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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" name="viewport">
<title>
Architecture of the World Wide Web (Second Edition)
</title>
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</head>
<body>
<section id="abstract">
<p>
The World Wide Web uses relatively simple technologies with sufficient
scalability, efficiency and utility that they have resulted in a
remarkable <span class="del">information space of interrelated
resources</span><span class="ins">interconnected space of information
and services</span>, growing across languages, cultures<span class=
"del">,</span> and media. In an effort to preserve these properties of
the <span class="del">information</span> space as the technologies
evolve, this architecture document discusses the core design components
of the Web. They are identification of <span class=
"del">resources</span><span class="ins">information and
services</span>, representation of <span class="del">resource
state</span><span class="ins">information state and service
requests</span>, and the protocols that support the interaction between
agents <span class="del">and resources</span> in the space. We relate
core design components, constraints, and good practices to the
principles and properties they support.
</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd">
<p class="ins">
This is an unofficial draft and work in progress. It has no official
standing: rather it represents a trial balloon to help the <a href=
"http:https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/">TAG</a> decide whether to proceed with a
second edition of <a href="http:https://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/">AWWW</a> or
not.
</p>
<div class="note" title="(Editorial)">
This draft highlights most differences from the first edition of
<a href="http:https://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/">AWWW</a>, with <span class=
"del">deletions presented like this</span> and <span class=
"ins">insertions presented like this</span>.
</div>
<p>
<em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of
its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of
current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical
report can be found in the <a href="http:https://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C
technical reports index</a> at http:https://www.w3.org/TR/.</em>
</p>
<p>
This document has been developed by W3C's <a href=
"http:https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/">Technical Architecture Group (TAG)</a>,
which, by <a href="http:https://www.w3.org/2001/07/19-tag">charter</a>
maintains a <a href="http:https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/issues.html">list of
architectural issues</a>. The scope of this document is a useful subset
of those issues; it is not intended to address all of them. The TAG
intends to address the remaining (and future) issues after publication
of Volume Two as a Recommendation.
</p>
<p>
This document uses concepts and terms regarding URIs <span class=
"ins">in general, and <code>http:</code> URIs in particular,</span> as
defined by the IETF. <span class="del">In an <a href=
"http:https://www1.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/ietf-announce/current/msg00602.html">
18 Oct 2004 announcement</a>, the revision of RFC2396 was endorsed as
an IETF Specification, though the latest published draft as of this
writing is <a href=
"http:https://www.apache.org/~fielding/uri/rev-2002/rfc2396bis.html">draft-fielding-uri-rfc2396bis-07</a>.</span>
The <a href="#URI">[URI]</a> <span class="del">citation should reflect
publication of the relevant RFC in future revisions</span><span class=
"ins">specification is the primary normative reference for URIs in
general. For <code>http:</code> (and <code>https:</code>, and the HTTP
protocol), [[!HTTP11]] is the specification currently in force, but
[[!HTTPbis]], which will update it, is nearing final approval, and we
assume it will be in force by the time this second edition is
completed</span>.
</p>
<div class="note" title="(Editorial)">
The references and caveats wrt HTTP(bis) above will need to be
corrected as and when HTTPbis is approved HTTP11.2e, or whatever.
</div>
</section>
<section id="principles">
<h3>
List of Principles, Constraints, and Good Practice Notes
</h3>
<p>
The following principles, constraints, and good practice notes are
discussed in this document and listed here for convenience. There is
also a <a href="summary.html">free-standing summary</a>.
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
Identification
</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="#pr-global-id">Global Identifiers</a> (principle, 2)
</li>
<li>
<a>Identify with URIs</a> (practice, 2.1)
</li>
<li>
<a>URIs Identify a Single Resource</a> (constraint, 2.2)
</li>
<li>
<a>Avoiding URI aliases</a> (practice, 2.3.1)
</li>
<li>
<a>Consistent URI usage</a> (practice, 2.3.1)
</li>
<li>
<a>Reuse URI schemes</a> (practice, 2.4)
</li>
<li>
<a>URI opacity</a> (practice, 2.5)
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>
Interaction
</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>
<a>Reuse representation formats</a> (practice, 3.2)
</li>
<li>
<a>Data-metadata inconsistency</a> (constraint, 3.3)
</li>
<li>
<a>Metadata association</a> (practice, 3.3)
</li>
<li>
<a>Safe retrieval</a> (principle, 3.4)
</li>
<li>
<a>Available representation</a> (practice, 3.5)
</li>
<li>
<a>Reference does not imply dereference</a> (principle, 3.5)
</li>
<li>
<a>Consistent representation</a> (practice, 3.5.1)
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>
Data Formats
</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>
<a>Version information</a> (practice, 4.2.1)
</li>
<li>
<a>Namespace policy</a> (practice, 4.2.2)
</li>
<li>
<a>Extensibility mechanisms</a> (practice, 4.2.3)
</li>
<li>
<a>Extensibility conformance</a> (practice, 4.2.3)
</li>
<li>
<a>Unknown extensions</a> (practice, 4.2.3)
</li>
<li>
<a>Separation of content, presentation, interaction</a>
(practice, 4.3)
</li>
<li>
<a>Link identification</a> (practice, 4.4)
</li>
<li>
<a>Web linking</a> (practice, 4.4)
</li>
<li>
<a>Generic URIs</a> (practice, 4.4)
</li>
<li>
<a>Hypertext links</a> (practice, 4.4)
</li>
<li>
<a>Namespace adoption</a> (practice, 4.5.3)
</li>
<li>
<a>Namespace documents</a> (practice, 4.5.4)
</li>
<li>
<a>QNames Indistinguishable from URIs</a> (constraint, 4.5.5)
</li>
<li>
<a>QName Mapping</a> (practice, 4.5.5)
</li>
<li>
<a>XML and "text/*"</a> (practice, 4.5.7)
</li>
<li>
<a>XML and character encodings</a> (practice, 4.5.7)
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>
General Architecture Principles
</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>
<a>Orthogonality</a> (principle, 5.1)
</li>
<li>
<a>Error recovery</a> (principle, 5.3)
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<hr>
<section id="intro">
<h2>
Introduction
</h2>
<p>
The <dfn>World Wide Web</dfn> (<dfn><abbr>WWW</abbr></dfn>, or simply
<dfn><abbr>Web</abbr></dfn>) is an information space in which the items
of interest, referred to as resources, are identified by global
identifiers called Uniform Resource Identifiers
(<dfn><abbr>URI</abbr></dfn>).
</p>
<p>
Examples such as the following <dfn>travel scenario</dfn> are used
throughout this document to illustrate typical behavior of <dfn>Web
agents</dfn>—people or software acting on this information space. A
<dfn>user agent</dfn> acts on behalf of a user. Software agents include
servers, proxies, spiders, browsers, and multimedia players.
</p>
<div class="boxedtext">
<p>
<span class="storylab">Story</span>
</p>
<div class="story">
<p>
While planning a trip to Mexico, Nadia reads “Oaxaca weather
information: 'http:https://weather.example.com/oaxaca'” in a glossy
travel magazine. Nadia has enough experience with the Web to
recognize that "http:https://weather.example.com/oaxaca" is a URI and
that she is likely to be able to retrieve associated information
with her Web browser. When Nadia enters the URI into her browser:
</p>
<ol>
<li>The browser recognizes that what Nadia typed is a URI.
</li>
<li>The browser performs an information retrieval action in
accordance with its configured behavior for resources identified
via the "http" URI scheme.
</li>
<li>The authority responsible for "weather.example.com" provides
information in a response to the retrieval request.
</li>
<li>The browser interprets the response, identified as XHTML by the
server, and performs additional retrieval actions for inline
graphics and other content as necessary.
</li>
<li>The browser displays the retrieved information, which includes
hypertext links to other information. Nadia can follow these
hypertext links to retrieve additional information.
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This scenario illustrates the three architectural bases of the Web that
are discussed in this document:
</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>
<a>Identification</a>. URIs are used to identify resources. In this
travel scenario, the resource is a periodically updated report on
the weather in Oaxaca, and the URI is
“http:https://weather.example.com/oaxaca”.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a>Interaction</a>. Web agents communicate using standardized
protocols that enable interaction through the exchange of messages
which adhere to a defined syntax and semantics. By entering a URI
into a retrieval dialog or selecting a hypertext link, Nadia tells
her browser to perform a retrieval action for the resource
identified by the URI. In this example, the browser sends an HTTP
GET request (part of the HTTP protocol) to the server at
"weather.example.com", via TCP/IP port 80, and the server sends
back a message containing what it determines to be a representation
of the resource as of the time that representation was generated.
Note that this example is specific to hypertext browsing of
information—other kinds of interaction are possible, both within
browsers and through the use of other types of Web agent; our
example is intended to illustrate one common interaction, not
define the range of possible interactions or limit the ways in
which agents might use the Web.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a>Formats</a>. Most protocols used for representation retrieval
and/or submission make use of a sequence of one or more messages,
which taken together contain a payload of representation data and
metadata, to transfer the representation between agents. The choice
of interaction protocol places limits on the formats of
representation data and metadata that can be transmitted. HTTP, for
example, typically transmits a single octet stream plus metadata,
and uses the "Content-Type" and "Content-Encoding" header fields to
further identify the format of the representation. In this
scenario, the representation transferred is in XHTML, as identified
by the "Content-type" HTTP header field containing the registered
Internet media type name, "application/xhtml+xml". That Internet
media type name indicates that the representation data can be
processed according to the XHTML specification.
</p>
<p>
Nadia's browser is configured and programmed to interpret the
receipt of an "application/xhtml+xml" typed representation as an
instruction to render the content of that representation according
to the XHTML rendering model, including any subsidiary interactions
(such as requests for external style sheets or in-line images)
called for by the representation. In the scenario, the XHTML
representation data received from the initial request instructs
Nadia's browser to also retrieve and render in-line the weather
maps, each identified by a URI and thus causing an additional
retrieval action, resulting in additional representations that are
processed by the browser according to their own data formats (e.g.,
"application/svg+xml" indicates the SVG data format), and this
process continues until all of the data formats have been rendered.
The result of all of this processing, once the browser has reached
an application steady-state that completes Nadia's initial
requested action, is commonly referred to as a "Web page".
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
The following illustration shows the relationship between identifier,
resource, and representation.
</p>
<figure>
<img alt=
"A resource (Oaxaca Weather Info) is identified by a particular URI and is represented by pseudo-HTML content"
src="images/uri-res-rep.png">
<figcaption>
In the remainder of this document, we highlight important
architectural points regarding Web identifiers, protocols, and
formats. We also discuss some important <a>general architectural
principles</a> and how they apply to the Web.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<section id="about">
<h3>
About this Document
</h3>
<p>
This document describes the properties we desire of the Web and the
design choices that have been made to achieve them. It promotes the
reuse of existing standards when suitable, and gives guidance on how
to innovate in a manner consistent with Web architecture.
</p>
<p>
The terms MUST, MUST NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, and MAY are used in the
principles, constraints, and good practice notes in accordance with
RFC 2119 [[!RFC2119]].
</p>
<p>
This document does not include conformance provisions for these
reasons:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Conforming software is expected to be so diverse that it would
not be useful to be able to refer to the class of conforming software
agents.
</li>
<li>Some of the good practice notes concern people; specifications
generally define conformance for software, not people.
</li>
<li>We do not believe that the addition of a conformance section is
likely to increase the utility of the document.
</li>
</ul>
<section>
<h4>
Audience of this Document
</h4>
<p>
This document is intended to inform discussions about issues of Web
architecture. The intended audience for this document includes:
</p>
<ol>
<li>Participants in W3C Activities
</li>
<li>Other groups and individuals designing technologies to be
integrated into the Web
</li>
<li>Implementers of W3C specifications
</li>
<li>Web content authors and publishers
</li>
</ol>
<p>
<strong>Note:</strong> This document does not distinguish in any
formal way the terms "language" and "format." Context determines
which term is used. The phrase "specification designer" encompasses
language, format, and protocol designers.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h4>
Scope of this Document
</h4>
<p>
This document presents the general architecture of the Web. Other
groups inside and outside W3C also address specialized aspects of
Web architecture, including accessibility, quality assurance,
internationalization, device independence, and Web Services. The
section on <a>Architectural Specifications</a> includes references
to these related specifications.
</p>
<p>
This document strives for a balance between brevity and precision
while including illustrative examples. <a href=
"http:https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/findings">TAG findings</a> are
informational documents that complement the current document by
providing more detail about selected topics. This document includes
some excerpts from the findings. Since the findings evolve
independently, this document includes references to approved TAG
findings. For other TAG issues covered by this document but without
an approved finding, references are to entries in the <a href=
"http:https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/issues.html">TAG issues list</a>.
</p>
<p>
Many of the examples in this document that involve human activity
suppose the familiar Web interaction model (illustrated at the
beginning of the Introduction) where a person follows a link via a
user agent, the user agent retrieves and presents data, the user
follows another link, etc. This document does not discuss in any
detail other interaction models such as voice browsing (see, for
example, [[!VOICEXML20]]). The choice of interaction model may have
an impact on expected agent behavior. For instance, when a
graphical user agent running on a laptop computer or hand-held
device encounters an error, the user agent can report errors
directly to the user through visual and audio cues, and present the
user with options for resolving the errors. On the other hand, when
someone is browsing the Web through voice input and audio-only
output, stopping the dialog to wait for user input may reduce
usability since it is so easy to "lose one's place" when browsing
with only audio-output. This document does not discuss how the
principles, constraints, and good practices identified here apply
in all interaction contexts.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h4>
Principles, Constraints, and Good Practice Notes
</h4>
<p>
The important points of this document are categorized as follows:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
Principle
</dt>
<dd>
An architectural principle is a fundamental rule that applies to
a large number of situations and variables. Architectural
principles include "separation of concerns", "generic interface",
"self-descriptive syntax," "visible semantics," "network effect"
(Metcalfe's Law), and Amdahl's Law: "The speed of a system is
limited by its slowest component."
</dd>
<dt>
Constraint
</dt>
<dd>
In the design of the Web, some choices, like the names of the
<code>p</code> and <code>li</code> elements in HTML, the choice
of the colon (:) character in URIs, or grouping bits into
eight-bit units (octets), are somewhat arbitrary; if
<code>paragraph</code> had been chosen instead of <code>p</code>
or asterisk (*) instead of colon, the large-scale result would,
most likely, have been the same. This document focuses on more
fundamental design choices: design choices that lead to
constraints, i.e., restrictions in behavior or interaction within
the system. Constraints may be imposed for technical, policy, or
other reasons to achieve desirable properties in the system, such
as accessibility, global scope, relative ease of evolution,
efficiency, and dynamic extensibility.
</dd>
<dt>
Good practice
</dt>
<dd>
Good practice—by software developers, content authors, site
managers, users, and specification designers—increases the value
of the Web.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="identification">
<h2>
Identification
</h2>
<p>
In order to communicate internally, a community agrees (to a reasonable
extent) on a set of terms and their meanings. One goal of the Web,
since its inception, has been to build a global community in which any
party can share information with any other party. To achieve this goal,
the Web makes use of a single global identification system: the URI.
URIs are a cornerstone of Web architecture, providing identification
that is common across the Web. The global scope of URIs promotes
large-scale "network effects": the value of an identifier increases the
more it is used consistently (for example, the more it is used in
<a>hypertext links</a>).
</p>
<div class="boxedtext">
<p>
<span class="principlelab">Principle: <a id="pr-global-id">Global
Identifiers</a></span>
</p>
<p class="principle">
Global naming leads to global network effects.
</p>
</div>
<p>
This principle dates back at least as far as Douglas Engelbart's
seminal work on open hypertext systems; see section <a href=
"http:https://www.bootstrap.org/augdocs/augment-132082.htm#11K">Every Object
Addressable</a> in [[!Eng90]].
</p>
<section id="uri-benefits">
<h3>
Benefits of URIs
</h3>
<p>
The choice of syntax for global identifiers is somewhat arbitrary; it
is their global scope that is important. The <dfn>Uniform Resource
Identifier</dfn>, [[!URI]], has been successfully deployed since the
creation of the Web. There are substantial benefits to participating
in the existing network of URIs, including linking, bookmarking,
caching, and indexing by search engines, and there are substantial
costs to creating a new identification system that has the same
properties as URIs.
</p>
<div class="boxedtext">
<p>
<span class="practicelab">Good practice: <a id=
"pr-use-uris">Identify with URIs</a></span>
</p>
<p class="practice">
To benefit from and increase the value of the World Wide Web,
agents should provide URIs as identifiers for resources.
</p>
</div>
<p>
A resource should have an associated URI if another party might
reasonably want to create a hypertext link to it, make or refute
assertions about it, retrieve or cache a representation of it,
include all or part of it by reference into another representation,
annotate it, or perform other operations on it. Software developers
should expect that sharing URIs across applications will be useful,
even if that utility is not initially evident. The TAG finding
<cite>"<a href=
"http:https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/whenToUseGet.html">URIs,
Addressability, and the use of HTTP GET and POST</a>"</cite>
discusses additional benefits and considerations of URI
addressability.
</p>
<p>
<strong>Note:</strong> Some URI schemes (such as the "ftp" URI scheme
specification) use the term "designate" where this document uses
"identify."
</p>
</section>
<section id="id-resources">
<h3>
URI/Resource Relationships
</h3>
<p>
By design a URI identifies one resource. We do not limit the scope of
what might be a <dfn>resource</dfn>. The term "resource" is used in a
general sense for whatever might be identified by a URI. It is
conventional on the hypertext Web to describe Web pages, images,
product catalogs, etc. as “resources”. The distinguishing
characteristic of these resources is that all of their essential
characteristics can be conveyed in a message. We identify this set as
“<dfn>information resources</dfn>.”
</p>
<p>
This document is an example of an information resource. It consists
of words and punctuation symbols and graphics and other artifacts
that can be encoded, with varying degrees of fidelity, into a
sequence of bits. There is nothing about the essential information
content of this document that cannot in principle be transfered in a
message. In the case of this document, the message payload is the
<a>representation</a> of this document.
</p>
<p>
However, our use of the term resource is intentionally more broad.
Other things, such as cars and dogs (and, if you've printed this
document on physical sheets of paper, the artifact that you are
holding in your hand), are resources too. They are not information
resources, however, because their essence is not information.
Although it is possible to describe a great many things about a car
or a dog in a sequence of bits, the sum of those things will
invariably be an approximation of the essential character of the
resource.
</p>
<p>
We define the term “information resource” because we observe that it
is useful in discussions of Web technology and may be useful in
constructing specifications for facilities built for use on the Web.
</p>
<div class="boxedtext">
<p>
<span class="constraintlab">Constraint: <a id=
"pr-uri-collision">URIs Identify a Single Resource</a></span>
</p>
<p class="constraint">
Assign distinct URIs to distinct resources.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Since the scope of a URI is global, the resource identified by a URI
does not depend on the context in which the URI appears (see also the
section about <a class="section">indirect identification</a>).
</p>
<p>
[[!URI]] is an agreement about how the Internet community allocates
names and associates them with the resources they identify. URIs are
divided into <a>schemes</a> that define, via their scheme
specification, the mechanism by which scheme-specific identifiers are
associated with resources. For example, the "http" URI scheme
([[!HTTP11]]) uses DNS and TCP-based HTTP servers for the purpose of
identifier allocation and resolution. As a result, identifiers such
as "http:https://example.com/somepath#someFrag" often take on meaning
through the community experience of performing an HTTP GET request on
the identifier and, if given a successful response, interpreting the
response as a representation of the identified resource. (See also
<a>Fragment Identifiers</a>.) Of course, a retrieval action like GET
is not the only way to obtain information about a resource. One might
also publish a document that purports to define the meaning of a
particular URI. These other sources of information may suggest
meanings for such identifiers, but it's a local policy decision
whether those suggestions should be heeded.
</p>
<p>
Just as one might wish to refer to a person by different names (by
full name, first name only, sports nickname, romantic nickname, and
so forth), Web architecture allows the association of more than one
URI with a resource. URIs that identify the same resource are called
<dfn>URI aliases</dfn>. The section on <a>URI aliases</a> discusses
some of the potential costs of creating multiple URIs for the same
resource.
</p>
<p>
Several sections of this document address questions about the
relationship between URIs and resources, including:
</p>
<ul>
<li>How much can I tell about a resource by inspection of a URI that
identifies it? See the sections on <a>URI schemes</a> and <a>URI
opacity</a>.
</li>
<li>Who determines what resource a URI identifies? See the section on
<a>URI allocation</a>.
</li>
<li>Can the resource identified by a URI change over time? See the
sections on <a>URI persistence</a> and <a>representation
management</a> .
</li>
<li>Since more than one URI can identify the same resource, how do I
know which URIs identify the same resource? See the sections on
<a>URI comparison</a> and <a>assertions that two URIs identify the
same resource</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<section>
<h4 id="URI-collision">
URI collision
</h4>
<p>
By design, a URI identifies one resource. Using the same URI to
directly identify different resources produces a <dfn>URI
collision</dfn>. Collision often imposes a cost in communication
due to the effort required to resolve ambiguities.
</p>
<p>
Suppose, for example, that one organization makes use of a URI to
refer to the movie <cite>The Sting</cite>, and another organization
uses the same URI to refer to a discussion forum about <cite>The
Sting</cite>. To a third party, aware of both organizations, this
collision creates confusion about what the URI identifies,
undermining the value of the URI. If one wanted to talk about the
creation date of the resource identified by the URI, for instance,
it would not be clear whether this meant "when the movie was
created" or "when the discussion forum about the movie was
created."
</p>
<p>
Social and technical solutions have been devised to help avoid URI
collision. However, the success or failure of these different
approaches depends on the extent to which there is consensus in the
Internet community on abiding by the defining specifications.
</p>
<p>
The section on <a class="addrefnb">URI allocation</a> examines
approaches for establishing the authoritative source of information
about what resource a URI identifies.
</p>
<p>
URIs are sometimes used for <a>indirect identification</a>. This
does not necessarily lead to collisions.
</p>
</section>
<section id="uri-assignment">
<h4>
URI allocation
</h4>
<p>
URI allocation is the process of associating a URI with a resource.
Allocation can be performed both by resource owners and by other
parties. It is important to avoid <a>URI collision</a>.
</p>
<section id="uri-ownership">
<h5>
URI ownership
</h5>
<p>
<dfn>URI ownership</dfn> is a relation between a URI and a social
entity, such as a person, organization, or specification. URI
ownership gives the relevant social entity certain rights,
including:
</p>
<ol>
<li>to pass on ownership of some or all owned URIs to another
owner—delegation; and
</li>
<li>to associate a resource with an owned URI—URI allocation.
</li>
</ol>
<p>
By social convention, URI ownership is delegated from the IANA
URI scheme registry [[!IANASchemes]], itself a social entity, to
IANA-registered URI scheme specifications. Some URI scheme
specifications further delegate ownership to subordinate
registries or to other nominated owners, who may further delegate
ownership. In the case of a specification, ownership ultimately
lies with the community that maintains the specification.
</p>
<p>
The approach taken for the "http" URI scheme, for example,
follows the pattern whereby the Internet community delegates
authority, via the IANA URI scheme registry and the DNS, over a
set of URIs with a common prefix to one particular owner. One
consequence of this approach is the Web's heavy reliance on the
central DNS registry. A different approach is taken by the URN
Syntax scheme [[!RFC2141] which delegates ownership of portions
of URN space to URN Namespace specifications which themselves are
registered in an IANA-maintained registry of URN Namespace
Identifiers.
</p>
<p>
URI owners are responsible for avoiding the assignment of
equivalent URIs to multiple resources. Thus, if a URI scheme
specification does provide for the delegation of individual or
organized sets of URIs, it should take pains to ensure that
ownership ultimately resides in the hands of a single social
entity. Allowing multiple owners increases the likelihood of URI
collisions.
</p>
<p>
URI owners may organize or deploy infrastruture to ensure that
representations of associated resources are available and, where
appropriate, interaction with the resource is possible through
the exchange of representations. There are social expectations
for responsible <a class="addrefnb">representation management</a>
by URI owners. Additional social implications of URI ownership
are not discussed here.
</p>
<p>
See TAG issue <a href=
"http:https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/issues.html#siteData-36">siteData-36</a>,
which concerns the expropriation of naming authority.
</p>
</section>
<section id="assign-other-schemes">
<h5>
Other allocation schemes
</h5>
<p>
Some schemes use techniques other than delegated ownership to
avoid collision. For example, the specification for the data URL
(sic) scheme [[!RFC2397]] specifies that the resource identified
by a data scheme URI has only one possible representation. The
representation data makes up the URI that identifies that
resource. Thus, the specification itself determines how data URIs
are allocated; no delegation is possible.
</p>
<p>
Other schemes (such as "news:comp.text.xml") rely on a social
process.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="indirect-identification">
<h4>
Indirect Identification
</h4>
<p>
To say that the URI "mailto:[email protected]" identifies both an
Internet mailbox and Nadia, the person, introduces a URI collision.
However, we can use the URI to indirectly identify Nadia.
Identifiers are commonly used in this way.
</p>
<p>
Listening to a news broadcast, one might hear a report on Britain
that begins, "Today, 10 Downing Street announced a series of new
economic measures." Generally, "10 Downing Street" identifies the
official residence of Britain's Prime Minister. In this context,
the news reporter is using it (as English rhetoric allows) to
indirectly identify the British government. Similarly, URIs
identify resources, but they can also be used in many constructs to
indirectly identify other resources. Globally adopted assignment
policies make some URIs appealing as general-purpose identifiers.
Local policy establishes what they indirectly identify.
</p>
<p>
Suppose that <code>[email protected]</code> is Nadia's email
address. The organizers of a conference Nadia attends might use
"mailto:[email protected]" to refer indirectly to her (e.g., by
using the URI as a database key in their database of conference
participants). This does not introduce a URI collision.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="identifiers-comparison">
<h3>
URI Comparisons
</h3>
<p>
URIs that are identical, character-by-character, refer to the same
resource. Since Web Architecture allows the association of multiple
URIs with a given resource, two URIs that are not
character-by-character identical may still refer to the same
resource. Different URIs do not necessarily refer to different
resources but there is generally a higher computational cost to
determine that different URIs refer to the same resource.
</p>
<p>
To reduce the risk of a false negative (i.e., an incorrect conclusion
that two URIs do not refer to the same resource) or a false positive
(i.e., an incorrect conclusion that two URIs do refer to the same
resource), some specifications describe equivalence tests in addition
to character-by-character comparison. Agents that reach conclusions
based on comparisons that are not licensed by the relevant
specifications take responsibility for any problems that result; see
the section on <a class="addrefnb">error handling</a> for more
information about responsible behavior when reaching unlicensed
conclusions. Section 6 of [[!URI]] provides more information about
comparing URIs and reducing the risk of false negatives and
positives.
</p>
<p>
See also the <a>assertion that two URIs identify the same
resource</a>.
</p>
<section id="uri-aliases">
<h4>
URI aliases
</h4>
<p>
Although there are benefits (such as naming flexibility) to URI
aliases, there are also costs. URI aliases are harmful when they
divide the Web of related resources. A corollary of Metcalfe's
Principle (the "network effect") is that the value of a given
resource can be measured by the number and value of other resources
in its network neighborhood, that is, the resources that link to
it.
</p>
<p>
The problem with aliases is that if half of the neighborhood points
to one URI for a given resource, and the other half points to a
second, different URI for that same resource, the neighborhood is
divided. Not only is the aliased resource undervalued because of
this split, the entire neighborhood of resources loses value
because of the missing second-order relationships that should have
existed among the referring resources by virtue of their references
to the aliased resource.
</p>
<div class="boxedtext">
<p>
<span class="practicelab">Good practice: <a id=
"avoid-uri-aliases">Avoiding URI aliases</a></span>
</p>
<p class="practice">