (4G) wireless network is crucial, as its performance with regard to the performance requirements for 5G goals has a great impact on the user's satisfaction. Although the DRX mechanism is adapted to meet the power-saving need of a 5G wireless network, the energy expenses for operations at millimetre-wave frequencies are still of concern. In this paper, recent research solutions that consider the application of the DRX mechanism in association with key enabling features and factors such as paging, RRC_INACTIVE, mmWave, and UE mobility are discussed for 5G use cases. In addition, the effect of these features and factors is considered, as well as recent solutions to address the challenges identified. Simulation results of this approach showed an average of 399mW of power consumed in a 24-hour period, which represents a 3.5% mean percentage reduction in UE power consumption when compared to the existing scheme.
2023 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Sustainable Development Goals (SEB-SDG)
Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering
The signaling resources expended and the power consumed by User Equipments (UEs) in the Location ... more The signaling resources expended and the power consumed by User Equipments (UEs) in the Location Management (LM) procedures are expected to be higher in Fifth Generation (5G) than in legacy wireless communications networks. To mitigate this challenge, this work proposes a hybrid scheme that mitigates the signaling resources expended in paging and RAN-based Notification Area Update (RNAU) procedures in 5G. The approach utilizes a hybrid scheme that embeds a UE Identifier (UEID) partitioning scheme that directional pages UEs into a gNB-based UE Mobility Tracking (UEMT) scheme. The approach configures a gNB in an RRC_Inactive state to beam sweep a UEs last registered cell area before directionally paging the UE. The approach proposed in this work is implemented on a modified network architecture to reduce the signaling resources expended on both paging and RNAU of UEs at higher frequencies which is an enabling factor for mmWave systems. Simulation results of the total accumulated cost of paging showed a 65.13 % and 8.69 % reduction in signaling resources expended against the conventional approach and the existing gNB-based UEMT approach, respectively. Additionally, the total accumulated resources expended in both procedures over 24 hours showed that the modified gNB-based UEMT scheme outperformed the conventional scheme and the gNB-based UEMT scheme by 90.96 % and 38.36 %, respectively.
ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING , 2023
The signaling resources expended and the power consumed by User Equipments (UEs) in the Location ... more The signaling resources expended and the power consumed by User Equipments (UEs) in the Location Management (LM) procedures are expected to be higher in Fifth Generation (5G) than in legacy wireless communications networks. To mitigate this challenge, this work proposes a hybrid scheme that mitigates the signaling resources expended in paging and RAN-based Notification Area Update (RNAU) procedures in 5G. The approach utilizes a hybrid scheme that embeds a UE Identifier (UEID) partitioning scheme that directional pages UEs into a gNB-based UE Mobility Tracking (UEMT) scheme. The approach configures a gNB in an RRC_Inactive state to beam sweep a UEs last registered cell area before directionally paging the UE. The approach proposed in this work is implemented on a modified network architecture to reduce the signaling resources expended on both paging and RNAU of UEs at higher frequencies which is an enabling factor for mmWave systems. Simulation results of the total accumulated cost of paging showed a 65.13 % and 8.69 % reduction in signaling resources expended against the conventional approach and the existing gNB-based UEMT approach, respectively. Additionally, the total accumulated resources expended in both procedures over 24 hours showed that the modified gNB-based UEMT scheme outperformed the conventional scheme and the gNB-based UEMT scheme by 90.96 % and 38.36 %, respectively.
Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering
As the number of casualties and confirmed cases of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) gradua... more As the number of casualties and confirmed cases of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) gradually decreases, several countries across the globe are gradually trying to ease their society to some semblance of normalcy. However, to avoid systems that restrict social interactions in indoor environments, it is necessary to adopt solutions that redefine the ethos of social interactions within indoor environments. To achieve this, technology-based contact tracing (TCT) has been adopted as one of the systems used to mitigate the spread of the outbreak. On this premise, this review discusses co-location technologies suitable for indoor environments, with a specific focus on co-location solutions whose implementation costs are affordable, scalable, and whose access conditions utilize existing infrastructures that are available in off-the-shelf user equipment. This review focuses on wireless fidelity (WiFi) as a co-location technology adopted for TCT. On this premise, the limitations aroun...
Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering and Design (IJoCED)
Various MAC-protocol has been adopted over the years in Telemedicine, also known as Wireless Body... more Various MAC-protocol has been adopted over the years in Telemedicine, also known as Wireless Body Area Network system (WBANs), to enhance the proper transmission of the busy congestion of data message. However, these techniques could not coordinate traffic congestion in the receiver node, which could make the receiver nodes experience an "active mode" most of the time compared to the transmit node. This is dangerous to the network system because of uncontrollable energy usage. In this protocol, the intelligent sensor is strategically located around or implanted in the human body for the collection of human body physiological parameters. WBANs experienced some limitations such as latency and excessive consumption of energy which may hinder the lifetime maximization of the system if not taken care of properly. In this work, four elements are responsible for carrying-out only traffic data, and they are implemented by using the highest priority sensor nodes within a short peri...
ICEANS22, 2022
In this work, a modified hybrid scheme that mitigates the signaling resources expended in paging ... more In this work, a modified hybrid scheme that mitigates the signaling resources expended in paging and RAN-based Notification Area Update (RNAU) procedures in 5G is proposed. The approach utilizes a hybrid scheme that embeds a User Equipment Identifier (UEID) partitioning scheme that directional pages UEs into a gNB-based UE Mobility Tracking (UEMT) scheme. The approach is resilient to several practical scenarios by configuring a gNB in an RRC_Inactive state to beamsweep a UEs last registered cell area before directionally paging the UE. The proposed approach is implemented on a modified network architecture to minimize the signaling resources expended on both paging and RNAU of UEs at higher frequencies which is an enabling factor for mmWave systems. Simulation results of the total cost of paging showed a 65% and 8% reduction in signaling resources expended against the conventional approach and the existing gNB-based UEMT approach, respectively. In addition, the total accumulated resources expended in both procedures over 24 hours showed that the modified gNB-based UEMT scheme outperformed the conventional scheme and the gNB-based UEMT scheme by 91% and 38%, respectively.
1st International Conference on Engineering and Applied Natural Sciences, 2022
As the number of mobile subscribers exponentially increase, one of the key goals of Mobile Networ... more As the number of mobile subscribers exponentially increase, one of the key goals of Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) nowadays is to keep its subscribers satisfied with good Quality of Service (QoS) in order to increase the Quality of Experience (QoE) for the end user. In order to achieve the best performance, MNOs need to be continuously monitored in order to for them to optimize their network continuously. On this premise, this research work utilizes the statistical data of call traffic from the Base Station Controller (BSC_KDBH14) in Kaduna State, which takes into account the KPI obtained from 48 BTSs. The evaluation of the KPI measurements taken from the MNO showed that 2% of the Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) failed to be within Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC's) benchmark (≥98%), and as a result, 2% of the dataset generated for the Call Setup Failure Rate (CSFR) failed to be within NCC's benchmark (≤2%). The Call Completion Rate (CCR) had all the datasets within NCCs benchmark (≥96%), but unfortunately, the Call Drop Rate had 15% of its BTSs Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) outside the NCC's benchmark (≤2%). To this end, this work highlighted the BTSs that needed close attention in order to optimize the network.
1st International Conference on Engineering and Applied Natural Sciences, 2022
Improving energy efficiency to extend the lifetime of User Equipment (UE) batteries is among the ... more Improving energy efficiency to extend the lifetime of User Equipment (UE) batteries is among the key performance requirement for the fifth-generation (5G) network goals. To realize this goal, this work proposes a hybrid scheme that mitigates the UE power consumed by the location management procedures in 5G. The approach utilizes a hybrid scheme that embeds a UE Identifier (UEID) partitioning scheme that directional pages UEs into a UE mobility tracking scheme. The approach is resilient to several practical scenarios by configuring a gNB with the UE Access Stratum (AS) context stored between itself and UEs in an inactive state to beamsweep the UEs last registered cell area/RNA before directionally paging the intended UEs. The proposed approach is implemented on a modified network architecture to minimize the power consumption of UEs in both location management procedures at higher frequencies, which is an enabling factor for mm-wave systems. Simulation results of this approach showed an average of 399mW of power consumed in a 24 hour period, which represents a 6% mean percentage reduction in UE power consumption when compared to the existing scheme.
Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2022
As the number of casualties and confirmed cases of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) gradua... more As the number of casualties and confirmed cases of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) gradually decreases, several countries across the globe are gradually trying to ease their society to some semblance of normalcy. However, to avoid systems that restrict social interactions in indoor environments, it is necessary to adopt solutions that redefine the ethos of social interactions within indoor environments. To achieve this, technology-based contact tracing (TCT) has been adopted as one of the systems used to mitigate the spread of the outbreak. On this premise, this review discusses co-location technologies suitable for indoor environments, with a specific focus on co-location solutions whose implementation costs are affordable, scalable, and whose access conditions utilize existing infrastructures that are available in off-the-shelf user equipment. This review focuses on wireless fidelity (WiFi) as a co-location technology adopted for TCT. On this premise, the limitations around adoption and recommendations, which highlight improvements, are compactly discussed around WiFi. In this context, a future research direction-on which this review is based-is compactly discussed.
Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2022
To mitigate the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respirat... more To mitigate the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a plethora of technology-based contact tracing (CT) applications have been proposed, designed, and deployed by private and government entities in various countries globally in order to return society to some semblance of normalcy. Although most of the modifications done on the underlining protocols mostly focus on the privacy and ethical concerns of these solutions, pragmatic applications within developing countries are not considered, as applications in most cases are considered to be ubiquitous. This disparity leads to a design-reality gap as the involved entities fail to pay attention to the local conditions in which these systems could be deployed. In this work, an in-depth analysis of state-of-the-art technology-based CT protocols is discussed while considering the compatibility of these designs with the reality of lopsided levels of digital divides and other structural inequalities in developing countries. In addition, a number of existing solutions implemented in developing countries are delineated. Furthermore, pragmatic applications that consider social and technological infrastructures to bridge the gaps in these infrastructures are discussed as well as possible recommendations that could be implemented to effectively mitigate the spread of pandemic outbreaks in developing countries.
Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2022
To mitigate the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respirat... more To mitigate the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a plethora of technology-based contact tracing (CT) applications have been proposed, designed, and deployed by private and government entities in various countries globally in order to return society to some semblance of normalcy. Although most of the modifications done on the underlining protocols mostly focus on the privacy and ethical concerns of these solutions, pragmatic applications within developing countries are not considered, as applications in most cases are considered to be ubiquitous. This disparity leads to a design-reality gap as the involved entities fail to pay attention to the local conditions in which these systems could be deployed. In this work, an in-depth analysis of state-of-the-art technology-based CT protocols is discussed while considering the compatibility of these designs with the reality of lopsided levels of digital divides and other structural inequalities in developing countries. In addition, a number of existing solutions implemented in developing countries are delineated. Furthermore, pragmatic applications that consider social and technological infrastructures to bridge the gaps in these infrastructures are discussed as well as possible recommendations that could be implemented to effectively mitigate the spread of pandemic outbreaks in developing countries.
Conference Presentations by Agburu Adikpe
Providing the required Quality of Service (QoS) to subscribers utilizing the wireless communicati... more Providing the required Quality of Service (QoS) to subscribers utilizing the wireless communication infrastructure is key for the operation of Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). However, meeting the demands of all users with limited resources would require proper management. To ensure that these resources properly serve subscribers through Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), regulatory bodies, such as the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) established a technical QoS benchmark that MNOs need to follow. On this premise, this research work utilizes the statistical data of call traffic from the Base Station Controller (BSC_KNBH02) in Jigawa State, which takes into account the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) obtained from 34 Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs). The evaluation showed that 9% of the Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) failed to be within Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC's) benchmark (≥98%), and as a result, 9% of the dataset generated for the Call Setup Failure Rate (CSFR) failed to be within NCC's benchmark (≤2%). The Call Completion Rate (CCR) had about 2% of its dataset outside of the NCCs benchmark (≥96%). Also, about 9% of the Call Drop Rate (CDR) had its BTSs KPIs deviate from the NCC's benchmark (≤2%). Although the general performance of the network was within the set threshold, a number of BTSs needed close attention to optimize the network. In addition, this work discussed the management of energy as a resource needed for BTSs to stay online. Also, the challenges posed by the erratic power supply and possible recommendations to improve the QoS were discussed.
International Conference on Engineering and applied Natural sciences , 2020
Wireless Body Area Network is an inherent part of Wireless Sensor Network, where a number of sens... more Wireless Body Area Network is an inherent part of Wireless Sensor Network, where a number of sensor nodes are deployed strategically to the human body to sensed physiological parameters and transmit it to medical personnel via the internet for an examination. Since the power source of these nodes are been derived from the rechargeable batteries, it suffices the user to always make sure that there is continuity of the network operation by adopting the hop-elimination method and Time Division Multiple access to have a successful data transmission to its destination node at a given time, in order to tackle the energy limitation of the WBANs. To work on this limitation, this work proposes an improving throughput for an improved dual-sink clustering approach for WBAN to attain energy efficiency. Simulation is carried out MATLAB 2017b. The result of the improved algorithm over the existing algorithm in terms of throughput shows a 6.59% improvement. .
International Conference on Engineering and applied Natural Science , 2022
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has been a driving force in the medical survives by continuousl... more Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has been a driving force in the medical survives by continuously examining patients' physiological signs and further analysis is made upon by the medical personnel. The transceiver sensor nodes used in the WBAN are limited in terms of energy capacities which might hinder the operation of the network if not properly managed by a well-organized and efficient use of both suitable routing protocol and developed algorithm that leads to the stability of the WBAN. The developed algorithm was able to minimize the number of dead nodes and create a better percentage improvement as compared to the existing algorithm.
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Papers by Agburu Adikpe
pandemic revealed humanity's lack of preparedness for epidemics and pandemic outbreaks. Although several approaches have been proposed,
designed, and implemented during and post-COVID-19 by researchers to deal with future epidemic outbreaks, there is a need for lightweight
technology solutions to develop technology-based contact tracing (TCT) solutions. Quick response (QR) codes can be considered a lightweight
technology as they provide environmentally friendly solutions with flexible applications across industries. They also enable contactless
interactions and transactions, which is essential for the health and safety of users in the event of an epidemic. To the best of our knowledge, there
exists a few pieces of literature that solely discuss and review the QR code-based TCT solutions adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic. As
such, this work explores the QR code for its potential and use as a TCT approach. On this premise, this review discusses factors influencing QR
code-based CT and further discusses existing QR code-based techniques for mitigating epidemic outbreaks. Additionally, the hybridization of
QR code-based techniques with other TCT solutions has limited discussions that solely focus on QR code-based techniques; as such, QR codebased techniques are compared against other technologies adopted for TCT. The review recommends possible solutions to address the challenges
in utilizing QR code-based solutions as it concludes the review.
Conference Presentations by Agburu Adikpe
pandemic revealed humanity's lack of preparedness for epidemics and pandemic outbreaks. Although several approaches have been proposed,
designed, and implemented during and post-COVID-19 by researchers to deal with future epidemic outbreaks, there is a need for lightweight
technology solutions to develop technology-based contact tracing (TCT) solutions. Quick response (QR) codes can be considered a lightweight
technology as they provide environmentally friendly solutions with flexible applications across industries. They also enable contactless
interactions and transactions, which is essential for the health and safety of users in the event of an epidemic. To the best of our knowledge, there
exists a few pieces of literature that solely discuss and review the QR code-based TCT solutions adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic. As
such, this work explores the QR code for its potential and use as a TCT approach. On this premise, this review discusses factors influencing QR
code-based CT and further discusses existing QR code-based techniques for mitigating epidemic outbreaks. Additionally, the hybridization of
QR code-based techniques with other TCT solutions has limited discussions that solely focus on QR code-based techniques; as such, QR codebased techniques are compared against other technologies adopted for TCT. The review recommends possible solutions to address the challenges
in utilizing QR code-based solutions as it concludes the review.